This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. (December 2019) |
Wijeyananda Dahanayake (Sinhala: විජයානන්ද දහනායක Tamil: விஜயானந்த தகநாயக்கா; 22 October 1902 – 4 May 1997) was a Sri Lankan politician. He was the Prime Minister of Ceylon from September 1959 to March 1960.[1]
Wijeyananda Dahanayake | |
|---|---|
 | |
| 5th Prime Minister of Ceylon | |
| In office 26 September 1959 – 20 March 1960 | |
| Monarch | Elizabeth II |
| Governor General | Oliver Ernest Goonetilleke |
| Preceded by | S. W. R. D. Bandaranaike |
| Succeeded by | Dudley Senanayake |
| Minister of Home Affairs | |
| In office 1965–1970 | |
| Prime Minister | Dudley Senanayake |
| Preceded by | Maithripala Senanayake |
| Succeeded by | Felix Dias Bandaranaike |
| Minister of Education | |
| In office 1956–1959 | |
| Prime Minister | S. W. R. D. Bandaranaike |
| Preceded by | M. D. Banda |
| Succeeded by | Bernard Aluwihare |
| Member of Parliament for Galle | |
| In office 1979 – 20 December 1988 | |
| Preceded by | Albert de Silva |
| Succeeded by | Constituency Abolished |
| In office 1960 – 18 May 1977 | |
| Preceded by | W. D. S. Abeygoonawardena |
| Succeeded by | Albert de Silva |
| In office 1947 – 5 December 1959 | |
| Preceded by | Constituency Created |
| Succeeded by | W. D. S. Abeygoonawardena |
| Personal details | |
| Born | 22 October 1902 Galle, British Ceylon |
| Died | 4 May 1997 (aged 94) Galle, Sri Lanka |
| Nationality | Sri Lankan |
| Political party | Sinhala Language Front Ceylon Democratic Party Sri Lanka Freedom Socialist Party |
| Other political affiliations | Bolshevik–Leninist Party Lanka Sama Samaja Party Mahajana Eksath Peramuna Sri Lanka Freedom Party United National Party |
| Education | S. Thomas' College, Mount Lavinia, Richmond College, Galle |
| Occupation | Politician |
| Profession | Teacher |
| Nickname | Bannis Mama |
Born as one of the twin children to a conservative family in Galle, Don Wijeyananda Dahanayake was educated at Richmond College, Galle and S. Thomas' College, Mount Lavinia. He became a teacher at St. Aloysius' College, Galle before entering active politics having been elected to the Galle Municipal Council in 1939 as a leftist and served as Mayor of Galle. In 1944, he was elected to the State Council of Ceylon and was thereafter elected to the House of Representatives. He served as the member of parliament from Galle from 1947 to 1977, with a brief interval in 1960. In 1956, he was appointed to the Cabinet of Ministers as the Minister of Education. He unexpectedly succeeded S. W. R. D. Bandaranaike as Prime Minister when the latter was assassinated on 26 September 1959. His tenure as the caretaker Prime Minister was short as he was unable to keep together the alliance formed by Bandaranaike. He dismissed the Cabinet of Ministers and called for fresh elections, for which he formed his own party. Although he lost his parliamentary seat in the 1960 March elections, he regained it in the general election that followed two months later. Sitting in the opposition from 1960 to 1965, he served as Minister of Home Affairs from 1960 to 1965 and again sat in opposition from 1970 to 1977. He then served as Minister of Co-operatives from 1986 to 1988. He is noted for having contested from almost every major party of his time and has the record for the longest speech in parliament, lasting thirteen and half hours.
