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The ship's [[Belt armor|waterline belt]] consisted of [[Krupp cemented armour]] (KC) that was {{convert|13|in|0}} thick between 'A' and 'Y' [[barbette]]s and thinned to 4 to 6 inches (102 to 152&nbsp;mm) towards the ship's ends, but did not reach either the bow or the stern. Above this was a [[strake]] of armour 6&nbsp;inches thick that extended between 'A' and 'X' barbettes. Transverse [[bulkhead (partition)|bulkhead]]s 4 to 6 inches thick ran at an angle from the ends of the thickest part of the waterline belt to 'A' and 'Y' barbettes.<ref>Burt 1986, pp. 272–73, 276</ref> The gun turrets were protected by {{convert|11|to|13|in|mm|0}} of KC armour, except for the turret roofs which were {{convert|4.75|-|5|in|0}} thick. The barbettes ranged in thickness from {{convert|6|-|10|in|0}} above the upper deck, but were only 4 to 6 inches thick below it. The ''Revenge''-class ships had multiple armoured decks that ranged from {{convert|1|to|4|in|0}} in thickness.<ref name=rr36>Raven & Roberts, p. 36</ref> The main [[conning tower]] had 13 inches of armour on the sides with a 3-inch roof. The torpedo director in the rear superstructure had 6 inches of armour protecting it.<ref name=b77>Burt 1986, p. 277</ref> After the Battle of Jutland, 1 inch of high-tensile steel was added to the main deck over the [[magazine (artillery)|magazine]]s and additional anti-flash equipment was added in the magazines.<ref name="Raven and Roberts 44">Raven & Roberts, p. 44</ref>
The ship's [[Belt armor|waterline belt]] consisted of [[Krupp cemented armour]] (KC) that was {{convert|13|in|0}} thick between 'A' and 'Y' [[barbette]]s and thinned to 4 to 6 inches (102 to 152&nbsp;mm) towards the ship's ends, but did not reach either the bow or the stern. Above this was a [[strake]] of armour 6&nbsp;inches thick that extended between 'A' and 'X' barbettes. Transverse [[bulkhead (partition)|bulkhead]]s 4 to 6 inches thick ran at an angle from the ends of the thickest part of the waterline belt to 'A' and 'Y' barbettes.<ref>Burt 1986, pp. 272–73, 276</ref> The gun turrets were protected by {{convert|11|to|13|in|mm|0}} of KC armour, except for the turret roofs which were {{convert|4.75|-|5|in|0}} thick. The barbettes ranged in thickness from {{convert|6|-|10|in|0}} above the upper deck, but were only 4 to 6 inches thick below it. The ''Revenge''-class ships had multiple armoured decks that ranged from {{convert|1|to|4|in|0}} in thickness.<ref name=rr36>Raven & Roberts, p. 36</ref> The main [[conning tower]] had 13 inches of armour on the sides with a 3-inch roof. The torpedo director in the rear superstructure had 6 inches of armour protecting it.<ref name=b77>Burt 1986, p. 277</ref> After the Battle of Jutland, 1 inch of high-tensile steel was added to the main deck over the [[magazine (artillery)|magazine]]s and additional anti-flash equipment was added in the magazines.<ref name="Raven and Roberts 44">Raven & Roberts, p. 44</ref>


The ship was fitted with [[Flight deck#Early flight decks|flying-off platforms]] mounted on the roofs of 'B' and 'X' turrets in 1918, from which fighters and [[reconnaissance aircraft]] could launch.<ref name="Raven and Roberts 44"/> During the 1928 refit the platform was removed from 'X' turret. The platform on 'B' turret was removed in 1933.<ref name=b57>Burt 2012, p. 165</ref>
The ship was fitted with [[Flight deck#Early flight decks|flying-off platforms]] mounted on the roofs of 'B' and 'X' turrets in 1918, from which fighters and [[reconnaissance aircraft]] could launch.<ref name="Raven and Roberts 44"/> In 1927 a rotating [[aircraft catapult]] was installed on ''Resolution''{{'}}s [[quarterdeck]]. It was removed during her 1929–31 refit.<ref name=b57>Burt 2012, p. 171</ref> The flying-off platforms were removed in 1932–33. A catapult was added on the roof of 'X' turret by September 1936 as well as a [[crane (mechanical)|crane]] to handle the aircraft.<ref name=rr68>Raven & Roberts, pp. 167–68</ref>


