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Battle of Haifa (1918): Difference between revisions

Coordinates: 32°49′0″N 34°59′0″E / 32.81667°N 34.98333°E / 32.81667; 34.98333
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Undid revision 1257303759 by Mediatech492 (talk) Hyderabad is part of India, so is Jodhpur and Mysore
 
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| map_label =
| map_label =
| territory = Port changed hands enabling the British to land supplies closer to their front line.
| territory = Port changed hands enabling the British to land supplies closer to their front line.
| result = Allied Indian forces victory
| result = British-Indian Victory
| status =
| status =
| combatant1 = *{{flagcountry|British India}}
| combatant1 = *{{flagcountry|British India}}
** [[File:Flag of Jodhpur.svg|23px]] [[Jodhpur State|Jodhpur]]
** [[File:Flag of Jodhpur.svg|23px]] [[Jodhpur State|Jodhpur]]
** [[File:Flag of Kingdom of Mysore.svg|23px]] [[Kingdom of Mysore|Mysore]]
** [[File:Flag of Kingdom of Mysore.svg|23px]] [[Kingdom of Mysore|Mysore]]
** [[File:Asafia flag of Hyderabad State.svg|23px]] [[Hyderabad State|Hyderabad]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=183311|title=Centenary of the Battle of Haifa Celebrated|publisher=Press Information Bureau, Government of India, Ministry of Defence|date=|access-date=2024-11-14}}</ref>
| combatant2 = {{flagcountry|Ottoman Empire}}<br />{{flag|German Empire}}<br />{{flagcountry|Austria-Hungary}}
| combatant2 = {{flagcountry|Ottoman Empire}}<br />{{flag|German Empire}}<br />{{flagcountry|Austria-Hungary}}
| commander1 = {{flagicon|UK}} [[Cyril Rodney Harbord]]<br /> [[File:Flag of Jodhpur.svg|23px]] [[Dalpat Singh Shekhawat]]{{KIA}}
| commander1 = {{flagicon|UK}} [[Cyril Rodney Harbord]]<br /> [[File:Flag of Jodhpur.svg|23px]] [[Dalpat Singh Shekhawat]]
| commander2 = {{flagicon|Ottoman Empire}} [[Jemal Pasha]]<br />{{flagicon|Ottoman Empire}} Enver Pasha<br />{{flagicon|Austria-Hungary}} Erich von Falkenhayn<br />{{flagicon|German Empire}} Otto Liman von Sanders<br />{{flagicon|German Empire}} Friedrich Kressenstein
| commander2 = Unknown
| units1 = [[15th (Imperial Service) Cavalry Brigade]]
| units1 = [[15th (Imperial Service) Cavalry Brigade]]
| units2 = Haifa garrison
| units2 = Haifa garrison
| casualties1 = 8 Indians killed<br />34 Indians wounded<ref name=hmso27>H.M.S.O. 1920, p.27</ref>
| casualties1 = 8 Indians killed<br />34 Indians wounded<ref name=hmso27>H.M.S.O. 1920, p.27</ref>
| casualties2 = Unknown killed and wounded<br />'''Prisoners'''<br />2 German officers<br />23 Ottoman officers<br />664 other ranks<ref name=hmso27/><br />total: 1,350 prisoners ,2,000 missing
| casualties2 = Unknown killed and wounded<br />'''Prisoners'''<br />2 German officers<br />23 Ottoman officers<br />664 other ranks<ref name=hmso27/><br />total: 1,350 prisoners, 2,000 missing
| campaignbox = {{Campaignbox Sinai and Palestine}}
| campaignbox = {{Campaignbox Sinai and Palestine}}
}}
}}
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The '''Battle of Haifa''' was fought on 23 September 1918 towards the end of the [[Battle of Sharon]] which together with the [[Battle of Nablus (1918)|Battle of Nablus]] formed the set piece [[Battle of Megiddo (1918)|Battle of Megiddo]] fought between 19 and 25 September during the last months of the [[Sinai and Palestine Campaign]] of the [[First World War]]. During the Battle of Haifa, the Indian [[15th (Imperial Service) Cavalry Brigade]], [[5th Cavalry Division (British Indian Army)|5th Cavalry Division]] and part of the [[Desert Mounted Corps]] attacked rearguard forces of the [[Ottoman Empire]] that resulted in the capture of the towns of [[Haifa]] and [[Acre (city)|Acre]]. This attack took place at the north western edge of the Esdraelon Plain (also known as the [[Jezreel Valley]] and the plain of [[Armageddon]]), {{convert|40|-|50|mi|km}} from Sharon.
The '''Battle of Haifa''' was fought on 23 September 1918 towards the end of the [[Battle of Sharon]] which together with the [[Battle of Nablus (1918)|Battle of Nablus]] formed the set piece [[Battle of Megiddo (1918)|Battle of Megiddo]] fought between 19 and 25 September during the last months of the [[Sinai and Palestine Campaign]] of the [[First World War]]. During the Battle of Haifa, the Indian [[15th (Imperial Service) Cavalry Brigade]], [[5th Cavalry Division (British Indian Army)|5th Cavalry Division]] and part of the [[Desert Mounted Corps]] attacked rearguard forces of the [[Ottoman Empire]] that resulted in the capture of the towns of [[Haifa]] and [[Acre (city)|Acre]]. This attack took place at the north western edge of the Esdraelon Plain (also known as the [[Jezreel Valley]] and the plain of [[Armageddon]]), {{convert|40|-|50|mi|km}} from Sharon.


