abster

Galician

Etymology

Learned borrowing from Latin abstinēre, present active infinitive of abstineō (“I abstain”), with conjugation based on ter.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /absˈteɾ/ [aβ̞s̺ˈt̪eɾ]
• Rhymes: -eɾ
• Hyphenation: abs‧ter

Verb

abster (first-person singular present absteño, first-person singular preterite abstiven, past participle abstido)
abster (first-person singular present abstenho, first-person singular preterite abstivem or abstive, past participle abstido, reintegrationist norm)

1. (reflexive) to abstain

Conjugation

    Conjugation of abster (irregular)

	Singular			Plural
	First-person (eu)	Second-person (ti)	Third-person (el / ela / Vde.)	First-person (nós)	Second-person (vós)	Third-person (eles / elas / Vdes.)
Infinitive
Impersonal	abster
Personal	abster	absteres	abster	abstermos	absterdes	absteren
Gerund
	abstendo
Past participle
Masculine	abstido			abstidos
Feminine	abstida			abstidas
Indicative
Present	absteño	abstés	abstén	abstemos	abstendes, abstedes	absteñen
Imperfect	abstiña	abstiñas	abstiña	abstiñamos	abstiñades	abstiñan
Preterite	abstiven	abstiveches	abstivo	abstivemos	abstivestes	abstiveron
Pluperfect	abstivera	abstiveras	abstivera	abstiveramos	abstiverades	abstiveran
Future	absterei	absterás	absterá	absteremos	absteredes	absterán
Conditional	abstería	absterías	abstería	absteriamos	absteriades	absterían
Subjunctive
Present	absteña	absteñas	absteña	absteñamos	absteñades	absteñan
Imperfect	abstivese	abstiveses	abstivese	abstivésemos	abstivésedes	abstivesen
Future	abstiver	abstiveres	abstiver	abstivermos	abstiverdes	abstiveren
Imperative
Affirmative		abstén	absteña	absteñamos	abstende, abstede	absteñan
Negative (non)		non absteñas	non absteña	non absteñamos	non absteñades	non absteñan

    Reintegrated conjugation of abster (irregular) (See Appendix:Reintegrationism)

	Singular			Plural
	First-person (eu)	Second-person (ti / tu)	Third-person (ele / ela / você)	First-person (nós)	Second-person (vós)	Third-person (eles / elas / vocês)
Infinitive
Impersonal	abster
Personal	abster	absteres	abster	abstermos	absterdes	absterem
Gerund
	abstendo
Past participle
Masculine	abstido			abstidos
Feminine	abstida			abstidas
Indicative
Present	abstenho	abstés, absténs	abstém	abstemos	abstendes	abstenhem, abstêm, abstém1
Imperfect	abstinha	abstinhas	abstinha	abstínhamos	abstínhades, abstínheis, abstínhais1	abstinham
Preterite	abstivem, abstive	abstiveste, abstiveche1	abstivo, absteve	abstivemos	abstivestes	abstivérom, abstiveram
Pluperfect	abstivera	abstiveras	abstivera	abstivéramos	abstivérades, abstivéreis, abstivérais1	abstiveram
Future	absterei	absterás	absterá	absteremos	absteredes, abstereis	absterám, absterão
Conditional	absteria	absterias	absteria	absteríamos	absteríades, absteríeis, absteríais1	absteriam
Subjunctive
Present	abstenha	abstenhas	abstenha	abstenhamos	abstenhades, abstenhais	abstenham
Imperfect	abstivesse	abstivesses	abstivesse	abstivéssemos	abstivéssedes, abstivésseis	abstivessem
Future	abstiver	abstiveres	abstiver	abstivermos	abstiverdes	abstiverem
Imperative
Affirmative		abstém	abstenha	abstenhamos	abstende	abstenham
Negative (nom)		nom abstenhas	nom abstenha	nom abstenhamos	nom abstenhades, nom abstenhais	nom abstenham

¹Less recommended.

Related terms

• ater
• conter
• deter
• entreter
• manter
• reter
• soster
• ter

 

Further reading

• “abster”, in Dicionario da Real Academia Galega (in Galician), A Coruña: Royal Galician Academy, 2012–2024
• “abster” in Dicionário Estraviz de galego (2014).

Portuguese

Etymology

Borrowed from Latin abstinēre (“to abstain”), with conjugation based on ter.

