1099: Difference between revisions

1099 in various calendars
Gregorian calendar	1099; MXCIX
Ab urbe condita	1852
Armenian calendar	548; ԹՎ ՇԽԸ
Assyrian calendar	5849
Balinese saka calendar	1020–1021
Bengali calendar	505–506
Berber calendar	2049
English Regnal year	12 Will. 2 – 13 Will. 2
Buddhist calendar	1643
Burmese calendar	461
Byzantine calendar	6607–6608
Chinese calendar	戊寅年 (Earth Tiger); 3796 or 3589; — to —; 己卯年 (Earth Rabbit); 3797 or 3590
Coptic calendar	815–816
Discordian calendar	2265
Ethiopian calendar	1091–1092
Hebrew calendar	4859–4860
Hindu calendars
- Vikram Samvat	1155–1156
- Shaka Samvat	1020–1021
- Kali Yuga	4199–4200
Holocene calendar	11099
Igbo calendar	99–100
Iranian calendar	477–478
Islamic calendar	492–493
Japanese calendar	Jōtoku 3 / Kōwa 1; (康和元年)
Javanese calendar	1003–1005
Julian calendar	1099; MXCIX
Korean calendar	3432
Minguo calendar	813 before ROC; 民前813年
Nanakshahi calendar	−369
Seleucid era	1410/1411 AG
Thai solar calendar	1641–1642
Tibetan calendar	阳土虎年; (male Earth-Tiger); 1225 or 844 or 72; — to —; 阴土兔年; (female Earth-Rabbit); 1226 or 845 or 73

Millennium:	2nd millennium
Centuries:	10th century; 11th century ; 12th century;
Decades:	1070s; 1080s; 1090s ; 1100s; 1110s;
Years:	1096; 1097; 1098; 1099 ; 1100; 1101; 1102;

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Year 1099 (MXCIX) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Julian calendar.

Events

By place

First Crusade

January 16 – The Crusaders, under Raymond IV, count of Toulouse (Raymond of Saint-Gilles), leave Antioch, and head south towards Jerusalem. They are joined by forces of Tancred (a nephew of Bohemond I) and Robert II, duke of Normandy. Raymond is given free passage and supplies, and accepts guides from the Emir of Shaizar (modern Syria), who conducts the army (6,000 men) across the Orontes River (between Shaizar and Hama).^[1]
January 22 – The Crusaders, under Raymond IV, reach Masyaf, where a treaty is agreed to. They decide to continue the march, rather than to capture or destroy the town. The next day the Crusaders enter the deserted town of Rafaniyah, that provides them with much-needed supplies. Raymond moves into the Buqaia Valley, and takes the strategic Kurdish fortress of Hosn al-Akrad (the future Krak des Chevaliers castle).^[2]
February – The Crusaders under Godfrey of Bouillon set out from Antioch to Latakia. They are joined by forces of Bohemond I and Robert II, count of Flanders. On their arrival, Bohemond decides to turn back to consolidate his power in Antioch. Godfrey and Robert move on to besiege the small sea-port of Jabala. After two weeks, the Emir of Jabala makes a truce, and accepts the suzerainty of the Crusaders.^[3]
February 14 – The Crusaders under Raymond IV besiege the fortified town of Akkar – whose garrison is loyal to Jalal al-Mulk Abu'l-Hasan, emir of Tripoli (modern Lebanon). On May 13 after a 3-month siege the investment of Akkar is raised and Raymond orders the camp to be struck. The Crusader host, finally joined by the forces of Godfrey of Bouillon and Robert II, resumes his march southwards to Tripoli.^[4]
February 17 – Raymond IV sends a small part of his army under Raymond Pilet to attack the port of Tortosa on the Syrian coast. The Crusaders led many fires around the port to make believe their number is greater than it is. Fooled by the deception, the governor and the garrison flees by sea in the night leaving the port open for the Crusaders to capture. The port becomes strategically important for supplies.^[5]
May – The Crusaders march past Tripoli, accompanied by guides provided by the emir who lead them safely through the towns of Batroun and Byblos. On May 19 they cross the Dog River north of Beirut into Fatimid territory. There local governors supply the Crusaders with tribute and food in return for no damage to the agricultural area. The Fatimids keep no large troops in the north, except for small garrisons.^[6]
May 20 – The Fatimid governor of Sidon refuses to cooperate and his garrison attacks the Crusader host while they are looting local villages. The Fatimids are repulsed, the towns further south generally follow the example of Beirut. The Crusaders move on to Tyre – Raymond IV decides to wait for two days to allow a force under Baldwin of Le Bourg (supported by knights from Antioch) to catch up with him.^[7]
May 26 – The Crusaders march to Haifa and along the coast under Mount Carmel to Caesarea (modern Israel), where they rest for four days in order to celebrate Whitsun (Whit Sunday).
June 2–6 – The Crusaders occupy Arsuf and turn inland towards Ramlah, where they reorganise for the march against Jerusalem. A Crusader force under Tancred liberates Bethlehem.^[8]
June 7 – Siege of Jerusalem: The Crusaders reach the outskirts of Jerusalem, and begin the siege of the Holy City. Iftikhar al-Dawla offers a peace agreement but this is refused.^[9]
June 13 – The Crusaders under Godfrey of Boullion launch their first assault on Jerusalem, while the Fatimid garrison and Jewish militia defend the northern wall at the Damascus Gate.^[10]
June 17 – A naval squadron of six Genoese ships led by Guglielmo Embriaco (loaded with military materials) enters the port of Jaffa; all except one are trapped by a larger Fatimid fleet.^[11]
July 8 – The Crusaders attempt to take Jerusalem by storm but are repulsed. In a procession they walk around the walls under leadership of priests in the hope the city would surrender.^[12]
July 13 – The Crusader army (some 12,000 men) launch a final assault on Jerusalem. The attacks against the northern and southern wall are repulsed without establishing a foothold.^[13]
July 15
- The Crusaders breach the walls of Jerusalem after a two-pronged assault.
- Iftikhar al-Dawla surrenders Jerusalem to Raymond IV in the Tower of David with a great sum of treasure in return for his life. He is escorted out of the city with his bodyguard.^[14]
July 22 – The Kingdom of Jerusalem is established in the Middle East. Godfrey of Bouillon is named king (but refuses to be crowned) and takes the title Advocatus Sancti Sepulchri.^[15]
August 10 – The Crusaders under Godfrey of Bouillon (supported by 1,200–1,300 knights) assemble at Yibna (Ibelin) – close to the coast and almost halfway from Jaffa to Ascalon.^[16]
August 12 – Battle of Ascalon: The Crusader army (some 10,000 men) decisively defeats the Fatimids who are sent to relieve Jerusalem. Vizier Al-Afdal is forced to retreat to Egypt.^[17]
November – A Crusader army under Bohemond I travels south to begin a pilgrimage to Jerusalem. They are accompanied by Baldwin of Boulogne, brother of Godfrey of Bouillon.^[18]
December 21 – The Crusaders under Bohemond I and Baldwin arrive at Jerusalem. Four days later, Daimbert, archbishop of Pisa, is installed as the Latin Patriarch of Jerusalem.^[19]

