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Bdellium /ˈdɛliəm/ (also bdellion or false myrrh^[1]) is a semi-transparent oleo-gum resin extracted from Commiphora wightii plants, and from Commiphora africana trees growing in sub-saharan Africa.^{[citation needed]} According to Pliny the best quality came from Bactria. Other named sources for the resin are India, Pakistan, Arabia, Media, and Babylon.^[2]

Composition

Bdellium consists of a water-soluble gum, a resin, and an essential oil. The essential oil of Commiphora africana contains predominantly α-thujene, α- and β-pinene, and p-cymene.^[3]

Uses

Bdellium is used in perfumery, as incense, and in traditional medicine.^[4] It is an adulterant of the more costly myrrh.^{[citation needed]}

Name

Middle English, from Latin, from Greek βδέλλιον.^{[citation needed]}

Commiphora africana resin is also known as African bdellium.^[3]

History

Theophrastus is perhaps the first European classical author to mention bdellium, if the report that came back from his informant in Alexander's expedition refers to Commiphora wightii: "In the region called Aria there is a thorn tree which produces a tear of resin, resembling myrrh in appearance and odour. It liquefies when the sun shines upon it."^[5]

Plautus in his play Curculio refers to it. Pliny the Elder, in his Natural History (12:36), describes the best bdellium coming from Bactria (identified as Commiphora wightii^[a]) as a "tree black in colour, and the size of the olive tree; its leaf resembles that of the oak and its fruit the wild fig", as well as bdellium coming from Nubia (identified as Commiphora africana). However, his descriptions^[b] seem to cover a range of strongly perfumed resins. The Periplus of the Erythraean Sea, of the 2nd century CE, reports that bdella are exported from the port of Barbarice at the mouth of the Indus.^[6] The Bactrian variety is known among Arabs as mokul.^[7]

The bdellium referred to by Dioscorides as "the bdellium imported from Petra" (De Materia Medica, 1:80) is probably the resin of Hyphaene thebaica, a species of palm. The Arabs call it "Jewish bdellium."^[7]

In China, bdellium, known as ānxī xiāng (Chinese: 安息香) or "Arsacid aromatic," was among the varieties of incense that reached China either along the Silk Route from Central Asia, or by sea. Later ānxī xiāng was applied to an East Indian substitute, gum benzoin from Sumatra.^[8]

Bdellium was an ingredient in the prescriptions of ancient physicians from Galen to Paul of Aegina, and in the Greater Kuphi.^[9]

Isidore of Seville reports in his Etymologiae (XVII.viii.6) that bdellium comes from trees in India and Arabia, the Arabian variety being better as it is smooth, whitish and smells good; the Indian variety is a dirty black and very delicious.^[10]

In the Bible

"Bdellium" is the common English translation in the Bible for the Hebrew bedolach (בְּדֹלַח), which appears in Genesis 2:12 and Numbers 11:7. In Genesis, it is given as a product of Havilah, where it is listed along with other precious items gold and onyx.^[11] In Numbers, the reference to bdellium is in the context of the manna eaten by the Israelites in the wilderness, which is said to have "the color of bdellium".^[12] These are the only two uses in the Hebrew scripture, and there is no agreement about whether the term bedolach actually referred to the resin.^[2]^[13] The Septuagint translates the word with ἄνθραζ (anthrax) in Genesis and with κρύσταλλος (crystal) in Numbers, thus interpreting it as the name of a precious stone,^[2]^[13]^[14] and Rashi describes it as "a precious stone, crystal".^[7]

Footnotes

^ The identification was to Commiphora roxburghii, a taxonomic synonym of C. wightii.
^ "Next to Ariane is Bactriane, which produces the most esteemed kind of bdellium. The tree is of a black colour and of the size of an olive-tree. Its leaf resembles that of the oak, and its fruit that of the wild fig-tree. Bdellium itself is of the nature of a gum. Some call it brochon, others malacha, others again maldacon, but when it is black and rolled into a little ball it is known as hadrabolon. This substance ought to be transparent like wax, odoriferous, unctuous when crumbled, and bitter to the taste but without being at all acid. When used in sacred rites it is steeped in wine to increase its fragrance. It grows in Arabia and India as well as in Media and Babylon. Some persons call the bdellium which is brought to us by way of Media, peratic. It is more brittle than the other kinds, harder in the crust, and more bitter to the taste; the Indian kind is, on the other hand, moister and gummy, and is adulterated by means of the almond nut. The various other kinds are corrupted with the bark of scordastum, the tree of this name producing a gum which resembles bdellium. The adulterations of perfumes, let it be said once for all, are detected by their smell, by their colour, weight, taste, and by the action of fire. The Bactrian bdellium is dry and shining, and has numerous white spots, like finger-nails in shape. Besides, it should be of a certain weight than which it ought to be neither heavier nor lighter. The price of bdellium when quite pure is three denarii per pound." (Pliny the Elder, Natural History 12.19).