The Battle of Megiddo had begun with an attack by British Empire infantry along an almost continuous line from the Mediterranean Sea across the Plain of Sharon into the foothills of the [[Judean Hills]]. They attacked the Ottoman front line and captured the headquarters of the [[Eighth Army (Ottoman Empire)|Ottoman Eighth Army]] at [[Battle of Tulkarm (1918)|Tulkarm]], the trenches at [[Battle of Tabsor (1918)|Tabsor]] and pivoted at [[Battle of Arara|Arara]]. The Eighth Army was outflanked on the coast and British Empire cavalry moved north through the gap created. The [[Desert Mounted Corps]] almost [[encirclement|encircled]] the infantry in the Judean Hills capturing their main [[Lines of communication|lines of supply, communications]] and retreat. By 25 September, one [[Military of the Ottoman Empire|Ottoman army]] had been destroyed, and what remained of two others, were in retreat northwards to Damascus.
The Battle of Megiddo had begun with an attack by British Empire infantry along an almost continuous line from the Mediterranean Sea across the Plain of Sharon into the foothills of the [[Judean Hills]]. They attacked the Ottoman front line and captured the headquarters of the [[Eighth Army (Ottoman Empire)|Ottoman Eighth Army]] at [[Battle of Tulkarm (1918)|Tulkarm]], the trenches at [[Battle of Tabsor (1918)|Tabsor]] and pivoted at [[Battle of Arara|Arara]]. The Eighth Army was outflanked on the coast and British Empire cavalry moved north through the gap created. The [[Desert Mounted Corps]] almost [[encirclement|encircled]] the infantry in the Judean Hills capturing their main [[Lines of communication|lines of supply, communications]] and retreat. By 25 September, one [[Military of the Ottoman Empire|Ottoman army]] had been destroyed, and what remained of two others, were in retreat northwards to Damascus.{{cn|date=November 2024}}


The 5th Cavalry Division was assigned the task of capturing Haifa and Acre after several earlier attempts were stopped by strong rearguard positions. A squadron from the Mysore Lancers, and a squadron from the [[Sherwood Rangers Yeomanry]], 15th (Imperial Service) Cavalry Brigade formed the initial attack on an [[Austria-Hungary|Austrian]] artillery battery before moving forward with the Jodhpur Lancers and a light car patrol, to attack the main German rearguard position and capture the town. This day of 23 September every year is celebrated as Haifa Day.
The 5th Cavalry Division was assigned the task of capturing Haifa and Acre after several earlier attempts were stopped by strong rearguard positions. A squadron from the Mysore Lancers, and a squadron from the [[Sherwood Rangers Yeomanry]], 15th (Imperial Service) Cavalry Brigade formed the initial attack on an [[Austria-Hungary|Austrian]] artillery battery before moving forward with the Jodhpur Lancers and a light car patrol, to attack the main German rearguard position and capture the town. This day of 23 September every year is celebrated as Haifa Day.{{cn|date=November 2024}}


==Background==
==Background==
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The [[5th Cavalry Division (British Indian Army)|5th Cavalry Division]] were formed with three [[brigade]]s, two of them composed of one British [[yeomanry]] regiment, and two [[British Indian Army]] cavalry regiments; one of which was usually lancers. Part of the [[Desert Mounted Corps]], it was supported by machine guns, artillery, and light armoured car units.<ref>DiMarco 2008 p. 328</ref> The division's third brigade was the [[15th (Imperial Service) Cavalry Brigade]], normally comprising three cavalry [[regiment]]s from the [[Indian Princely States]] of [[Jodhpur]], [[Mysore]] and [[Hyderabad State|Hyderabad]].
The [[5th Cavalry Division (British Indian Army)|5th Cavalry Division]] were formed with three [[brigade]]s, two of them composed of one British [[yeomanry]] regiment, and two [[British Indian Army]] cavalry regiments; one of which was usually lancers. Part of the [[Desert Mounted Corps]], it was supported by machine guns, artillery, and light armoured car units.<ref>DiMarco 2008 p. 328</ref> The division's third brigade was the [[15th (Imperial Service) Cavalry Brigade]], normally comprising three cavalry [[regiment]]s from the [[Indian Princely States]] of [[Jodhpur]], [[Mysore]] and [[Hyderabad State|Hyderabad]].


Following the successful advance and virtual [[encirclement]] of the Ottoman Seventh and Eighth Armies in the [[Judean Hills]] with the captures of Afulah and Nazareth, the [[Yildirim Army Group]] general headquarters was out of communication with its three armies.<ref name="Maunsell213">Maunsell 1926 p.213</ref><ref name="Carver232">Carver 2003 p. 232</ref><ref name="Blenkinsop236">Blenkinsop 1925 p. 236</ref> All direct routes northwards were controlled by the [[Desert Mounted Corps]]. Thus, the retreating Seventh Army and what remained of the Eighth Army were forced to withdraw along minor roads or tracks, eastwards across the Jordan River, towards the Hedjaz railway.<ref name="Bruce 2002 p. 231">Bruce 2002 p. 231</ref><ref>Maunsell 1926 p. 221</ref> The capture of Haifa was essential for any further advances by the [[Egyptian Expeditionary Force]] since the roads leading to the [[port]] were little more than tracks and its capture was urgently required for landing supplies.<ref>Paget 1994 Vol. 2 p. 295</ref><ref name=gazette>{{London Gazette|date=27 December 1918|issue=31087|supp=y|page=15188}}</ref>
Following the successful advance and virtual [[encirclement]] of the Ottoman Seventh and Eighth Armies in the [[Judean Hills]] with the captures of Afulah and Nazareth, the [[Yildirim Army Group]] general headquarters was out of communication with its three armies.<ref name="Maunsell213">Maunsell 1926 p. 213</ref><ref name="Carver232">Carver 2003 p. 232</ref><ref name="Blenkinsop236">Blenkinsop 1925 p. 236</ref> All direct routes northwards were controlled by the [[Desert Mounted Corps]]. Thus, the retreating Seventh Army and what remained of the Eighth Army were forced to withdraw along minor roads or tracks, eastwards across the Jordan River, towards the Hedjaz railway.<ref name="Bruce 2002 p. 231">Bruce 2002 p. 231</ref><ref>Maunsell 1926 p. 221</ref> The capture of Haifa was essential for any further advances by the [[Egyptian Expeditionary Force]] since the roads leading to the [[port]] were little more than tracks and its capture was urgently required for landing supplies.<ref>Paget 1994 Vol. 2 p. 295</ref><ref name=gazette>{{London Gazette|date=27 December 1918|issue=31087|supp=y|page=15188}}</ref>