By topic

Natural events

November 11 – Great floods around the North Sea and English Channel.^[20]

Religion

The commune in Emilia founds the Modena Cathedral, dedicated to the patron saint Geminianus. The Italian sculptor Wiligelmo creates reliefs with Genesis scenes.
July 29 – Pope Urban II (Urbanus) dies after a 9-year pontificate at Rome. He is succeeded by Paschal II as the 160th pope of the Catholic Church.

Births

Olav Magnusson, king of Norway (d. 1115)
Ranulf de Gernon, 4th Earl of Chester, Anglo-Norman nobleman (d. 1153)
Raymond of Poitiers, prince of Antioch (d. 1149)
Thierry of Alsace, count of Flanders (d. 1168)
William X, Duke of Aquitaine ("the Saint"), French nobleman (d. 1137)
Yuri Dolgorukiy, Grand Prince of Kiev (d. 1157)

Deaths

April 14 – Conrad, bishop of Utrecht
April 20 – Peter Bartholomew, French soldier and mystic
July 8 – Lawrence, Croatian monk and archbishop
July 10 – El Cid (Rodrigo Diaz de Vivar), Castilian knight
July 18 – Fujiwara no Moromichi, Japanese nobleman (b. 1062)
July 29 – Urban II, pope of the Catholic Church (b. 1035)
August 21 – Éverard III of Puiset, Viscount of Chartres, French nobleman
December 3 – Osmund, Norman lord chancellor of England and bishop of Salisbury, canonized (b. 1065)
Ermengarde de Carcassonne, French noblewoman
Donald III ("the Fair"), king of Scotland (b. 1032)
Qutb Shah, Persian Sufi and religious leader
Rhygyfarch, Welsh bishop of St. David's (b. 1057)
Walter of Pontoise, French abbot (approximate date)