===Construction and service===
===Major alterations===
[[File:HMS Revenge rangefinder IWM A 1513.jpg|thumb|left|[[Sister ship]] ''Revenge''{{'}}s forward [[HACS]] Mk III director and its crew in 1940]]
⚫
''Resolution'' was laid down at [[Palmers Shipbuilding and Iron Company]], [[Jarrow]] on 29 November 1913, launched on 14 January 1915, and commissioned on 30 December 1916. From 1916 to 1919, she served in the [[1st Battle Squadron|1st Battle Squadron (United Kingdom)]] of the Grand Fleet.
''Resolution'' was fitted with [[anti-torpedo bulge]]s between late 1917 and May 1918. They were designed to reduce the effect of torpedo detonations and improve stability. They increased her beam by over 13&nbsp;feet (4&nbsp;m) to {{convert|101|ft|6|in|m|1}}, her displacement to {{convert|32820|LT|t}} and reduced her draught to {{convert|31|ft|11|in|m|1}}, all at deep load.<ref name=b57/> They increased her metacentric height to {{convert|5.1|ft|m|1}}.<ref>Raven & Roberts, p. 36</ref> Later in 1918, a {{convert|30|ft|adj=on|1}} rangefinder<ref name="Raven and Roberts 44"/> was fitted in 'B' turret.<ref name=b82/>


The gun shields for the shelter-deck six-inch guns were replaced by armoured casemates in 1922.<ref name=b82>Burt 1986, p. 282</ref> Two years later, her anti-aircraft defences were upgraded by replacing the original three-inch AA guns with a pair of [[QF 4 inch Mk V naval gun|QF {{convert|4|in|mm|adj=on|0|spell=in}}]] AA guns.<ref>Burt 1986, p. 284</ref> Another pair of four-inch AA guns were added and the six-inch guns from the shelter deck were removed in 1927. During the ship's 1929–31 refit, a [[HACS|High-Angle Control System (HACS)]] Mk I director was installed on the spotting top and the aft pair of torpedo tubes were also removed. An experimental 4-inch [[dual-purpose gun|dual-purpose]], twin-gun turret was installed in the place of the starboard forward AA gun for evaluation.<ref name=b57/>
==Inter-war years==

Between the wars, she served in the [[Atlantic Fleet (United Kingdom)|Atlantic Fleet]] and [[Mediterranean Fleet]], with the exception of a short refit in 1930–31.
By September 1933 a pair of quadruple mounts for [[Vickers .50 machine gun]]s were added abreast the conning tower.<ref name=r68/> Three years later a HACS Mk II director replaced the Mk I on the roof of the spotting top. A platform for another director was added on the [[mainmast]] which was converted into a tripod to handle the additional weight. The torpedo director and its associated rangefinder were removed. In January 1938 the rear HACS was added,<ref>Burt 2012, pp. 171–72</ref> the existing AA guns were replaced with [[QF 4 inch Mk XVI naval gun|QF 4-inch Mk XVI gun]] in Mk XIX twin mounts and a pair of octuple mounts for [[QF 2 pounder naval gun#QF 2-pounder Mark VIII|two-pounder Mk VIII "pom-pom"]] guns were added with their directors. The forward pair of submerged torpedo tubes were also removed.<ref>Raven & Roberts, p. 168</ref>

Wartime modifications for the ''Revenge''-class ships were fairly minimal. In 1941 ''''Resolution'''' was fitted with a [[Type 279 radar|Type 279]] [[early-warning radar]] and a pair of [[List of World War II British naval radar#Type 285|Type 285]] anti-aircraft gunnery sets. The following year a [[List of World War II British naval radar#Type 273|Type 273]] surface-search radar and a pair of [[List of World War II British naval radar#Type 284|Type 284]] gunnery radars for the main guns were added. The quadruple .50-caliber mounts were replaced by nine [[Oerlikon 20 mm cannon|20&nbsp;mm Oerlikon]] in September 1941. Two four-barrel "pom-poms" were added as in 1942 as well as another Oerlikon. To save weight and make more room available for the additional crew required to man the new equipment like the radars and Oerlikons, two 6-inch guns were removed in 1943.<ref>Raven & Roberts, pp. 166, 187, 189</ref>