==Prelude==
==Prelude==
[[File:IWM Q12323.jpeg|thumb|1st Australian Light Armoured Car Patrol on the coast road west of Mount Carmel]]
[[File:IWM Q12323.jpeg|thumb|1st Australian Light Armoured Car Patrol on the coast road west of Mount Carmel]]


Shortly after midnight on 21/22 September, the [[18th King George's Own Lancers]], part of the [[13th Cavalry Brigade (British Indian Army)|13th Cavalry Brigade]], were advancing along the Acre road to the west of the town when they were attacked by an Ottoman battalion from Haifa. They routed the battalion after a short fight inflicting 30 casualties and capturing more than 200 prisoners.<ref name="Wavell214–5">Wavell 1968 pp. 214–5</ref>
Shortly after midnight on 21/22 September, the [[18th King George's Own Lancers]], part of the [[13th Cavalry Brigade (British Indian Army)|13th Cavalry Brigade]], were advancing along the Acre road to the west of the town when they were attacked by an Ottoman battalion from Haifa. They routed the battalion after a short fight inflicting 30 casualties and capturing more than 200 prisoners.<ref name="Wavell214–5">Wavell 1968 pp. 214–215</ref>


On 22 September an aerial reconnaissance reported that Haifa had been evacuated by the Ottoman army. This was found to be inaccurate when the Haifa Annexation Expedition was stopped by accurate Ottoman artillery and machine gun fire.<ref>Hill 1978 pp. 171–2</ref> A reconnaissance by armoured cars of the Light Car Patrol encountered a redoubt {{convert|200|yd|m}} from the road to Haifa. This strong rearguard with machine guns was supported by effectively positioned artillery deployed on the lower slopes of Mount Carmel. The redoubt was fired on by the cars' machine guns and quickly surrendered, while {{convert|2|mi|km}} further on they encountered an Austrian battery of light field guns supported by German machine gunners which stopped the reconnaissance force.<ref name="Gullett38–9">Gullett 1919 pp. 38–9</ref><ref name="Bruce234">Bruce 2002 p. 234</ref> They controlled the approach road from the east which ran between the mountain and the Nahr el Muqatta. This strong position could not be outflanked because the Nahr el Mugatta river was edged on both sides by marshes making it virtually impossible to cross.<ref name="Bruce234"/> The 5th Cavalry Division was ordered to capture Haifa and Acre {{convert|12|mi|km}} north west the following day.<ref>DiMarco 2008 p. 332</ref>
On 22 September an aerial reconnaissance reported that Haifa had been evacuated by the Ottoman army. This was found to be inaccurate when the Haifa Annexation Expedition was stopped by accurate Ottoman artillery and machine gun fire.<ref>Hill 1978 pp. 171–172</ref> A reconnaissance by armoured cars of the Light Car Patrol encountered a redoubt {{convert|200|yd|m}} from the road to Haifa. This strong rearguard with machine guns was supported by effectively positioned artillery deployed on the lower slopes of Mount Carmel. The redoubt was fired on by the cars' machine guns and quickly surrendered, while {{convert|2|mi|km}} further on they encountered an Austrian battery of light field guns supported by German machine gunners which stopped the reconnaissance force.<ref name="Gullett38–9">Gullett 1919 pp. 38–39</ref><ref name="Bruce234">Bruce 2002 p. 234</ref> They controlled the approach road from the east which ran between the mountain and the Nahr el Muqatta. This strong position could not be outflanked because the Nahr el Mugatta river was edged on both sides by marshes making it virtually impossible to cross.<ref name="Bruce234"/> The 5th Cavalry Division was ordered to capture Haifa and Acre {{convert|12|mi|km}} north west the following day.<ref>DiMarco 2008 p. 332</ref>


==Battle==
==Battle==
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A squadron of the Mysore Lancers and a squadron of the [[Sherwood Rangers Yeomanry]], supported by [[B Battery, Honourable Artillery Company]], attacked the Austrian battery of light field guns on the slopes of Mount Carmel at 14:00 hours. The squadron of Mysore Lancers had moved into position by climbing up a steep track to capture and silence the guns, while the Jodhpur Lancers launched the main mounted attack on the rearguard of German machine gunners, which blocked the road {{convert|2|mi|km}} on from the redoubt captured the day before by the Light Car Patrol.<ref name="Gullett38–9"/><ref name="Bruce235">Bruce 2002 p. 235</ref>
A squadron of the Mysore Lancers and a squadron of the [[Sherwood Rangers Yeomanry]], supported by [[B Battery, Honourable Artillery Company]], attacked the Austrian battery of light field guns on the slopes of Mount Carmel at 14:00 hours. The squadron of Mysore Lancers had moved into position by climbing up a steep track to capture and silence the guns, while the Jodhpur Lancers launched the main mounted attack on the rearguard of German machine gunners, which blocked the road {{convert|2|mi|km}} on from the redoubt captured the day before by the Light Car Patrol.<ref name="Gullett38–9"/><ref name="Bruce235">Bruce 2002 p. 235</ref>