References

^ Steven Runciman (1951). A History of the Crusades. Volume I: The First Crusade and the Foundation of the Kingdom of Jerusalem, p. 221. ISBN 978-0-141-98550-3.
^ Steven Runciman (1951). A History of the Crusades. Volume I: The First Crusade and the Foundation of the Kingdom of Jerusalem, p. 222. ISBN 978-0-141-98550-3.
^ Steven Runciman (1951). A History of the Crusades. Volume I: The First Crusade and the Foundation of the Kingdom of Jerusalem, p. 224. ISBN 978-0-141-98550-3.
^ David Nicolle (2003). The First Crusade 1096–99 - Conquest of the Holy Land, pp. 69–70. Osprey Publishing: Campaign 132. ISBN 978-1-84176-515-0.
^ Steven Runciman (1951). A History of the Crusades. Volume I: The First Crusade and the Foundation of the Kingdom of Jerusalem, p. 223. ISBN 978-0-141-98550-3.
^ Steven Runciman (1951). A History of the Crusades. Volume I: The First Crusade and the Foundation of the Kingdom of Jerusalem, pp. 227–228. ISBN 978-0-141-98550-3.
^ Steven Runciman (1951). A History of the Crusades. Volume I: The First Crusade and the Foundation of the Kingdom of Jerusalem, p. 228. ISBN 978-0-141-98550-3.
^ David Nicolle (2003). The First Crusade 1096–99 - Conquest of the Holy Land, p. 71. Osprey Publishing: Campaign 132. ISBN 978-1-84176-515-0.
^ Rickard, J. "Siege of Jerusalem, 9 June-18 July 1099". Retrieved January 4, 2012.
^ David Nicolle (2003). The First Crusade 1096–99 - Conquest of the Holy Land, p. 73. Osprey Publishing: Campaign 132. ISBN 978-1-84176-515-0.
^ David Nicolle (2003). The First Crusade 1096–99 - Conquest of the Holy Land, pp. 73–76. Osprey Publishing: Campaign 132. ISBN 978-1-84176-515-0.
^ David Nicolle (2003). The First Crusade 1096–99 - Conquest of the Holy Land, p. 76. Osprey Publishing: Campaign 132. ISBN 978-1-84176-515-0.
^ Steven Runciman (1951). A History of the Crusades. Vol I: The First Crusade and the Foundation of the Kingdom of Jerusalem, p. 236. ISBN 978-0-141-98550-3.
^ Steven Runciman (1951). A History of the Crusades. Vol I: The First Crusade and the Foundation of the Kingdom of Jerusalem, p. 237. ISBN 978-0-141-98550-3.
^ Steven Runciman (1951). A History of the Crusades. Vol I: The First Crusade and the Foundation of the Kingdom of Jerusalem, p. 242. ISBN 978-0-141-98550-3.
^ David Nicolle (2003). The First Crusade 1096–99 - Conquest of the Holy Land, p. 83. Osprey Publishing: Campaign 132. ISBN 978-1-84176-515-0.
^ Rickard, J. "Ascalon, battle of, 12 August 1099". Retrieved January 4, 2012.
^ Steven Runciman (1951). A History of the Crusades. Vol I: The First Crusade and the Foundation of the Kingdom of Jerusalem, p. 250. ISBN 978-0-141-98550-3.
^ Steven Runciman (1951). A History of the Crusades. Vol I: The First Crusade and the Foundation of the Kingdom of Jerusalem, p. 251. ISBN 978-0-141-98550-3.
^ "Historic North Sea Floods". Historic England. January 27, 2023. Retrieved September 6, 2024.

[1] Steven Runciman (1951). A History of the Crusades. Volume I: The First Crusade and the Foundation of the Kingdom of Jerusalem, p. 221. ISBN 978-0-141-98550-3.

[2] Steven Runciman (1951). A History of the Crusades. Volume I: The First Crusade and the Foundation of the Kingdom of Jerusalem, p. 222. ISBN 978-0-141-98550-3.

[3] Steven Runciman (1951). A History of the Crusades. Volume I: The First Crusade and the Foundation of the Kingdom of Jerusalem, p. 224. ISBN 978-0-141-98550-3.

[4] David Nicolle (2003). The First Crusade 1096–99 - Conquest of the Holy Land, pp. 69–70. Osprey Publishing: Campaign 132. ISBN 978-1-84176-515-0.

[5] Steven Runciman (1951). A History of the Crusades. Volume I: The First Crusade and the Foundation of the Kingdom of Jerusalem, p. 223. ISBN 978-0-141-98550-3.

[6] Steven Runciman (1951). A History of the Crusades. Volume I: The First Crusade and the Foundation of the Kingdom of Jerusalem, pp. 227–228. ISBN 978-0-141-98550-3.