==Construction and service==
⚫
''Resolution'' was laid down at [[Palmers Shipbuilding and Iron Company]], [[Jarrow]] on 29 November 1913, launched on 14 January 1915, and commissioned on 30 December 1916. From 1916 to 1919, she served in the [[1st Battle Squadron|1st Battle Squadron (United Kingdom)]] of the Grand Fleet. Between the wars, she served in the [[Atlantic Fleet (United Kingdom)|Atlantic Fleet]] and [[Mediterranean Fleet]], with the exception of a short refit in 1930–31.


On 10 January 1924 ''Resolution'' ran into and sank the British submarine {{HMS|L24}} as she was surfacing.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.roll-of-honour.com/Ships/HMSubmarineL24.html|author=Martin Edwards|title=HM Submarine L24|publisher=roll-of-honour.com|date=2009|accessdate=31 Jan 2013}}</ref>
On 10 January 1924 ''Resolution'' ran into and sank the British submarine {{HMS|L24}} as she was surfacing.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.roll-of-honour.com/Ships/HMSubmarineL24.html|author=Martin Edwards|title=HM Submarine L24|publisher=roll-of-honour.com|date=2009|accessdate=31 Jan 2013}}</ref>

Revision as of 14:23, 5 May 2014

For other ships with the same name, see HMS Resolution.
Resolution at anchor between the wars
History
United Kingdom
NameHMS Resolution
BuilderPalmers Shipbuilding and Iron Company, Jarrow
Cost£2,449,680
Laid down29 November 1913
Launched14 January 1915
Commissioned30 December 1916
IdentificationPennant number: 09
FateSold for scrap, 5 May 1948
General characteristics (as built)
Class and typeTemplate:Sclass-
Displacementlist error: <br /> list (help)
29,970 long tons (30,450 t)
31,130 long tons (31,630 t) (Deep load)
Length620 ft 7 in (189.2 m)
Beam88 ft 6 in (27.0 m)
Draught33 ft 7 in (10.2 m) (Deep load)
Installed powerlist error: <br /> list (help)
40,000 shp (30,000 kW)
18 Yarrow boilers
Propulsionlist error: <br /> list (help)
4 shafts
4 Steam turbines
Speed23 knots (43 km/h; 26 mph)
Range7,000 nmi (12,960 km; 8,060 mi) at 10 knots (19 km/h; 12 mph)
Crew1240 (1921)
Armamentlist error: <br /> list (help)
4 × twin 15-inch (381 mm) guns
14 × single 6-inch (152 mm) guns
2 × single 3-inch (76 mm) 3-inch 20 cwt AA guns
4 × single 47 mm (1.9 in) 3-pdr guns
4 × 21-inch (533 mm) torpedo tubes
Armourlist error: mixed text and list (help)

HMS Resolution (pennant number: 09) was one of five Template:Sclass-s built for the Royal Navy during World War I. Completed after the Battle of Jutland in 1916, she saw no combat during the war. The future First Sea Lord John H. D. Cunningham served aboard her as Flag Captain to Admiral Sir William Fisher, the commander-in-chief of the Mediterranean Fleet.

Design and description

Main article: Revenge-class battleship
Illustration of sister ship HMS Revenge as she appeared in 1916

The Revenge-class ships were designed as slightly smaller, slower, and more heavily protected versions of the preceding Template:Sclass-s. As an economy measure they were intended to revert to the previous practice of using both fuel oil and coal, but First Sea Lord Jackie Fisher rescinded the decision for coal in October 1914. Still under construction, the ships were redesigned to employ oil-fired boilers that increased the power of the engines by 9,000 shaft horsepower (6,700 kW) over the original specification.[1]