The Jodhpur Lancers charged the Ottoman position, crossing the [[Acre, Israel|Acre]] railway line, but came under [[machine gun]] and artillery fire. The charge was further obstructed by [[quicksand]] on the river banks, so they manoeuvred to the left onto the lower slopes of Mount Carmel. The regiment secured the position capturing thirty prisoners, two machine guns, two camel guns and opening up an access route into Haifa. The Jodhpur Lancers continued their charge into the town, surprising the defenders. Those Mysore Lancers who had been giving fire support to the attacking regiment, mounted and followed them into the town. Together the two regiments captured 1,350 German and Ottoman prisoners, including two German officers, 35 Ottoman officers, 17 artillery guns including four 4.2 guns, eight 77mm guns and four camel guns as well as a 6-inch naval gun, and 11 machine guns. Their own casualties amounted to eight dead and 34 wounded. 60 horses were killed and another 83 injured.<ref name=haifa>{{cite web|access-date=6 February 2012|publisher=NDTV|title=Battle of Haifa: 23 Sep 1918|url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/battle-of-haifa-23-sep-1918-54867&cp}}</ref><ref name="Bruce235"/><ref name="Massey190–4">Massey 1920 pp. 190–4</ref>
The Jodhpur Lancers charged the Ottoman position, crossing the [[Acre, Israel|Acre]] railway line, but came under [[machine gun]] and artillery fire. The charge was further obstructed by [[quicksand]] on the river banks, so they manoeuvred to the left onto the lower slopes of Mount Carmel. The regiment secured the position capturing thirty prisoners, two machine guns, two camel guns and opening up an access route into Haifa. The Jodhpur Lancers continued their charge into the town, surprising the defenders. Those Mysore Lancers who had been giving fire support to the attacking regiment, mounted and followed them into the town. Together the two regiments captured 1,350 German and Ottoman prisoners, including two German officers, 35 Ottoman officers, 17 artillery guns including four 4.2 guns, eight 77mm guns and four camel guns as well as a 6-inch naval gun, and 11 machine guns. Their own casualties amounted to eight dead and 34 wounded. 60 horses were killed and another 83 injured.<ref name=haifa>{{cite web|access-date=6 February 2012|publisher=NDTV|title=Battle of Haifa: 23 Sep 1918|url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/battle-of-haifa-23-sep-1918-54867&cp}}</ref><ref name="Bruce235"/><ref name="Massey190–4">Massey 1920 pp. 190–194</ref>


{{blockquote|We tried to cover the Turks' retreat, but we expected them to do something, if only keep their heads. At last we decided they were not worth fighting for.|A captured German officer<ref>in Gullett 1919 pp. 38–9</ref>}}
{{blockquote|We tried to cover the Turks' retreat, but we expected them to do something, if only keep their heads. At last we decided they were not worth fighting for.|A captured German officer<ref>in Gullett 1919 pp. 38–39</ref>}}


{{blockquote|Only the Jo hukums (Jodhpur lancers) could have done it. That day the jo hukums had to be restrained as they galloped through the streets of Haifa, even after all the machine gun posts had fallen, towards the placid and unknowing Mediterranean, spearing and butchering unfortunate Turks who crossed their path, civilians even, for the [[Rathore (clan)|Rathore]]s were crazed with rage. They had seen far too many of their brothers fall.|historian, Charles C Trench, remarks in his book, "The Indian army and the King's Enemies"<ref name=DS>{{cite book |title=The House of Marwar|author=Dhananajaya Singh|publisher=Lotus Collection, Roli Books|year=1994|page=149|quote=The attack was led by "b" squadron which consisted solely of Jodha Rathores. "A" squad, the Mertias followed and "C" squad, with its mixed force came in later....Haifa is described by many as the most remarkable cavalry action ever in the history of war....historian, Charles C Trench, remarks in his book, "The Indian army and the Kings Enemies", "Only the Jo hukums could have done it. That day the jo hukums had to be restrained as they galloped through the streets of Haifa, even after all the machine gun posts had fallen, towards the placid and unknowing Mediterranean, spearing and buthering unfortunate Turks who crossed their path, civilians even, for the Rathores were crazed with rage. They had seen far too many of their brothers fall."}}</ref>}}
{{blockquote|Only the Jo hukums (Jodhpur lancers) could have done it. That day the jo hukums had to be restrained as they galloped through the streets of Haifa, even after all the machine gun posts had fallen, towards the placid and unknowing Mediterranean, spearing and butchering unfortunate Turks who crossed their path, civilians even, for the [[Rathore (Rajput clan)|Rathore]]s were crazed with rage. They had seen far too many of their brothers fall.|historian, Charles C Trench, remarks in his book, "The Indian army and the King's Enemies"<ref name=DS>{{cite book |title=The House of Marwar|author=Dhananajaya Singh|publisher=Lotus Collection, Roli Books|year=1994|page=149|quote=The attack was led by "b" squadron which consisted solely of Jodha Rathores. "A" squad, the Mertias followed and "C" squad, with its mixed force came in later....Haifa is described by many as the most remarkable cavalry action ever in the history of war....historian, Charles C Trench, remarks in his book, "The Indian army and the Kings Enemies", "Only the Jo hukums could have done it. That day the jo hukums had to be restrained as they galloped through the streets of Haifa, even after all the machine gun posts had fallen, towards the placid and unknowing Mediterranean, spearing and buthering unfortunate Turks who crossed their path, civilians even, for the Rathores were crazed with rage. They had seen far too many of their brothers fall."}}</ref>}}