[7] Steven Runciman (1951). A History of the Crusades. Volume I: The First Crusade and the Foundation of the Kingdom of Jerusalem, p. 228. ISBN 978-0-141-98550-3.

[8] David Nicolle (2003). The First Crusade 1096–99 - Conquest of the Holy Land, p. 71. Osprey Publishing: Campaign 132. ISBN 978-1-84176-515-0.

[siege_jerusalem-9] Rickard, J. "Siege of Jerusalem, 9 June-18 July 1099". Retrieved January 4, 2012.

[10] David Nicolle (2003). The First Crusade 1096–99 - Conquest of the Holy Land, p. 73. Osprey Publishing: Campaign 132. ISBN 978-1-84176-515-0.

[11] David Nicolle (2003). The First Crusade 1096–99 - Conquest of the Holy Land, pp. 73–76. Osprey Publishing: Campaign 132. ISBN 978-1-84176-515-0.

[12] David Nicolle (2003). The First Crusade 1096–99 - Conquest of the Holy Land, p. 76. Osprey Publishing: Campaign 132. ISBN 978-1-84176-515-0.

[13] Steven Runciman (1951). A History of the Crusades. Vol I: The First Crusade and the Foundation of the Kingdom of Jerusalem, p. 236. ISBN 978-0-141-98550-3.

[14] Steven Runciman (1951). A History of the Crusades. Vol I: The First Crusade and the Foundation of the Kingdom of Jerusalem, p. 237. ISBN 978-0-141-98550-3.

[15] Steven Runciman (1951). A History of the Crusades. Vol I: The First Crusade and the Foundation of the Kingdom of Jerusalem, p. 242. ISBN 978-0-141-98550-3.

[16] David Nicolle (2003). The First Crusade 1096–99 - Conquest of the Holy Land, p. 83. Osprey Publishing: Campaign 132. ISBN 978-1-84176-515-0.

[17] Rickard, J. "Ascalon, battle of, 12 August 1099". Retrieved January 4, 2012.

[18] Steven Runciman (1951). A History of the Crusades. Vol I: The First Crusade and the Foundation of the Kingdom of Jerusalem, p. 250. ISBN 978-0-141-98550-3.

[19] Steven Runciman (1951). A History of the Crusades. Vol I: The First Crusade and the Foundation of the Kingdom of Jerusalem, p. 251. ISBN 978-0-141-98550-3.

[20] "Historic North Sea Floods". Historic England. January 27, 2023. Retrieved September 6, 2024.