References

^ Pereira, Jonathan (1842). The Elements of Materia Medica and Therapeutics, Volume 2.
^ ^a ^b ^c "Jewish Encyclopedia". Retrieved 25 August 2019.
^ ^a ^b Lumír O. Hanuš; et al. (2005), "Myrrh-Commiphora Chemistry", Biomed. Papers, 149 (1): 3–23, doi:10.5507/bp.2005.001, PMID 16170385
^ James A. Duke (2008), "African Myrrh", Duke's Handbook of Medicinal Plants of the Bible, CRC Press, pp. 126–128
^ Noted by Dalby 2002, ibid.
^ Dalby 2000.
^ ^a ^b ^c Jehuda Feliks (2007), "Bdellium", Encyclopaedia Judaica, vol. 3 (2nd ed.), Thomson Gale, p. 234
^ Joseph Needham et al., Science and Civilisation in China, vol. 5 (Cambridge University Press) 1974, §33.Alchemy and Chemistry, p. 142f and note g.
^ Miller, Spice Trade, p. 71.
^ The Etymologies of Isidore of Seville. Translated by Barney, Stephen A.; Lewis, W. J.; Beach, J. A.; Berghof, O. (1st ed.). Cambridge University Press. 2006. pp. 348–349. ISBN 978-0-511-21969-6.. Isidore's encyclopedia assembled facts from classical sources.
^ Genesis 2:12
^ Numbers 11:7
^ ^a ^b Miert, Dirk van (21 June 2018). The Emancipation of Biblical Philology in the Dutch Republic, 1590-1670. Oxford University Press. p. 44. ISBN 978-0-19-252598-7. Retrieved 25 August 2019.
^ Williams, Isaac (1861). The Beginning of the Book of Genesis, with Notes and Reflections. Retrieved 25 August 2019.

[6] The identification was to Commiphora roxburghii, a taxonomic synonym of C. wightii.

[7] "Next to Ariane is Bactriane, which produces the most esteemed kind of bdellium. The tree is of a black colour and of the size of an olive-tree. Its leaf resembles that of the oak, and its fruit that of the wild fig-tree. Bdellium itself is of the nature of a gum. Some call it brochon, others malacha, others again maldacon, but when it is black and rolled into a little ball it is known as hadrabolon. This substance ought to be transparent like wax, odoriferous, unctuous when crumbled, and bitter to the taste but without being at all acid. When used in sacred rites it is steeped in wine to increase its fragrance. It grows in Arabia and India as well as in Media and Babylon. Some persons call the bdellium which is brought to us by way of Media, peratic. It is more brittle than the other kinds, harder in the crust, and more bitter to the taste; the Indian kind is, on the other hand, moister and gummy, and is adulterated by means of the almond nut. The various other kinds are corrupted with the bark of scordastum, the tree of this name producing a gum which resembles bdellium. The adulterations of perfumes, let it be said once for all, are detected by their smell, by their colour, weight, taste, and by the action of fire. The Bactrian bdellium is dry and shining, and has numerous white spots, like finger-nails in shape. Besides, it should be of a certain weight than which it ought to be neither heavier nor lighter. The price of bdellium when quite pure is three denarii per pound." (Pliny the Elder, Natural History 12.19).

[1] Pereira, Jonathan (1842). The Elements of Materia Medica and Therapeutics, Volume 2.

[enc1906-2] "Jewish Encyclopedia". Retrieved 25 August 2019.

[mcc-3] Lumír O. Hanuš; et al. (2005), "Myrrh-Commiphora Chemistry", Biomed. Papers, 149 (1): 3–23, doi:10.5507/bp.2005.001, PMID 16170385

[4] James A. Duke (2008), "African Myrrh", Duke's Handbook of Medicinal Plants of the Bible, CRC Press, pp. 126–128

[5] Noted by Dalby 2002, ibid.