==Aftermath==
==Aftermath==
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* {{cite book|series=Official History of the Great War Based on Official Documents by Direction of the Historical Section of the Committee of Imperial Defence|title=Veterinary Services|editor1-last=Blenkinsop|editor1-first=Layton John|editor2-last=Rainey|editor2-first=John Wakefield|year=1925|publisher=[[HMSO]]|location=London|oclc=460717714}}
* {{cite book|series=Official History of the Great War Based on Official Documents by Direction of the Historical Section of the Committee of Imperial Defence|title=Veterinary Services|editor1-last=Blenkinsop|editor1-first=Layton John|editor2-last=Rainey|editor2-first=John Wakefield|year=1925|publisher=[[HMSO]]|location=London|oclc=460717714}}
* {{cite book|title=The Last Crusade: The Palestine Campaign in the First World War|last=Bruce|first=Anthony|year=2002|publisher=John Murray|location=London|isbn=978-0-7195-5432-2}}
* {{cite book|title=The Last Crusade: The Palestine Campaign in the First World War|last=Bruce|first=Anthony|year=2002|publisher=John Murray|location=London|isbn=978-0-7195-5432-2}}
* {{cite book|title=The National Army Museum Book of The Turkish Front 1914–1918: The Campaigns at Gallipoli, in Mesopotamia and in Palestine|last=Carver|first=Michael, Field Marshal Lord|year=2003|publisher=Pan Macmillan|location=London|isbn=978-0-283-07347-2}}
* {{cite book|title=The National Army Museum Book of The Turkish Front 1914–1918: The Campaigns at Gallipoli, in Mesopotamia and in Palestine|last=Carver|first=Michael|year=2003|publisher=Pan Macmillan|location=London|isbn=978-0-283-07347-2}}
* {{cite book|first=Louis A.|last=DiMarco|title=War Horse: A History of the Military Horse and Rider|location=Yardley, Pennsylvania|publisher=Westholme Publishing|year=2008|oclc=226378925}}
* {{cite book|first=Louis A.|last=DiMarco|title=War Horse: A History of the Military Horse and Rider|location=Yardley, Pennsylvania|publisher=Westholme Publishing|year=2008|oclc=226378925}}
* {{cite book|title=Military Operations Egypt and Palestine: From June 1917 to the End of the War|last=Falls|first=Cyril|series=Official History of the Great War Based on Official Documents by Direction of the Historical Section of the Committee of Imperial Defence|others=A. F. Becke (maps)|year=1930|volume=II Part 2|publisher=HMSO|location=London|oclc=256950972}}
* {{cite book|title=Military Operations Egypt and Palestine: From June 1917 to the End of the War|last=Falls|first=Cyril|series=Official History of the Great War Based on Official Documents by Direction of the Historical Section of the Committee of Imperial Defence|others=A.F. Becke (maps)|year=1930|volume=II Part 2|publisher=HMSO|location=London|oclc=256950972}}
* {{cite book|title=Australia in Palestine|editor-last1=Gullett|editor-first1=Henry S.|editor-last2=Barnet|editor-first2=Charles|editor-last3=Baker (Art Editor)|editor-first3=David|year=1919|publisher=Angus & Robertson|location=Sydney|oclc=224023558}}
* {{cite book|title=Australia in Palestine|editor-last1=Gullett|editor-first1=Henry S.|editor-last2=Barnet|editor-first2=Charles|year=1919|publisher=Angus & Robertson|location=Sydney|oclc=224023558}}
* {{cite book|title=Chauvel of the Light Horse: A Biography of General Sir Harry Chauvel, GCMG, KCB|last=Hill|first=Alec Jeffrey|author-link=Alec Hill|year=1978|publisher=Melbourne University Press|location=Melbourne|oclc=5003626}}
* {{cite book|title=Chauvel of the Light Horse: A Biography of General Sir Harry Chauvel, GCMG, KCB|last=Hill|first=Alec Jeffrey|author-link=Alec Hill|year=1978|publisher=Melbourne University Press|location=Melbourne|oclc=5003626}}
* {{cite book|title=History of the 15th (Imperial Service) Cavalry Brigade during the Great War 1914–1918|author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.-->|publisher=HMSO|year=1920|url=http://www.bl.uk/manuscripts/FullDisplay.aspx?index=1&ref=Ior/l/mil/17/6/78|access-date=2 January 2013|archive-date=21 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230221110855/https://www.bl.uk/manuscripts/FullDisplay.aspx?index=1&ref=Ior/l/mil/17/6/78|url-status=dead}}
* {{cite book|title=History of the 15th (Imperial Service) Cavalry Brigade during the Great War 1914–1918|author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.-->|publisher=HMSO|year=1920|url=http://www.bl.uk/manuscripts/FullDisplay.aspx?index=1&ref=Ior/l/mil/17/6/78|access-date=2 January 2013|archive-date=21 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230221110855/https://www.bl.uk/manuscripts/FullDisplay.aspx?index=1&ref=Ior/l/mil/17/6/78|url-status=dead}}
* {{cite book|first=William Thomas|last=Massey|year=1920|title=Allenby's Final Triumph|url=https://archive.org/details/cu31924027811573|publisher=Constable & Co|location=London|oclc=345306}}
* {{cite book|first=William Thomas|last=Massey|year=1920|title=Allenby's Final Triumph|url=https://archive.org/details/cu31924027811573|publisher=Constable & Co|location=London|oclc=345306}}
* {{cite book|title=Prince of Wales' Own, the Seinde Horse, 1839–1922|last=Maunsell|first=E. B.|year=1926|publisher=Regimental Committee|oclc=221077029}}
* {{cite book|title=Prince of Wales' Own, the Seinde Horse, 1839–1922|last=Maunsell|first=E.B.|year=1926|publisher=Regimental Committee|oclc=221077029}}
* {{cite book|title=Egypt, Palestine and Syria 1914 to 1919|series=A History of the British Cavalry 1816–1919|volume=V|last=Paget|first=G. C. H. V Marquess of Anglesey|year=1994|publisher=Leo Cooper|location=London|isbn=978-0-85052-395-9}}
* {{cite book|title=Egypt, Palestine and Syria 1914 to 1919|series=A History of the British Cavalry 1816–1919|volume=V|last=Paget|first=G.C.H.V Marquess of Anglesey|year=1994|publisher=Leo Cooper|location=London|isbn=978-0-85052-395-9}}
* {{cite book|chapter=The Palestine Campaigns|last=Wavell|first=Field Marshal Earl|author-link=Archibald Wavell, 1st Earl Wavell|editor-last=Sheppard|editor-first=Eric William|edition=4th|title=A Short History of the British Army|year=1968|orig-year=1933|publisher=Constable|location=London|oclc=35621223}}
* {{cite book|chapter=The Palestine Campaigns|last=Wavell|first=Field Marshal Earl|author-link=Archibald Wavell, 1st Earl Wavell|editor-last=Sheppard|editor-first=Eric William|edition=4th|title=A Short History of the British Army|year=1968|orig-year=1933|publisher=Constable|location=London|oclc=35621223}}
{{refend}}
{{refend}}