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@@ Line 2: / Line 2: @@
 {{Year nav|1099}}
 {{C11 year in topic}}
-[[File:Taking of Jerusalem by the Crusaders, 15th July 1099.jpg|{{Largethumb}}|right|Taking of [[Jerusalem]] by the Crusaders.]]
+[[File:Taking of Jerusalem by the Crusaders, 15th July 1099.jpg|upright=1.35|thumb|Taking of [[Jerusalem]] by the Crusaders.]]
-{{Year dab|1099|the U.S. tax form|Form 1099}}Year '''1099''' ('''[[Roman numerals|MXCIX]]''') was a [[common year starting on Saturday]] (link will display the full calendar) of the [[Julian calendar]].
+{{About year|1099|the U.S. tax form|Form 1099}}Year '''1099''' ('''[[Roman numerals|MXCIX]]''') was a [[common year starting on Saturday]] of the [[Julian calendar]].
 == Events ==
@@ Line 13: / Line 13: @@
 * [[January 16]] &ndash; The Crusaders, under [[Raymond IV, Count of Toulouse|Raymond IV]], count of [[County of Toulouse|Toulouse]] (Raymond of Saint-Gilles), leave [[Antioch]], and head south towards [[Jerusalem]]. They are joined by forces of [[Tancred, Prince of Galilee|Tancred]] (a nephew of [[Bohemond I of Antioch|Bohemond I]]) and [[Robert Curthose|Robert II]], duke of [[Duchy of Normandy|Normandy]]. Raymond is given free passage and supplies, and accepts guides from the Emir of [[Shaizar]] (modern [[Syria]]), who conducts the army (6,000 men) across the [[Orontes River]] (between Shaizar and [[Hama]]).<ref>[[Steven Runciman]] (1951). ''A History of the Crusades. Volume I: The First Crusade and the Foundation of the Kingdom of Jerusalem'', p. 221. {{ISBN|978-0-141-98550-3}}.</ref>
 * [[January 22]] &ndash; The Crusaders, under Raymond IV, reach [[Masyaf]], where a treaty is agreed to. They decide to continue the march, rather than to capture or destroy the town. The next day the Crusaders enter the deserted town of [[Raphanea|Rafaniyah]], that provides them with much-needed supplies. Raymond moves into the [[Beqaa Valley|Buqaia Valley]], and takes the strategic Kurdish fortress of Hosn al-Akrad (the future [[Krak des Chevaliers]] castle).<ref>Steven Runciman (1951). ''A History of the Crusades. Volume I: The First Crusade and the Foundation of the Kingdom of Jerusalem'', p. 222. {{ISBN|978-0-141-98550-3}}.</ref>
-* February &ndash; The Crusaders under [[Godfrey of Bouillon]] set out from Antioch to [[Latakia]]. They are joined by forces of Bohemond I and [[Robert II, Count of Flanders|Robert II]], count of [[County of Flanders|Flanders]]. On their arrival, Bohemond decides to turn back to consolidate his power in Antioch. Godfrey and Robert move on to besiege the small sea-port of [[Jableh|Jabala]]. After two weeks, the Emir of Jabala makes a truce, and accepts the suzerainty of the Crusaders.<ref>Steven Runciman (1951). ''A History of the Crusades. Volume I: The First Crusade and the Foundation of the Kingdom of Jerusalem'', p. 224. {{ISBN|978-0-141-98550-3}}.</ref>
+* [[February]] &ndash; The Crusaders under [[Godfrey of Bouillon]] set out from Antioch to [[Latakia]]. They are joined by forces of Bohemond I and [[Robert II, Count of Flanders|Robert II]], count of [[County of Flanders|Flanders]]. On their arrival, Bohemond decides to turn back to consolidate his power in Antioch. Godfrey and Robert move on to besiege the small sea-port of [[Jableh|Jabala]]. After two weeks, the Emir of Jabala makes a truce, and accepts the suzerainty of the Crusaders.<ref>Steven Runciman (1951). ''A History of the Crusades. Volume I: The First Crusade and the Foundation of the Kingdom of Jerusalem'', p. 224. {{ISBN|978-0-141-98550-3}}.</ref>
 * [[February 14]] &ndash; The Crusaders under Raymond IV besiege the fortified town of [[Arqa|Akkar]] – whose garrison is loyal to [[Jalal al-Mulk Abu'l-Hasan]], emir of [[Tripoli, Lebanon|Tripoli]] (modern [[Lebanon]]). On May 13 after a 3-month siege the investment of Akkar is raised and Raymond orders the camp to be struck. The Crusader host, finally joined by the forces of Godfrey of Bouillon and Robert II, resumes his march southwards to Tripoli.<ref>David Nicolle (2003). ''The First Crusade 1096–99 - Conquest of the Holy Land'', pp. 69–70. Osprey Publishing: Campaign 132. {{ISBN|978-1-84176-515-0}}.</ref>