Resolution had a length overall of 620 feet 7 inches (189.2 m), a beam of 88 feet 6 inches (27.0 m) and a deep draught of 33 feet 7 inches (10.2 m). She had a designed displacement of 27,790 long tons (28,240 t) and displaced 31,130 long tons (31,630 t) at deep load. She was powered by 2 sets of Parsons steam turbines, each driving two shafts, using steam from eighteen Yarrow boilers. The turbines were rated at 40,000 shp (30,000 kW) and intended to reach a maximum speed of 23 knots (42.6 km/h; 26.5 mph). During her sea trials on 22 May 1916, the ship only reached a top speed of 22 knots (41 km/h; 25 mph) from 40,360 shp (30,100 kW).[2] She had a range of 4,200 nautical miles (7,778 km; 4,833 mi) at a cruising speed of 10 knots (18.5 km/h; 11.5 mph).[3] Her crew numbered 909 officers and enlisted men in 1916. Her metacentric height was 3.4 feet (1.0 m) at deep load.[4]

The Revenge class was equipped with eight breech-loading (BL) 15-inch (381 mm) Mk I guns in four twin gun turrets, in two superfiring pairs fore and aft of the superstructure, designated 'A', 'B', 'X', and 'Y' from front to rear. Twelve of the fourteen BL 6-inch (152 mm) Mk XII guns were mounted in casemates along the broadside of the vessel amidshipsl; the remaining pair were mounted on the shelter deck and were protected by gun shields. The ship also mounted four 3-pounder (47-millimetre (1.9 in)) guns. Her anti-aircraft (AA) armament consisted of two quick-firing (QF) 3-inch (76 mm) 20 cwt Mk I[Note 1] guns. She was fitted with four submerged 21-inch (533 mm) torpedo tubes, two on each broadside.[5]

Resolution was completed with two fire-control directors fitted with 15-foot (4.6 m) rangefinders. One was mounted above the conning tower, protected by an armoured hood, and the other was in the spotting top above the tripod foremast. Each turret was also fitted with a 15-foot rangefinder. The main armament could be controlled by 'X' turret as well. The secondary armament was primarily controlled by directors mounted on each side of the compass platform on the foremast once they were fitted in April 1917.[6] A torpedo-control director with a 15-foot rangefinder was mounted at the aft end of the superstructure.[7]

The ship's waterline belt consisted of Krupp cemented armour (KC) that was 13 inches (330 mm) thick between 'A' and 'Y' barbettes and thinned to 4 to 6 inches (102 to 152 mm) towards the ship's ends, but did not reach either the bow or the stern. Above this was a strake of armour 6 inches thick that extended between 'A' and 'X' barbettes. Transverse bulkheads 4 to 6 inches thick ran at an angle from the ends of the thickest part of the waterline belt to 'A' and 'Y' barbettes.[8] The gun turrets were protected by 11 to 13 inches (279 to 330 mm) of KC armour, except for the turret roofs which were 4.75–5 inches (121–127 mm) thick. The barbettes ranged in thickness from 6–10 inches (152–254 mm) above the upper deck, but were only 4 to 6 inches thick below it. The Revenge-class ships had multiple armoured decks that ranged from 1 to 4 inches (25 to 102 mm) in thickness.[9] The main conning tower had 13 inches of armour on the sides with a 3-inch roof. The torpedo director in the rear superstructure had 6 inches of armour protecting it.[10] After the Battle of Jutland, 1 inch of high-tensile steel was added to the main deck over the magazines and additional anti-flash equipment was added in the magazines.[11]

The ship was fitted with flying-off platforms mounted on the roofs of 'B' and 'X' turrets in 1918, from which fighters and reconnaissance aircraft could launch.[11] In 1927 a rotating aircraft catapult was installed on Resolution's quarterdeck. It was removed during her 1929–31 refit.[12] The flying-off platforms were removed in 1932–33. A catapult was added on the roof of 'X' turret by September 1936 as well as a crane to handle the aircraft.[13]