[8] Dalby 2000.

[ejb-9] Jehuda Feliks (2007), "Bdellium", Encyclopaedia Judaica, vol. 3 (2nd ed.), Thomson Gale, p. 234

[10] Joseph Needham et al., Science and Civilisation in China, vol. 5 (Cambridge University Press) 1974, §33.Alchemy and Chemistry, p. 142f and note g.

[11] Miller, Spice Trade, p. 71.

[12] The Etymologies of Isidore of Seville. Translated by Barney, Stephen A.; Lewis, W. J.; Beach, J. A.; Berghof, O. (1st ed.). Cambridge University Press. 2006. pp. 348–349. ISBN 978-0-511-21969-6.. Isidore's encyclopedia assembled facts from classical sources.

[13] Genesis 2:12

[14] Numbers 11:7

[miert-15] Miert, Dirk van (21 June 2018). The Emancipation of Biblical Philology in the Dutch Republic, 1590-1670. Oxford University Press. p. 44. ISBN 978-0-19-252598-7. Retrieved 25 August 2019.

[williams-16] Williams, Isaac (1861). The Beginning of the Book of Genesis, with Notes and Reflections. Retrieved 25 August 2019.

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+{{Short description|Semi-transparent tree resin}}
 [[File:Bdellium resin.jpg|thumb|right|Bdellium resin]]
-'''Bdellium''' {{IPAc-en|ˈ|d|ɛ|l|i|əm}}, also '''bdellion''', is a semi-transparent oleo-gum resin extracted from ''[[Commiphora wightii]]'' of [[India]] (also called false [[myrrh]])<ref>{{cite book |last1=Pereira |first1=Jonathan |title=The Elements of Materia Medica and Therapeutics, Volume 2 |date=1842 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9MfGnn1AkvwC&pg=PA1634}}</ref> and from ''[[Commiphora africana]]'' trees growing in [[Ethiopia]], [[Eritrea]] and sub-saharan Africa.{{citation needed|date=September 2014}} According to [[Pliny the Elder|Pliny]] the best quality came from [[Bactria]] (today Afghanistan). Other named sources for the resin are India, [[Arabia]], [[Media (region)|Media]], and [[Babylon]].<ref name=enc1906>{{cite web |title=Jewish Encyclopedia |url=http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/2683-bdellium |accessdate=25 August 2019}}</ref>
+'''Bdellium''' {{IPAc-en|ˈ|d|ɛ|l|i|əm}} (also '''bdellion''' or '''false myrrh'''<ref>{{cite book |last1=Pereira |first1=Jonathan |title=The Elements of Materia Medica and Therapeutics, Volume 2 |date=1842 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9MfGnn1AkvwC&pg=PA1634}}</ref>) is a semi-transparent oleo-gum resin extracted from ''[[Commiphora wightii]]'' plants, and from ''[[Commiphora africana]]'' trees growing in [[sub-saharan Africa]].{{citation needed|date=September 2014}} According to [[Pliny the Elder|Pliny]] the best quality came from [[Bactria]]. Other named sources for the resin are India, [[Pakistan]], [[Arabia]], [[Media (region)|Media]], and [[Babylon]].<ref name=enc1906>{{cite web |title=Jewish Encyclopedia |url=http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/2683-bdellium |accessdate=25 August 2019}}</ref>
 == Composition ==
-Bdellium consists of a water-soluble [[Natural gum|gum]], a [[resin]], and an [[essential oil]]. The essential oil of ''Commiphora africana'' contains predominantly α-[[thujene]], α- and β-[[pinene]], and p-[[cymene]].<ref name="mcc">{{citation | author=Lumír O. Hanuš | title=Myrrh-Commiphora Chemistry | journal=Biomed. Papers | volume=149 | issue=1 | year=2005 | pages=3–23 | pmid=16170385 | doi=10.5507/bp.2005.001|display-authors=etal| doi-access=free }}</ref>
+Bdellium consists of a water-soluble [[Natural gum|gum]], a [[resin]], and an [[essential oil]]. The essential oil of ''Commiphora africana'' contains predominantly α-[[thujene]], α- and β-[[pinene]], and [[p-cymene]].<ref name="mcc">{{citation | author=Lumír O. Hanuš | title=Myrrh-Commiphora Chemistry | journal=Biomed. Papers | volume=149 | issue=1 | year=2005 | pages=3–23 | pmid=16170385 | doi=10.5507/bp.2005.001|display-authors=etal| doi-access=free }}</ref>
 == Uses ==
-Bdellium is used in [[perfumery]], as [[incense]], and in [[traditional medicine]].<ref>{{citation | author=James A. Duke | entry=African Myrrh | title=Duke's Handbook of Medicinal Plants of the Bible | publisher=CRC Press | year=2008 | pages=126–128}}</ref> It is an [[adulterant]] of the more costly [[myrrh]].