 * [[February 17]] &ndash; Raymond IV sends a small part of his army under [[Raymond Pilet d'Alès|Raymond Pilet]] to attack the port of [[Tartus|Tortosa]] on the Syrian coast. The Crusaders led many fires around the port to make believe their number is greater than it is. Fooled by the deception, the governor and the garrison flees by sea in the night leaving the port open for the Crusaders to capture. The port becomes strategically important for supplies.<ref>Steven Runciman (1951). ''A History of the Crusades. Volume I: The First Crusade and the Foundation of the Kingdom of Jerusalem'', p. 223. {{ISBN|978-0-141-98550-3}}.</ref>
-* May &ndash; The Crusaders march past Tripoli, accompanied by guides provided by the emir who lead them safely through the towns of [[Batroun]] and [[Byblos]]. On May 19 they cross the [[Nahr al-Kalb|Dog River]] north of [[Beirut]] into Fatimid territory. There local governors supply the Crusaders with tribute and food in return for no damage to the [[Agriculture|agricultural]] area. The Fatimids keep no large troops in the north, except for small garrisons.<ref>Steven Runciman (1951). ''A History of the Crusades. Volume I: The First Crusade and the Foundation of the Kingdom of Jerusalem'', pp. 227–228. {{ISBN|978-0-141-98550-3}}.</ref>
+* [[May]] &ndash; The Crusaders march past Tripoli, accompanied by guides provided by the emir who lead them safely through the towns of [[Batroun]] and [[Byblos]]. On May 19 they cross the [[Nahr al-Kalb|Dog River]] north of [[Beirut]] into Fatimid territory. There local governors supply the Crusaders with tribute and food in return for no damage to the [[Agriculture|agricultural]] area. The Fatimids keep no large troops in the north, except for small garrisons.<ref>Steven Runciman (1951). ''A History of the Crusades. Volume I: The First Crusade and the Foundation of the Kingdom of Jerusalem'', pp. 227–228. {{ISBN|978-0-141-98550-3}}.</ref>
 * [[May 20]] &ndash; The Fatimid governor of [[Sidon]] refuses to cooperate and his garrison attacks the Crusader host while they are looting local villages. The Fatimids are repulsed, the towns further south generally follow the example of Beirut. The Crusaders move on to [[Tyre, Lebanon|Tyre]] – Raymond IV decides to wait for two days to allow a force under [[Baldwin II of Jerusalem|Baldwin of Le Bourg]] (supported by knights from Antioch) to catch up with him.<ref>Steven Runciman (1951). ''A History of the Crusades. Volume I: The First Crusade and the Foundation of the Kingdom of Jerusalem'', p. 228. {{ISBN|978-0-141-98550-3}}.</ref>
-* [[May 26]] &ndash; The Crusaders march to [[Haifa]] and along the coast under [[Mount Carmel]] to [[Caesarea]] (modern [[Israel]]), where they rest for four days in order to celebrate [[Whitsun]] (Whit Sunday).
+* [[May 26]] &ndash; The Crusaders march to [[Haifa]] and along the coast under [[Mount Carmel]] to [[Caesarea Maritima|Caesarea]] (modern [[Israel]]), where they rest for four days in order to celebrate [[Whitsun]] (Whit Sunday).
-* [[June 2]]–[[June 6|6]] &ndash; The Crusaders occupy [[Apollonia-Arsuf|Arsuf]] and turn inland towards [[Ramla|Ramlah]], where they reorganise for the march against Jerusalem. A Crusader force under Tancred liberates [[Bethlehem]].<ref>David Nicolle (2003). ''The First Crusade 1096–99 - Conquest of the Holy Land'', p. 71. Osprey Publishing: Campaign 132. {{ISBN|978-1-84176-515-0}}.</ref>
+* [[June 2]]–[[June 6|6]] &ndash; The Crusaders occupy [[Apollonia-Arsuf|Arsuf]] and turn inland towards [[Ramla]]h, where they reorganise for the march against Jerusalem. A Crusader force under Tancred liberates [[Bethlehem]].<ref>David Nicolle (2003). ''The First Crusade 1096–99 - Conquest of the Holy Land'', p. 71. Osprey Publishing: Campaign 132. {{ISBN|978-1-84176-515-0}}.</ref>
 * [[June 7]] &ndash; [[Siege of Jerusalem (1099)|Siege of Jerusalem]]: The Crusaders reach the outskirts of Jerusalem, and begin the siege of the Holy City. [[Iftikhar al-Dawla]] offers a peace agreement but this is refused.<ref name="siege jerusalem">{{cite web|last=Rickard|first=J.|title=Siege of Jerusalem, 9 June-18 July 1099|url=http://www.historyofwar.org/articles/battles_jerusalem1099.html|access-date=4 January 2012}}</ref>
 * [[June 13]] &ndash; The Crusaders under Godfrey of Boullion launch their first assault on Jerusalem, while the Fatimid garrison and Jewish militia defend the northern wall at the [[Damascus Gate]].<ref>David Nicolle (2003). ''The First Crusade 1096–99 - Conquest of the Holy Land'', p. 73. Osprey Publishing: Campaign 132. {{ISBN|978-1-84176-515-0}}.</ref>