Major alterations

Sister ship Revenge's forward HACS Mk III director and its crew in 1940

Resolution was fitted with anti-torpedo bulges between late 1917 and May 1918. They were designed to reduce the effect of torpedo detonations and improve stability. They increased her beam by over 13 feet (4 m) to 101 feet 6 inches (30.9 m), her displacement to 32,820 long tons (33,350 t) and reduced her draught to 31 feet 11 inches (9.7 m), all at deep load.[12] They increased her metacentric height to 5.1 feet (1.6 m).[14] Later in 1918, a 30-foot (9.1 m) rangefinder[11] was fitted in 'B' turret.[15]

The gun shields for the shelter-deck six-inch guns were replaced by armoured casemates in 1922.[15] Two years later, her anti-aircraft defences were upgraded by replacing the original three-inch AA guns with a pair of QF four-inch (102 mm) AA guns.[16] Another pair of four-inch AA guns were added and the six-inch guns from the shelter deck were removed in 1927. During the ship's 1929–31 refit, a High-Angle Control System (HACS) Mk I director was installed on the spotting top and the aft pair of torpedo tubes were also removed. An experimental 4-inch dual-purpose, twin-gun turret was installed in the place of the starboard forward AA gun for evaluation.[12]

By September 1933 a pair of quadruple mounts for Vickers .50 machine guns were added abreast the conning tower.[17] Three years later a HACS Mk II director replaced the Mk I on the roof of the spotting top. A platform for another director was added on the mainmast which was converted into a tripod to handle the additional weight. The torpedo director and its associated rangefinder were removed. In January 1938 the rear HACS was added,[18] the existing AA guns were replaced with QF 4-inch Mk XVI gun in Mk XIX twin mounts and a pair of octuple mounts for two-pounder Mk VIII "pom-pom" guns were added with their directors. The forward pair of submerged torpedo tubes were also removed.[19]

Wartime modifications for the Revenge-class ships were fairly minimal. In 1941 'Resolution' was fitted with a Type 279 early-warning radar and a pair of Type 285 anti-aircraft gunnery sets. The following year a Type 273 surface-search radar and a pair of Type 284 gunnery radars for the main guns were added. The quadruple .50-caliber mounts were replaced by nine 20 mm Oerlikon in September 1941. Two four-barrel "pom-poms" were added as in 1942 as well as another Oerlikon. To save weight and make more room available for the additional crew required to man the new equipment like the radars and Oerlikons, two 6-inch guns were removed in 1943.[20]

Construction and service

Resolution was laid down at Palmers Shipbuilding and Iron Company, Jarrow on 29 November 1913, launched on 14 January 1915, and commissioned on 30 December 1916. From 1916 to 1919, she served in the 1st Battle Squadron (United Kingdom) of the Grand Fleet. Between the wars, she served in the Atlantic Fleet and Mediterranean Fleet, with the exception of a short refit in 1930–31.

On 10 January 1924 Resolution ran into and sank the British submarine HMS L24 as she was surfacing.[21]

World War II service

On the outbreak of World War II, Resolution was part of the Home Fleet, and carried out convoy escort duties in the Atlantic. Whilst supporting the Narvik campaign in May 1940, she was struck by a bomb at Tjeldsundet. In June, 1940 she joined 'Force H' at Gibraltar, and took part in the destruction of the French Fleet at Mers-el-Kebir on 3 July 1940.

In September 1940, Resolution joined 'Force M' at Freetown, shelling French warships at the Battle of Dakar on 24 September 1940. The next day, she was torpedoed by the Bévéziers and badly damaged.

Following repairs in the United States, Resolution departed in February 1942 for Colombo, and served in the Indian Ocean during 1942 and 1943.

Fate

She returned to Great Britain in September 1943 and became a stokers' training ship in 1944 as part of the establishment HMS Imperieuse. HMS Resolution was sold for scrap on 5 May 1948 and broken up at Faslane.

One of Resolution's 15-inch guns, which was later fitted to the monitor HMS Roberts, is on display at the Imperial War Museum in London.[22]

Notes

  1. ^ "Cwt" is the abbreviation for hundredweight, 20 cwt referring to the weight of the gun.