Early life and education
edit
He was born as a twin in Dangedera, Richmond Hill, Galle and was named Don Wijeyananda Dahanayake after the Wijayananda Pirivena. His father was Don Dionesius Panditha Sepala Dahanayake, was a Muhandiram, who later served as the Kackckeri Mudliyar of Galle and was a scholar in oriental languages. His twin brother was Kalyanapriya Dahanayake.[2][3]
Dahanayake received his education first at Rippon Girls' School, Galle and then at the Government English Training School on Thurstan Road, Colombo; before moving to Richmond College, Galle and S. Thomas' College, Mount Lavinia for his secondary education.[4]
Teaching career
editHe joined the teaching staff of St. Aloysius' College, Galle, where he taught English, mathematics, history and geography and received training at the teaching college in Maharagama. In addition he coached the college athletics and the junior cricket teams and organized the English Literary Union and the Debating Society. He also organized student protests against the British colonial administration.[4][5]
Political career
editEarly years
editDahanayake became active in pre-independence politics while serving as a teacher and switched to full-time politics. As a member of the Trotskyite Lanka Sama Samaja Party, he was elected to the Galle Municipal Council from the Kumbalwella Ward, which he held until 1944. He was elected the first Mayor of Galle in 1939 and served till 1941. When World War II started in the far-east, the Lanka Sama Samaja Party refused to support the British war effort. Dahanayake was prosecuted by the police for organising a strike during the height of war, which angered the British colonial administration. He represented himself in court without a lawyer and won against the crown prosecution.[2][4]
State Council
editHe contested in a by-election to the State Council of Ceylon in 1944 from Bibile. Even though he lost to the bus magnate S. A. Peiris, he filed an election petition against his opponent and unseated him. He once again represented himself in court without a lawyer. In the following by-election, Dahanayake was elected to the State Council from Bibile. That year, when the Lanka Sama Samaja Party split, he joined the Bolshevik–Leninist Party led by Dr Colvin R. de Silva.[4] He supported the education reforms initiated by C. W. W. Kannangara by collecting a large number of signatures for a public petition in support of the reforms that ushered equal opportunities for education for all children in the island.[3] In 1947, he was only one of three members who voted against the Soulbury Constitution which enabled self rule for Ceylon as an independent Dominion inside the British Commonwealth.[2]
Parliament
editHe contested the 1947 general elections from the Bolshevik–Leninist Party in the Galle electorate. With a campaign in which he did not spend any money, he won against the wealthy H. W. Amarasuriya contesting from the United National Party and was elected to the House of Representatives.[6] In parliament, he gave a thirteen and half-hour speech during the first budget speech, which is the record for the longest speech. He later re-joined the Lanka Sama Samaja Party under Dr N. M. Perera and successfully contested the 1952 general elections from the Lanka Sama Samaja Party and retaining his seat. He was expelled from the party for hosting a reception for the Prime Minister Dudley Senanayake's visit to Galle.[4]
In 1955, he gave leadership to the nationalist movement that sort for "Sinhala only" under a new party called the "Basha Peramuna" (Language Front) which aligned with the alliance Mahajana Eksath Peramuna (Peoples United Front) led by S. W. R. D. Bandaranaike which contested the 1956 general elections and won a landslide victory against the ruling United National Party which was reduced to eight seats in parliament. Dahanayake was himself re-elected from Galle having joined the Sri Lanka Freedom Party.[4]
Minister of education
editWith S. W. R. D. Bandaranaike becoming prime minister, Dahanayake was appointed Minister of Education by Bandaranaike. As Education Minister he re-introduced the mid-day school meal for students by providing a free bun, which gained him the nickname "Bannis Mama" (Bun Uncle). He gave university status to the Vidyodaya Pirivena and Vidyalankara Pirivena.[4]
In 1959, he became the acting leader of the house after the incumbent C. P. de Silva was taken to London for medical treatment after becoming ill after consuming a glass of milk at a cabinet meeting.[2]
Prime Minister of Ceylon
editBandaranaike had been scheduled to go to New York to attend the UN General Assembly in late September 1959. With the absence of C. P. de Silva, Bandaranaike had sent a letter to the Governor-General of Ceylon recommending that he appoint Dahanayake as acting Prime Minister during his absence. Bandaranaike was assassinated on 26 September 1959 and with the letter as a reference, Sir Oliver Goonetilleke, the Governor General of Ceylon appointed Dahanayake as Prime Minister. He was later confirmed by parliament in this position. He also took on the portfolios of defence and external affairs (customary held by the Prime Minister) as well as education. His tenure as prime minister was controversial and difficult. His first challenge came when the opposition in the house of representatives moved a vote no confidence against the government on 30 October 1959, the government on the vote 48 votes to 43. Even before Bandaranaike's assassination, there was infighting among the alliance parties of the Mahajana Eksath Peramuna. The situation deteriorated under Dahanayake, which was compounded by the investigation into the