-* [[June 17]] &ndash; A naval squadron of six Genoese ships led by [[Guglielmo Embriaco]] (loaded with military materials) enters the port of Jaffa, all except one are trapped by a larger Fatimid fleet.<ref>David Nicolle (2003). ''The First Crusade 1096–99 - Conquest of the Holy Land'', pp. 73–76. Osprey Publishing: Campaign 132. {{ISBN|978-1-84176-515-0}}.</ref>
+* [[June 17]] &ndash; A naval squadron of six Genoese ships led by [[Guglielmo Embriaco]] (loaded with military materials) enters the port of [[Jaffa]]; all except one are trapped by a larger Fatimid fleet.<ref>David Nicolle (2003). ''The First Crusade 1096–99 - Conquest of the Holy Land'', pp. 73–76. Osprey Publishing: Campaign 132. {{ISBN|978-1-84176-515-0}}.</ref>
 * [[July 8]] &ndash; The Crusaders attempt to take Jerusalem by storm but are repulsed. In a [[procession]] they walk around the walls under leadership of priests in the hope the city would surrender.<ref>David Nicolle (2003). ''The First Crusade 1096–99 - Conquest of the Holy Land'', p. 76. Osprey Publishing: Campaign 132. {{ISBN|978-1-84176-515-0}}.</ref>
 * [[July 13]] &ndash; The Crusader army (some 12,000 men) launch a final assault on Jerusalem. The attacks against the northern and southern wall are repulsed without establishing a foothold.<ref>Steven Runciman (1951). ''A History of the Crusades. Vol I: The First Crusade and the Foundation of the Kingdom of Jerusalem'', p. 236. {{ISBN|978-0-141-98550-3}}.</ref>
 * [[July 15]]
-** The Crusaders breach the walls of Jerusalem after a two-pronged assault. They enter the city and begin, for two days, an unprecedented slaughter against the Muslims and Jews.<ref name="siege jerusalem"/>
+** The Crusaders breach the walls of Jerusalem after a two-pronged assault.
 ** Iftikhar al-Dawla surrenders Jerusalem to Raymond IV in the [[Tower of David]] with a great sum of treasure in return for his life. He is escorted out of the city with his bodyguard.<ref>Steven Runciman (1951). ''A History of the Crusades. Vol I: The First Crusade and the Foundation of the Kingdom of Jerusalem'', p. 237. {{ISBN|978-0-141-98550-3}}.</ref>
-* [[July 22]] &ndash; The [[Kingdom of Jerusalem]] is established in the [[Middle East]]. Godfrey of Bouillon is named king (but refuses to be crowned) and takes the title ''[[King of Jerusalem|Advocatus Sancti Sepulchri]]''.<ref>Steven Runciman (1951). ''A History of the Crusades. Vol I: The First Crusade and the Foundation of the Kingdom of Jerusalem'', p. 242. {{ISBN|978-0-141-98550-3}}.</ref>
+* [[July 22]] &ndash; The [[Kingdom of Jerusalem]] is established in the [[Middle East]]. Godfrey of Bouillon is named king (but refuses to be crowned) and takes the title ''[[The Title of Godfrey of Bouillon|Advocatus Sancti Sepulchri]]''.<ref>Steven Runciman (1951). ''A History of the Crusades. Vol I: The First Crusade and the Foundation of the Kingdom of Jerusalem'', p. 242. {{ISBN|978-0-141-98550-3}}.</ref>
-* [[August 10]] &ndash; The Crusaders under Godfrey of Bouillon (supported by 1,200–1,300 knights) assemble at [[Yibna]] ([[Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem#Lordship of Ibelin|Ibelin]]) – close to the coast and almost halfway from Jaffa to [[Ashkelon|Ascalon]].<ref>David Nicolle (2003). ''The First Crusade 1096–99 - Conquest of the Holy Land'', p. 83. Osprey Publishing: Campaign 132. {{ISBN|978-1-84176-515-0}}.</ref>
+* [[August 10]] &ndash; The Crusaders under Godfrey of Bouillon (supported by 1,200–1,300 knights) assemble at [[Yibna]] ([[Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem#Lordship of Ibelin|Ibelin]]) – close to the coast and almost halfway from Jaffa to [[Ascalon]].<ref>David Nicolle (2003). ''The First Crusade 1096–99 - Conquest of the Holy Land'', p. 83. Osprey Publishing: Campaign 132. {{ISBN|978-1-84176-515-0}}.</ref>
 * [[August 12]] &ndash; [[Battle of Ascalon]]: The Crusader army (some 10,000 men) decisively defeats the Fatimids who are sent to relieve Jerusalem. Vizier [[Al-Afdal Shahanshah|Al-Afdal]] is forced to retreat to [[Egypt]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Rickard|first=J.|title=Ascalon, battle of, 12 August 1099|url=http://www.historyofwar.org/articles/battles_ascalon.html|access-date=4 January 2012}}</ref>