+Bdellium is used in [[perfumery]], as [[incense]], and in [[traditional medicine]].<ref>{{citation | author=James A. Duke | entry=African Myrrh | title=Duke's Handbook of Medicinal Plants of the Bible | publisher=CRC Press | year=2008 | pages=126–128}}</ref> It is an [[adulterant]] of the more costly [[myrrh]].{{Cn|date=January 2021}}
 == Name ==
-[[Middle English]], from [[Latin language|Latin]], from [[Greek language|Greek]] βδέλλιον.
+[[Middle English]], from [[Latin language|Latin]], from [[Greek language|Greek]] βδέλλιον.{{Cn|date=January 2021}}
 ''Commiphora africana'' resin is also known as ''African bdellium''.<ref name="mcc" />
-Relation to the [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] ''b'dolach'' ({{lang|he|בְּדֹלַח}}) is uncertain.<ref name=enc1906 /><ref name=miert>{{cite book |last1=Miert |first1=Dirk van |title=The Emancipation of Biblical Philology in the Dutch Republic, 1590-1670 |page=44 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=42hiDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA44 |accessdate=25 August 2019}}</ref> The [[Septuagint]] translates the term as a precious stone rather than a resin.<ref name=miert /><ref name=williams>{{cite book |last1=Williams |first1=Isaac |title=The Beginning of the Book of Genesis, with Notes and Reflections |date=1861 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ujRHAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA245 |accessdate=25 August 2019}}</ref> In [[The Book of Genesis|Genesis]] 2:12 it is given as a product of [[Havilah]], where it is listed along with other precious items gold and [[onyx]]. Reference is made again in [[The Book of Numbers|Numbers]] 11: "7 And the manna was as coriander seed, and the colour thereof as the colour of bdellium."<ref name=williams /><ref>''[[King James Bible]]'', Numbers 11:7</ref> These are the only two uses in the Hebrew scripture. There is no agreement about whether the term referred to the resin, or to a precious stone.<ref name=enc1906 /><ref name=miert />
 == History ==
 <!--Bdellium appears in a number of ancient sources. In [[Akkadian language|Akkadian]], it was known as ''budulhu'',<ref>Miller, ''Spice Trade'', p. 69.</ref> in Sanskrit ''gulgulu''.<ref>Dalby 2000, ''ibid.''.</ref>-->
+[[Theophrastus]] is perhaps the first European classical author to mention bdellium, if the report that came back from his informant in [[Alexander the Great|Alexander]]'s expedition refers to ''[[Commiphora wightii]]'': "In the region called [[Aria (satrapy)|Aria]] there is a thorn tree which produces a tear of resin, resembling [[myrrh]] in appearance and odour. It liquefies when the sun shines upon it."<ref>Noted by Dalby 2002, ''ibid.''</ref>
+[[File:Guggull.jpg|thumb|''Commiphora wightii'']]
-Bdellium is mentioned in the bible, in Genesis 2:12
-[[Theophrastus]] is perhaps the first classical author to mention bdellium, if the report that came back from his informant in [[Alexander the Great|Alexander]]'s expedition refers to ''[[Commiphora wightii]]'': "In the region called [[Aria (satrapy)|Aria]] there is a thorn tree which produces a tear of resin, resembling [[myrrh]] in appearance and odour. It liquefies when the sun shines upon it."<ref>Noted by Dalby 2002, ''ibid.''</ref>
-It is also one of the first ores mentioned in the bible, in Genesis 2:12
 [[Plautus]] in his play ''Curculio'' refers to it. [[Pliny the Elder]], in his ''[[Natural History (Pliny)|Natural History]]'' (12:36), describes the best bdellium coming from [[Bactria]] (identified as ''Commiphora wightii''{{efn|The identification was to ''Commiphora roxburghii'', a taxonomic synonym of ''C. wightii''.