Latest revision as of 07:34, 15 November 2024

For other battles, see Battle of Haifa (disambiguation).
Battle of Haifa
Part of the Middle Eastern theatre of World War I

Jodhpur lancers marching through Haifa after it was captured
Date23 September 1918
Location
Haifa, Ottoman Empire
Result British-Indian Victory
Territorial
changes		 Port changed hands enabling the British to land supplies closer to their front line.
Belligerents
 Ottoman Empire
 German Empire
 Austria-Hungary
Commanders and leaders
United Kingdom Cyril Rodney Harbord
Dalpat Singh Shekhawat		 Ottoman Empire Jemal Pasha
Ottoman Empire Enver Pasha
Austria-Hungary Erich von Falkenhayn
German Empire Otto Liman von Sanders
German Empire Friedrich Kressenstein
Units involved
15th (Imperial Service) Cavalry Brigade Haifa garrison
Casualties and losses
8 Indians killed
34 Indians wounded[2]		 Unknown killed and wounded
Prisoners
2 German officers
23 Ottoman officers
664 other ranks[2]
total: 1,350 prisoners, 2,000 missing

The Battle of Haifa was fought on 23 September 1918 towards the end of the Battle of Sharon which together with the Battle of Nablus formed the set piece Battle of Megiddo fought between 19 and 25 September during the last months of the Sinai and Palestine Campaign of the First World War. During the Battle of Haifa, the Indian 15th (Imperial Service) Cavalry Brigade, 5th Cavalry Division and part of the Desert Mounted Corps attacked rearguard forces of the Ottoman Empire that resulted in the capture of the towns of Haifa and Acre. This attack took place at the north western edge of the Esdraelon Plain (also known as the Jezreel Valley and the plain of Armageddon), 40–50 miles (64–80 km) from Sharon.

The Battle of Megiddo had begun with an attack by British Empire infantry along an almost continuous line from the Mediterranean Sea across the Plain of Sharon into the foothills of the Judean Hills. They attacked the Ottoman front line and captured the headquarters of the Ottoman Eighth Army at Tulkarm, the trenches at Tabsor and pivoted at Arara. The Eighth Army was outflanked on the coast and British Empire cavalry moved north through the gap created. The Desert Mounted Corps almost encircled the infantry in the Judean Hills capturing their main lines of supply, communications and retreat. By 25 September, one Ottoman army had been destroyed, and what remained of two others, were in retreat northwards to Damascus.[citation needed]

The 5th Cavalry Division was assigned the task of capturing Haifa and Acre after several earlier attempts were stopped by strong rearguard positions. A squadron from the Mysore Lancers, and a squadron from the Sherwood Rangers Yeomanry, 15th (Imperial Service) Cavalry Brigade formed the initial attack on an Austrian artillery battery before moving forward with the Jodhpur Lancers and a light car patrol, to attack the main German rearguard position and capture the town. This day of 23 September every year is celebrated as Haifa Day.[citation needed]

Background

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Mysorean Lancer Sowar and horse
Jodhpur Lancer Sowar and horse

The 5th Cavalry Division were formed with three brigades, two of them composed of one British yeomanry regiment, and two British Indian Army cavalry regiments; one of which was usually lancers. Part of the Desert Mounted Corps, it was supported by machine guns, artillery, and light armoured car units.[3] The division's third brigade was the 15th (Imperial Service) Cavalry Brigade, normally comprising three cavalry regiments from the Indian Princely States of Jodhpur, Mysore and Hyderabad.