 * November &ndash; A Crusader army under Bohemond I travels south to begin a [[pilgrimage]] to Jerusalem. They are accompanied by [[Baldwin I of Jerusalem|Baldwin of Boulogne]], brother of Godfrey of Bouillon.<ref>Steven Runciman (1951). ''A History of the Crusades. Vol I: The First Crusade and the Foundation of the Kingdom of Jerusalem'', p. 250. {{ISBN|978-0-141-98550-3}}.</ref>
@@ Line 35: / Line 35: @@
 === By topic ===
+==== Natural events ====
+* [[November 11]] &ndash; Great floods around the [[North Sea]] and [[English Channel]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Historic North Sea Floods|publisher=[[Historic England]]|date=2023-01-27|accessdate=2024-09-06|url=https://heritagecalling.com/2023/01/27/historic-north-sea-floods/}}</ref>
 ==== Religion ====
 * The commune in [[Emilia-Romagna|Emilia]] founds the [[Modena Cathedral]], dedicated to the patron saint [[Geminianus]]. The Italian sculptor [[Wiligelmo]] creates [[reliefs]] with [[Book of Genesis|Genesis]] scenes.
-* [[July 29]] &ndash; Pope [[Pope Urban II|Urban II]] (or '''Urbanus''') dies after a 9-year [[pontificate]] at [[Rome]]. He is succeeded by [[Pope Paschal II|Paschal II]] as the 160th [[pope]] of the [[Catholic Church]].
+* [[July 29]] &ndash; [[Pope Urban II]] (Urbanus) dies after a 9-year [[pontificate]] at [[Rome]]. He is succeeded by [[Pope Paschal II|Paschal II]] as the 160th [[pope]] of the [[Catholic Church]].</onlyinclude>
-</onlyinclude>
 == Births ==
 * [[Olav Magnusson of Norway|Olav Magnusson]], king of [[Kingdom of Norway (872–1397)|Norway]] (d. [[1115]])
-* [[Ranulf de Gernon, 4th Earl of Chester|Ranulf de Gernon]], Norman [[Nobility|nobleman]] (d. [[1153]])
+* [[Ranulf de Gernon, 4th Earl of Chester]], Anglo-Norman [[Nobility|nobleman]] (d. [[1153]])
 * [[Raymond of Poitiers]], prince of [[Principality of Antioch|Antioch]] (d. [[1149]])
 * [[Thierry, Count of Flanders|Thierry of Alsace]], count of [[County of Flanders|Flanders]] (d. [[1168]])
-* [[William X, Duke of Aquitaine|William X]] ('''the Saint'''), French nobleman (d. [[1137]])
+* [[William X, Duke of Aquitaine]] ("the Saint"), French nobleman (d. [[1137]])
 * [[Yuri Dolgorukiy]], Grand Prince of [[Principality of Kiev|Kiev]] (d. [[1157]])
 == Deaths ==
-* [[April 14]] &ndash; [[Conrad (bishop of Utrecht)|Conrad]], bishop of [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Utrecht|Utrecht]] ([[Bishopric of Utrecht]])
+* [[April 14]] &ndash; [[Conrad (bishop of Utrecht)|Conrad]], bishop of [[Diocese of Utrecht (695–1580)|Utrecht]]
 * [[April 20]] &ndash; [[Peter Bartholomew]], French soldier and [[Mysticism|mystic]]
 * [[July 8]] &ndash; [[Lawrence, Archbishop of Split|Lawrence]], Croatian monk and archbishop
-* [[July 10]] &ndash; [[El Cid|Rodrigo Diaz de Vivar]] ('''El Cid'''), Spanish nobleman
+* [[July 10]] &ndash; [[El Cid]] (Rodrigo Diaz de Vivar), Castilian knight
 * [[July 18]] &ndash; [[Fujiwara no Moromichi]], Japanese nobleman (b. [[1062]])
 * [[July 29]] &ndash; [[Pope Urban II|Urban II]], pope of the [[Catholic Church]] (b. [[1035]])
-* [[August 21]] &ndash; [[Éverard III of Puiset, Viscount of Chartres|Éverard III of Puiset]], French nobleman
+* [[August 21]] &ndash; [[Éverard III of Puiset, Viscount of Chartres]], French nobleman
-* [[December 3]] &ndash; [[Saint Osmund|Osmund]], bishop of [[Diocese of Salisbury|Salisbury]] (b. [[1065]])
+* [[December 3]] &ndash; [[Saint Osmund|Osmund]], Norman lord chancellor of England and bishop of [[Diocese of Salisbury|Salisbury]], canonized (b. [[1065]])
 * [[Ermengarde de Carcassonne]], French noblewoman
-* [[Donald III of Scotland|Donald III]] ('''the Fair'''), king of [[Kingdom of Scotland|Scotland]] (b. [[1032]])
+* [[Donald III of Scotland|Donald III]] ("the Fair"), king of [[Kingdom of Scotland|Scotland]] (b. [[1032]])
 * [[Qutb Shah]], Persian [[Sufism|Sufi]] and religious leader
 * [[Rhygyfarch]], Welsh bishop of [[Diocese of St David's|St. David's]] (b. [[1057]])

1099 by topic
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Births – Deaths
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Establishments – Disestablishments
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