}}) as a "tree black in colour, and the size of the [[olive]] tree; its leaf resembles that of the [[oak]] and its fruit the wild [[ficus|fig]]", as well as bdellium coming from [[Nubia]] (identified as ''Commiphora africana''). However, his descriptions{{efn|"Next to [[Aria (satrapy)|Ariane]] is [[Bactria]]ne, which produces the most esteemed kind of bdellium. The tree is of a black colour and of the size of an olive-tree. Its leaf resembles that of the oak, and its fruit that of the wild fig-tree. Bdellium itself is of the nature of a gum. Some call it ''brochon'', others ''malacha'', others again ''maldacon'', but when it is black and rolled into a little ball it is known as ''hadrabolon''. This substance ought to be transparent like wax, odoriferous, unctuous when crumbled, and bitter to the taste but without being at all acid. When used in sacred rites it is steeped in wine to increase its fragrance. It grows in Arabia and India as well as in Media and Babylon. Some persons call the bdellium which is brought to us by way of Media, ''peratic''. It is more brittle than the other kinds, harder in the crust, and more bitter to the taste; the Indian kind is, on the other hand, moister and gummy, and is adulterated by means of the almond nut. The various other kinds are corrupted with the bark of scordastum, the tree of this name producing a gum which resembles bdellium. The adulterations of perfumes, let it be said once for all, are detected by their smell, by their colour, weight, taste, and by the action of fire. The Bactrian bdellium is dry and shining, and has numerous white spots, like finger-nails in shape. Besides, it should be of a certain weight than which it ought to be neither heavier nor lighter. The price of bdellium when quite pure is three denarii per pound." ([[Pliny the Elder]], ''[[Natural History (Pliny)|Natural History]]'' 12.19).}} seem to cover a range of strongly perfumed resins. The [[Periplus of the Erythraean Sea]], of the 2nd century CE, reports that ''bdella'' are exported from the port of [[Barbarikon|Barbarice]] at the mouth of the [[Indus]].<ref>Dalby 2000.</ref> The Bactrian variety is known among Arabs as {{transl|ar|mokul}}.<ref name="ejb">{{citation | author=Jehuda Feliks | contribution=Bdellium | title=Encyclopaedia Judaica | edition=2nd | volume=3 | year=2007 | publisher=Thomson Gale | page=234| title-link=Encyclopaedia Judaica }}</ref>
 The bdellium referred to by [[Dioscorides]] as "the bdellium imported from [[Petra]]" (''[[De Materia Medica (Dioscorides)|De Materia Medica]]'', 1:80) is probably the resin of ''[[Hyphaene thebaica]]'', a species of palm. The Arabs call it "Jewish bdellium."<ref name="ejb" />
+In China, bdellium, known as ''ānxī xiāng'' ({{zh|c=安息香}}) or "[[Arsacid]] aromatic," was among the varieties of incense that reached China either along the [[Silk Route]] from Central Asia, or by sea. Later ''ānxī xiāng'' was applied to an East Indian substitute, [[gum benzoin]] from Sumatra.<ref>Joseph Needham ''et al.'', ''Science and Civilisation in China'', vol. 5 (Cambridge University Press) 1974, §33.Alchemy and Chemistry, p. 142f and note ''g''.</ref>
-Bdellium is the common English translation in the [[Bible]] ([[Book of Genesis|Genesis]] 2:12; [[Book of Numbers|Numbers]] 11:7) for [[Hebrew (language)|Hebrew]] ''bedolach''. In both passages the [[Septuagint]] understands it as the name of some precious stone, as does [[Rashi]], who interprets it as "a precious stone, crystal", and [[Saadiah Gaon]], as "pearls". The [[Midrash]] gives two opinions. According to one, it is a precious stone, and according to the other the reference is to "the bedolaḥ of perfumers". In Genesis the Midrash decides in favor of the first interpretation because there it is associated with gold and onyx.<ref name="ejb" /> In Numbers, the reference to bdellium is in the context of the manna eaten by the Israelites in the wilderness, which is said to have "the color of bdellium" (Numbers 11:7). Manna was described as looking "like coriander seed, and being white in color and tasting like wafers of honey" (Exodus 16:14). In Numbers 11:7 Manna is said to have "the color of bdellium". Coriander seed is small and spherical, and the fruit of the Bdellium plant is spherical and looks light green to white depending on maturity. So one could conclude that Manna looked like small, round, white, soft or flaky pellets that tasted like sweet cream or honey. Bdillium fruit are small, round and white as are pearls, so Bdellium may have been a name for Pearls in Biblical times, resembling the round white fruit, and used by the author to describe Manna.