Following the successful advance and virtual encirclement of the Ottoman Seventh and Eighth Armies in the Judean Hills with the captures of Afulah and Nazareth, the Yildirim Army Group general headquarters was out of communication with its three armies.[4][5][6] All direct routes northwards were controlled by the Desert Mounted Corps. Thus, the retreating Seventh Army and what remained of the Eighth Army were forced to withdraw along minor roads or tracks, eastwards across the Jordan River, towards the Hedjaz railway.[7][8] The capture of Haifa was essential for any further advances by the Egyptian Expeditionary Force since the roads leading to the port were little more than tracks and its capture was urgently required for landing supplies.[9][10]

Prelude

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1st Australian Light Armoured Car Patrol on the coast road west of Mount Carmel

Shortly after midnight on 21/22 September, the 18th King George's Own Lancers, part of the 13th Cavalry Brigade, were advancing along the Acre road to the west of the town when they were attacked by an Ottoman battalion from Haifa. They routed the battalion after a short fight inflicting 30 casualties and capturing more than 200 prisoners.[11]

On 22 September an aerial reconnaissance reported that Haifa had been evacuated by the Ottoman army. This was found to be inaccurate when the Haifa Annexation Expedition was stopped by accurate Ottoman artillery and machine gun fire.[12] A reconnaissance by armoured cars of the Light Car Patrol encountered a redoubt 200 yards (180 m) from the road to Haifa. This strong rearguard with machine guns was supported by effectively positioned artillery deployed on the lower slopes of Mount Carmel. The redoubt was fired on by the cars' machine guns and quickly surrendered, while 2 miles (3.2 km) further on they encountered an Austrian battery of light field guns supported by German machine gunners which stopped the reconnaissance force.[13][14] They controlled the approach road from the east which ran between the mountain and the Nahr el Muqatta. This strong position could not be outflanked because the Nahr el Mugatta river was edged on both sides by marshes making it virtually impossible to cross.[14] The 5th Cavalry Division was ordered to capture Haifa and Acre 12 miles (19 km) north west the following day.[15]

Battle

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Falls Map 21 Cavalry advances 19 to 25 September. Detail shows capture of Haifa and Acre

On 23 September 1918 the 15th (Imperial Service) Cavalry Brigade was ordered to capture Haifa. The area between the Nahr al-Muqaṭṭaʿ, also known as the Kishon River, and the slopes of Mount Carmel was well defended by Ottoman gun emplacements and artillery. The brigade's Jodhpur Lancers were tasked to capture this position, while the Mysore Lancers moved around to attack the town from the east and north.[16]

A squadron of the Mysore Lancers and a squadron of the Sherwood Rangers Yeomanry, supported by B Battery, Honourable Artillery Company, attacked the Austrian battery of light field guns on the slopes of Mount Carmel at 14:00 hours. The squadron of Mysore Lancers had moved into position by climbing up a steep track to capture and silence the guns, while the Jodhpur Lancers launched the main mounted attack on the rearguard of German machine gunners, which blocked the road 2 miles (3.2 km) on from the redoubt captured the day before by the Light Car Patrol.[13][17]

The Jodhpur Lancers charged the Ottoman position, crossing the Acre railway line, but came under machine gun and artillery fire. The charge was further obstructed by quicksand on the river banks, so they manoeuvred to the left onto the lower slopes of Mount Carmel. The regiment secured the position capturing thirty prisoners, two machine guns, two camel guns and opening up an access route into Haifa. The Jodhpur Lancers continued their charge into the town, surprising the defenders. Those Mysore Lancers who had been giving fire support to the attacking regiment, mounted and followed them into the town. Together the two regiments captured 1,350 German and Ottoman prisoners, including two German officers, 35 Ottoman officers, 17 artillery guns including four 4.2 guns, eight 77mm guns and four camel guns as well as a 6-inch naval gun, and 11 machine guns. Their own casualties amounted to eight dead and 34 wounded. 60 horses were killed and another 83 injured.[16][17][18]

We tried to cover the Turks' retreat, but we expected them to do something, if only keep their heads. At last we decided they were not worth fighting for.

— A captured German officer[19]

Only the Jo hukums (Jodhpur lancers) could have done it. That day the jo hukums had to be restrained as they galloped through the streets of Haifa, even after all the machine gun posts had fallen, towards the placid and unknowing Mediterranean, spearing and butchering unfortunate Turks who crossed their path, civilians even, for the Rathores were crazed with rage. They had seen far too many of their brothers fall.

— historian, Charles C Trench, remarks in his book, "The Indian army and the King's Enemies"[20]

Aftermath

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Soon afterwards the 13th Cavalry Brigade captured Acre, to the north, together with its garrison of 150 men and two artillery guns.[10] On 26 September, the 300 strong remnant of the Haifa garrison arrived at Beirut and were ordered inland to Riyak, to the north of Damascus.[21]

Allenby reported on 25 September to the War Office regarding the proposed advance to Aleppo and the general situation of the battle:

I have your HW wire and that from Troopers proposing a Cavalry raid to Aleppo. I don't think Aleppo possible; but am sending 3 Divisions of Cavalry, as soon as I can, to Damascus. Chaytor's Division of Anzac Light Horse is about Amman now, and will deal with enemy coming from the South. Prisoners number well over 40,000 and are still coming in. I have Australian mounted troops at the S. end of Lake Tiberias, and they are pushing to Tiberias. If I get Damascus, Beirut falls to us certainly; and I hope to push troops, Northwards, thither, by the coast–road from Haifa, feeding from the sea, stage by stage.