assassination which drew suspicion on several ministers and resulted their resignation or removal. Dahanayake made a sudden request to the Governor-General of Ceylon for the dissolution of parliament on 5 December 1959 calling for fresh elections. On 7 December, announced his intentions to resign from the Sri Lanka Freedom Party. The Party in turn refused his resignation and instead expelled him. Dahanayake then responded with dismissing Cabinet Minister from the Freedom Party. For the interim he ran the country with a five member cabinet. He formed Lanka Prajathanthravadi Pakshaya (Ceylon Democratic Party) from which he contested the March 1960 general elections from Galle which he lost to W. D. S. Abeygoonawardena by 400 votes. His party put forward 101 candidates, but is only four candidates won a seat in parliament. His most notable achievement during his tenor was the repeal of the Capital Punishment Act which Bandaranaike had suspended in Ceylon. The repeal made way for the execution of those convicted of the assassination of Bandaranaike.[4][7]
Return to parliament
editHe successfully contested the July 1960 general elections from the Lanka Prajathanthravadi Pakshaya in Galle and elected to parliament defeating W. D. S. Abeygoonawardena. He seat in the opposition and was called before the commission of inquiry into the Bandaranaike assassination to give evidence in 1963. That year he was awarded an honorary doctorate from the Vidyodaya University and adopted the style "Dr Wijeyananda Dahanayake". In 1964, Dahanayake gained fame when he attempted and was prevented from entering parliament chambers in a span cloth (known locally as an Amude) in protest of government of Prime Minister Sirima Bandaranaike's rationing of clothing to two yards of textiles per month per person due to foreign exchange shortage. The following day dailies carried photos of Dahanayake in an Amude.[3][4]
Cabinet minister and opposition
editHe was re-elected 1965 general elections from the Sri Lanka Freedom Socialist Party led by C. P. de Silva. The party supported the United National Party in forming a national government and Dahanayake was appointed Minister of Home Affairs. He was re-elected in the 1970 general elections from the United National Party and sat in the opposition. He resigned from United National Party and sat as an independent after his request for a free vote for the republican constitution was refused. In the 1977 general elections, he contested from Galle as an independent candidate, but lost to the United National Party candidate Albert de Silva. Dahanayake challenged Silva in an election petition in the Galle High Court and in the Supreme Court, once again representing himself and a judgment in his favor unseating Silva in 1979. Dahanayake gained the seat in the following by-election as the candidate from the United National Party with a majority of 13,012 votes and sat as a backbencher. He was appointed Minister of Co-operatives by J. R. Jayewardene in March 1986 and serving till 1988. The United National Party nominated Dahanayake through the national list for the 1989 general elections, his name was removed later and he was not able to enter parliament. This marked the end of his political career.[3][4]
Death
editDahanayaka died on 4 May 1997 at the age of 95 after a short illness at his home in Richmond Hill, Galle.[8]
Personal life
editDahanayake was a simple man. When appointed Prime Minister, he moved into Temple Trees carrying his own things in two old suitcases from his room in the Srawasthi Mandiraya. He found the prime minister's bed room too large and had it partitioned. When he resigned from the post of prime minister following his electoral defeat, he packed his personal belongings to the same suitcase left Temple Trees to Galle.[2] He remained a bachelor throughout his life.
Electoral history
edit| Election | Constituency | Party | Votes | Result | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1947 parliamentary | Galle | Bolshevik–Leninist Party | 16,588 | Elected | |
| 1952 parliamentary | Galle | Lanka Sama Samaja Party | 17,897 | Elected | |
| 1956 parliamentary | Galle | Mahajana Eksath Peramuna | 21,971 | Elected | |
| 1960 (March) parliamentary | Galle | Lanka Prajathanthravadi Pakshaya | 9,997 | Not elected | |
| 1960 (July) parliamentary | Galle | Lanka Prajathanthravadi Pakshaya | 10,902 | Elected | |
| 1965 parliamentary | Galle | Sri Lanka Freedom Socialist Party | 18,416 | Elected | |
| 1970 parliamentary | Galle | United National Party | 16,940 | Elected | |
| 1977 parliamentary | Galle | Nationalities Unity Organisation | 10,852 | Not elected | |
| 1979 parliamentary by | Galle | United National Party | 13,012 | Elected | |
References
edit- ^ Prime Ministers of Sri Lanka Archived 25 August 2013 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ a b c d e Liyanage, Gunadasa (11 May 1997). "The legend that was Daha". The Sunday Times. Archived from the original on 2 February 2018.
- ^ a b c d Weerakoon, Bradman (4 July 2004). "Dahanayake - the common man". Island. Archived from the original on 6 December 2019.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Wijenayake, Walter (4 May 2010). "Dahanayake first commoner to become PM". The Island Online. Archived from the original on 5 December 2019.
- ^ Dahanayake twins and their service to education
- ^ "RESULTS OF PARLIAMENTARY GENERAL ELECTION - 1947" (PDF). elections.gov.lk. Department of Elections. Retrieved 21 October 2022.
- ^ 1960-61 Ferguson's Ceylon Directory. Ferguson's Directory. 1961. Retrieved 8 June 2021.
- ^ "Midnight sacking of ministers". The Sunday Times. 7 December 2008. Retrieved 21 October 2022.