Pronunciation

 

• (Brazil) IPA^(key): /absˈte(ʁ)/ [absˈte(h)], /a.bisˈte(ʁ)/ [a.bisˈte(h)]

• (Brazil) IPA^(key): /absˈte(ʁ)/ [absˈte(h)], /a.bisˈte(ʁ)/ [a.bisˈte(h)]
  • (São Paulo) IPA^(key): /absˈte(ɾ)/, /a.bisˈte(ɾ)/
  • (Rio de Janeiro) IPA^(key): /abʃˈte(ʁ)/ [abʃˈte(χ)], /a.biʃˈte(ʁ)/ [a.biʃˈte(χ)]
  • (Southern Brazil) IPA^(key): /absˈte(ɻ)/

 

• (Portugal) IPA^(key): /ɐbʃˈteɾ/ [ɐβʃˈteɾ]

• (Portugal) IPA^(key): /ɐbʃˈteɾ/ [ɐβʃˈteɾ]
  • (Southern Portugal) IPA^(key): /ɐbʃˈte.ɾi/ [ɐβʃˈte.ɾi]

• Rhymes: -eʁ, -eɾ
• Hyphenation: abs‧ter

Verb

abster (first-person singular present abstenho, first-person singular preterite abstive, past participle abstido)

1. (transitive) to keep, to prevent (to stop someone from doing something) [with direct object ‘someone’ and de (+ infinitive) ‘from doing something’]

   As dores o abstiveram de viajar.

   The pains kept him from travelling.

2. (pronominal) to abstain, to refrain (to deliberately not do, have or make use of something pleasurable) [with de ‘from something’ or de (+ infinitive) ‘from doing something’]

   Essa dieta exige que você se abstenha de chocolate.

   This diet requires you to abstain from chocolate.

   Essa dieta exige que você se abstenha de comer chocolate.

   This diet requires you to abstain from eating chocolate.

3. (pronominal) to keep one’s composure

   Não importa quantos insultos ouvir, abstenha-se.

   No matter how many insults you hear, keep calm.

4. (pronominal) to abstain (to deliberately refrain from voting)

   Nenhuma das opções é boa, então eu me abstenho.

   None of the options is good, so I abstain.

Conjugation

    Conjugation of abster (irregular) (See Appendix:Portuguese verbs)

	Singular			Plural
	First-person (eu)	Second-person (tu)	Third-person (ele / ela / você)	First-person (nós)	Second-person (vós)	Third-person (eles / elas / vocês)
Infinitive
Impersonal	abster
Personal	abster	absteres	abster	abstermos	absterdes	absterem
Gerund
	abstendo
Past participle
Masculine	abstido			abstidos
Feminine	abstida			abstidas
Indicative
Present	abstenho	absténs	abstém	abstemos	abstendes	abstêm
Imperfect	abstinha	abstinhas	abstinha	abstínhamos	abstínheis	abstinham
Preterite	abstive	abstiveste	absteve	abstivemos	abstivestes	abstiveram
Pluperfect	abstivera	abstiveras	abstivera	abstivéramos	abstivéreis	abstiveram
Future	absterei	absterás	absterá	absteremos	abstereis	absterão
Conditional	absteria	absterias	absteria	absteríamos	absteríeis	absteriam
Subjunctive
Present	abstenha	abstenhas	abstenha	abstenhamos	abstenhais	abstenham
Imperfect	abstivesse	abstivesses	abstivesse	abstivéssemos	abstivésseis	abstivessem
Future	abstiver	abstiveres	abstiver	abstivermos	abstiverdes	abstiverem
Imperative
Affirmative		abstém	abstenha	abstenhamos	abstende	abstenham
Negative (não)		não abstenhas	não abstenha	não abstenhamos	não abstenhais	não abstenham

Related terms

• abstenção
• abstinente

 

Further reading

• “abster”, in iDicionário Aulete (in Portuguese), Rio de Janeiro: Lexikon Editora Digital, 2008–2024
• “abster”, in Dicionário inFormal (in Portuguese), 2006–2024
• “abster” in Dicionário Aberto based on Novo Diccionário da Língua Portuguesa de Cândido de Figueiredo, 1913
• “abster”, in Dicionário infopédia da Língua Portuguesa (in Portuguese), Porto: Porto Editora, 2003–2024
• “abster”, in Michaelis Dicionário Brasileiro da Língua Portuguesa (in Portuguese), São Paulo: Editora Melhoramentos, 2015–2024
• “abster”, in Dicionário Priberam da Língua Portuguesa (in Portuguese), Lisbon: Priberam, 2008–2024