— Allenby to Wilson CIGS War Office 25 September 1918[22]

By 29 September, the 7th (Meerut) Division was concentrated at Haifa with the XXI Corps Cavalry Regiment at Acre in preparation for their march to Beirut.[23] The Jodhpur Lancers' commander Major Dalpat Singh, who is considered as the 'Hero' of the battle was killed in the battle, was posthumously awarded the Military Cross.[24] The Jodhpur and Mysore Lancers are now represented by the 61st Cavalry Regiment in the Indian Army and still commemorate the battle every year on 23 September as Haifa Day.[25]

Citations

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  1. ^ "Centenary of the Battle of Haifa Celebrated". Press Information Bureau, Government of India, Ministry of Defence. Retrieved 14 November 2024.
  2. ^ a b H.M.S.O. 1920, p.27
  3. ^ DiMarco 2008 p. 328
  4. ^ Maunsell 1926 p. 213
  5. ^ Carver 2003 p. 232
  6. ^ Blenkinsop 1925 p. 236
  7. ^ Bruce 2002 p. 231
  8. ^ Maunsell 1926 p. 221
  9. ^ Paget 1994 Vol. 2 p. 295
  10. ^ a b "No. 31087". The London Gazette (Supplement). 27 December 1918. p. 15188.
  11. ^ Wavell 1968 pp. 214–215
  12. ^ Hill 1978 pp. 171–172
  13. ^ a b Gullett 1919 pp. 38–39
  14. ^ a b Bruce 2002 p. 234
  15. ^ DiMarco 2008 p. 332
  16. ^ a b "Battle of Haifa: 23 Sep 1918". NDTV. Retrieved 6 February 2012.
  17. ^ a b Bruce 2002 p. 235
  18. ^ Massey 1920 pp. 190–194
  19. ^ in Gullett 1919 pp. 38–39
  20. ^ Dhananajaya Singh (1994). The House of Marwar. Lotus Collection, Roli Books. p. 149. The attack was led by "b" squadron which consisted solely of Jodha Rathores. "A" squad, the Mertias followed and "C" squad, with its mixed force came in later....Haifa is described by many as the most remarkable cavalry action ever in the history of war....historian, Charles C Trench, remarks in his book, "The Indian army and the Kings Enemies", "Only the Jo hukums could have done it. That day the jo hukums had to be restrained as they galloped through the streets of Haifa, even after all the machine gun posts had fallen, towards the placid and unknowing Mediterranean, spearing and buthering unfortunate Turks who crossed their path, civilians even, for the Rathores were crazed with rage. They had seen far too many of their brothers fall."
  21. ^ Falls 1930 Vol. 2 p. 594
  22. ^ Hughes 2004 p. 183
  23. ^ Falls 1930 Vol. 2 pp. 563, 597
  24. ^ Sushant Singh (1 May 2017). "A Delhi traffic circle, a faraway port, and a tale of rare heroism, gallantry". Indian Express.
  25. ^ "Haifa Day: Indian Army Commemorates Hundred Years Of Liberation Of Israeli City". outlookindia.com/. 14 February 2022. Retrieved 3 April 2023.

References

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  • Blenkinsop, Layton John; Rainey, John Wakefield, eds. (1925). Veterinary Services. Official History of the Great War Based on Official Documents by Direction of the Historical Section of the Committee of Imperial Defence. London: HMSO. OCLC 460717714.
  • Bruce, Anthony (2002). The Last Crusade: The Palestine Campaign in the First World War. London: John Murray. ISBN 978-0-7195-5432-2.
  • Carver, Michael (2003). The National Army Museum Book of The Turkish Front 1914–1918: The Campaigns at Gallipoli, in Mesopotamia and in Palestine. London: Pan Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-283-07347-2.
  • DiMarco, Louis A. (2008). War Horse: A History of the Military Horse and Rider. Yardley, Pennsylvania: Westholme Publishing. OCLC 226378925.
  • Falls, Cyril (1930). Military Operations Egypt and Palestine: From June 1917 to the End of the War. Official History of the Great War Based on Official Documents by Direction of the Historical Section of the Committee of Imperial Defence. Vol. II Part 2. A.F. Becke (maps). London: HMSO. OCLC 256950972.
  • Gullett, Henry S.; Barnet, Charles, eds. (1919). Australia in Palestine. Sydney: Angus & Robertson. OCLC 224023558.
  • Hill, Alec Jeffrey (1978). Chauvel of the Light Horse: A Biography of General Sir Harry Chauvel, GCMG, KCB. Melbourne: Melbourne University Press. OCLC 5003626.
  • History of the 15th (Imperial Service) Cavalry Brigade during the Great War 1914–1918. HMSO. 1920. Archived from the original on 21 February 2023. Retrieved 2 January 2013.
  • Massey, William Thomas (1920). Allenby's Final Triumph. London: Constable & Co. OCLC 345306.
  • Maunsell, E.B. (1926). Prince of Wales' Own, the Seinde Horse, 1839–1922. Regimental Committee. OCLC 221077029.
  • Paget, G.C.H.V Marquess of Anglesey (1994). Egypt, Palestine and Syria 1914 to 1919. A History of the British Cavalry 1816–1919. Vol. V. London: Leo Cooper. ISBN 978-0-85052-395-9.
  • Wavell, Field Marshal Earl (1968) [1933]. "The Palestine Campaigns". In Sheppard, Eric William (ed.). A Short History of the British Army (4th ed.). London: Constable. OCLC 35621223.
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32°49′0″N 34°59′0″E / 32.81667°N 34.98333°E / 32.81667; 34.98333

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