Footnotes

  1. ^ Burt 1986, pp. 271–72, 81
  2. ^ Burt 1986, pp. 276, 281
  3. ^ Burt 2012, p. 156
  4. ^ Burt 1986, pp. 276, 282
  5. ^ Burt 1986, pp. 274–76
  6. ^ Raven & Roberts, p. 33
  7. ^ Burt 1986, p. 276
  8. ^ Burt 1986, pp. 272–73, 276
  9. ^ Raven & Roberts, p. 36
  10. ^ Burt 1986, p. 277
  11. ^ a b c Raven & Roberts, p. 44
  12. ^ a b c Burt 2012, p. 171
  13. ^ Raven & Roberts, pp. 167–68
  14. ^ Raven & Roberts, p. 36
  15. ^ a b Burt 1986, p. 282
  16. ^ Burt 1986, p. 284
  17. ^ Cite error: The named reference r68 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  18. ^ Burt 2012, pp. 171–72
  19. ^ Raven & Roberts, p. 168
  20. ^ Raven & Roberts, pp. 166, 187, 189
  21. ^ Martin Edwards (2009). "HM Submarine L24". roll-of-honour.com. Retrieved 31 Jan 2013.
  22. ^ Imperial War Museum. "15 in Mk I Naval Gun". Imperial War Museum Collections Search. Retrieved 22 February 2012.

References

  • Burt, R. A. (2012). British Battleships, 1919–1939 (2nd ed.). Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 978-1-59114-052-8.
  • Burt, R. A. (1986). British Battleships of World War One. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 0-87021-863-8.
  • Castillo, Dennis Angelo (2006). The Maltese Cross: A Strategic History of Malta. Westport, Connecticut: Praeger Security International. ISBN 0-313-32329-1.
  • Daniel, R. J. (2003). The End of An Era: The Memoirs of A Naval Constructor. Penzance, UK: Periscope Publishing. ISBN 1-904381-18-9.
  • Chesneau, Roger, ed. (1980). Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1922–1946. Greenwich, UK: Conway Maritime Press. ISBN 0-85177-146-7.
  • Gardiner, Robert; Gray, Randal, eds. (1984). Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships: 1906–1922. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 0-87021-907-3. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |lastauthoramp= ignored (|name-list-style= suggested) (help)
  • Grove, Philip D.; Finlan, Alastair; Grove, Mark J. (2002). The Second World War: The War at Sea. Oxford, UK: Osprey Publishing. ISBN 1-84176-397-7. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |lastauthoramp= ignored (|name-list-style= suggested) (help)
  • Halpern, Paul G. (1995). A Naval History of World War I. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 1-55750-352-4.
  • Konstam, Angus (2009). British Battleships 1939–45: Queen Elizabeth and Royal Sovereign Classes. Vol. 1. Oxford, UK: Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84603-388-9.
  • Levy, James P. (2003). The Royal Navy's Home Fleet in World War II. Hampshire, UK: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 1-4039-1773-6.
  • O'Hara, Vincent P.; Dickson, W. David; Worth, Richard (2010). On Seas Contested: The Seven Great Navies of the Second World War. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 978-1-59114-646-9. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |lastauthoramp= ignored (|name-list-style= suggested) (help)
  • O'Hara, Vincent P. (2009). Struggle for the Middle Sea. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 978-1-59114-648-3.
  • Paterson, Lawrence (2006). Weapons of Desperation: German Frogmen and Midget Submarines of the Second World War. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 1-59114-929-0.
  • Plowman, Peter (2003). Across The Sea To War. Dural Delivery Center, NSW: Rosenberg. ISBN 1-877058-06-8.
  • Raven, Alan; Roberts, John (1976). British Battleships of World War Two: The Development and Technical History of the Royal Navy's Battleship and Battlecruisers from 1911 to 1946. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 0-87021-817-4. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |lastauthoramp= ignored (|name-list-style= suggested) (help)
  • Rohwer, Jürgen (2005). Chronology of the War at Sea 1939–1945: The Naval History of World War Two (Third Rev ed.). Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 1-59114-119-2.
  • Smith, Peter Charles (2009). Battleships at War: HMS Royal Sovereign and Her Sister Ships. Barnsley, South Yorkshire, UK: Pen & Sword Maritime. ISBN 978-1-84415-982-6.
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