- (chiefly Old Egyptian and Late Egyptian) Forms the imperative of biliteral verbs, and in Late Egyptian also of former triliteral and third-weak verbs that have been reduced to two radicals. Optional in Late Egyptian.
- (chiefly Old Egyptian and Late Egyptian) Forms the subjunctive of biliteral verbs.
Alternative hieroglyphic writings of j.
- (Late Egyptian) Forms the participles and relative forms of fientive (non-adjectival) biliteral verbs, triliteral and third-weak verbs that have been reduced to biliterals through sound change, fourth-weak verbs, and a few other triliteral verbs. [since the 19th Dynasty]
This prefix is often unwritten when preceded by articles or demonstratives. It is rarely used with the verb wnn (“to exist”).
Alternative hieroglyphic writings of j.
- James P[eter] Allen (2010) Middle Egyptian: An Introduction to the Language and Culture of Hieroglyphs, 2nd edition, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, pages 190, 249.
- Junge, Friedrich (2005) Late Egyptian Grammar: An Introduction, second English edition, Oxford: Griffith Institute, pages 66, 78