+Bdellium was an ingredient in the prescriptions of ancient physicians from [[Galen]] to [[Paul of Aegina]], and in the ''[[Greater Kuphi]]''.<ref>Miller, ''Spice Trade'', p. 71.</ref>
-In China, bdellium, known as ''ānxī xiāng'' (安息香) or "[[Parthia]]n aromatic", was among the varieties of incense that reached China either along the [[Silk Route]] from Central Asia, or by sea. Later ''ānxī xiāng'' was applied to an East Indian substitute, [[gum benzoin]] from Sumatra.<ref>Joseph Needham ''et al.'', ''Science and Civilisation in China'', vol. 5 (Cambridge University Press) 1974, §33.Alchemy and Chemistry, p. 142f and note ''g''.</ref>
+[[Isidore of Seville]] reports in his ''[[Etymologiae]]'' (XVII.viii.6) that bdellium comes from trees in India and Arabia, the Arabian variety being better as it is smooth, whitish and smells good; the Indian variety is a dirty black and very delicious.<ref>{{Cite book | title=The Etymologies of Isidore of Seville | url=https://archive.org/details/etymologiesisido00barn | url-access=limited | translator=Barney, Stephen A. | translator2=Lewis, W. J. | translator3=Beach, J. A. | translator4= Berghof, O. | publisher=Cambridge University Press| year=2006 | edition=1st | isbn=978-0-511-21969-6 | pages=[https://archive.org/details/etymologiesisido00barn/page/n361 348]–349}}. Isidore's encyclopedia assembled facts from classical sources.</ref>
-Bdellium was an ingredient in the prescriptions of ancient physicians from [[Galen]] to [[Paul of Aegina]], and in the ''[[Greater Kuphi]]''.<ref>Miller, ''Spice Trade'', p. 71.</ref>
+===In the Bible===
-[[Isidore of Seville]] reports in his ''[[Etymologiae]]'' (XVII.viii.6) that bdellium comes from trees in India and Arabia, the Arabian variety being better as it is smooth, whitish and smells good; the Indian variety is a dirty black.<ref>{{Cite book | title=The Etymologies of Isidore of Seville | url=https://archive.org/details/etymologiesisido00barn | url-access=limited | translator=Barney, Stephen A. | translator2=Lewis, W. J. | translator3=Beach, J. A. | translator4= Berghof, O. | publisher=Cambridge University Press| year=2006 | edition=1st | isbn=978-0-511-21969-6 | pages=[https://archive.org/details/etymologiesisido00barn/page/n361 348]–349}}. Isidore's encyclopedia assembled facts from classical sources.</ref>
+"Bdellium" is the common English translation in the [[Bible]] for the [[Hebrew (language)|Hebrew]] ''bedolach'' ({{lang|he|בְּדֹלַח}}), which appears in [[Book of Genesis|Genesis]] 2:12 and [[Book of Numbers|Numbers]] 11:7. In Genesis, it is given as a product of [[Havilah]], where it is listed along with other precious items gold and [[onyx]].<ref>{{bibleverse|Genesis|2:12|KJV}}</ref> In Numbers, the reference to bdellium is in the context of the [[manna]] eaten by the Israelites in the wilderness, which is said to have "the color of bdellium".<ref>{{bibleverse|Numbers|11:7|KJV}}</ref> These are the only two uses in the Hebrew scripture, and there is no agreement about whether the term ''bedolach'' actually referred to the resin.<ref name=enc1906 /><ref name=miert /> The [[Septuagint]] translates the word with ἄνθραζ (anthrax) in Genesis and with κρύσταλλος (crystal) in  Numbers, thus interpreting it as the name of a precious stone,<ref name=enc1906 /><ref name=miert>{{cite book |last1=Miert |first1=Dirk van |title=The Emancipation of Biblical Philology in the Dutch Republic, 1590-1670 |date=21 June 2018 |page=44 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-252598-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=42hiDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA44 |accessdate=25 August 2019}}</ref><ref name=williams>{{cite book |last1=Williams |first1=Isaac |title=The Beginning of the Book of Genesis, with Notes and Reflections |date=1861 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ujRHAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA245 |accessdate=25 August 2019}}</ref> and [[Rashi]] describes it as "a precious stone, crystal".<ref name="ejb" />
 == Footnotes ==