Captain Nemo
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Captain Nemo | |
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'Voyages Extraordinaires' character | |
![]() Nemo taking observations on the Nautilus | |
First appearance | Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea (1870) |
Last appearance | Journey Through the Impossible (1882) |
Created by | Jules Verne |
In-universe information | |
Alias | Prince Dakkar |
Gender | Male |
Title | Captain, Prince |
Children | Deceased |
Relatives | Deceased |
Nationality | Indian |
Captain Nemo (in Latin Nobody) — also known as Prince Dakkar — is a fictional character invented by the French science fiction author Jules Verne (1828–1905). Nemo appears in two of Verne's novels, Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea (1870) and The Mysterious Island (1874), and makes a cameo appearance in Verne's play Journey Through the Impossible (1882).
Nemo, one of the most famous antiheroes in fiction, is a mysterious figure. The son of an Indian Raja, he is a scientific genius who roams the depths of the sea in his submarine, the Nautilus, which was built on a deserted island. Nemo tries to project a stern, controlled confidence, but he is driven by a thirst for vengeance and a hatred of imperialism focused on the British Empire. He is also wracked by remorse over the deaths of his crew members and even by the deaths of enemy sailors.
Nemo has appeared in various adaptations of Verne's novels, including films, where he has been portrayed by a number of different actors. He has furthermore been adopted by other authors for inclusion in their novels, most notably in Alan Moore's The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen and Philip José Farmer's The Other Log of Phileas Fogg.
Etymology
Nemo is Latin for "no one", and also (as νέμω) Greek for "I give what is due" (see Nemesis).
Nemo is, moreover, the Latin rendering of Ancient Greek Outis ("Nobody"), the pseudonym adopted by Odysseus, in Greek mythology — a ruse employed to outwit the cyclops Polyphemus.
Fictional character biography
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Nothing concerning his past is revealed in Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea, except his dislike of imperialism (and of then-British imperial society more generally) and the apparent loss of his family in the past.
In The Mysterious Island, Captain Nemo identifies himself as Prince Dakkar, son of the Hindu Raja of Bundelkund, and also a descendant of the Muslim Sultan Fateh Ali Tipu of the Kingdom of Mysore, famous for the Anglo-Mysore Wars. After the First Indian War of Independence of 1857, in which Dakkar lost his family and his kingdom, he devoted himself to scientific research and developed the Nautilus, wherein he and a crew of followers cruise the seas, battling injustice, especially imperialism. They gather bullion from various shipwrecks in the oceans, most notably the wrecks of the Spanish treasure fleet in Bay of Vigo, sunk during the Battle of Vigo Bay. He claims to have no interest in the affairs of the world above, but he occasionally intervenes to aid the oppressed, such as by giving salvaged treasure to participants in the Cretan Revolt (1866-1869) against the island's Turkish rulers and by saving (both physically and financially) a Ceylonese or Tamil pearl hunter from a diving accident, or by saving the castaways from drowning in Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea and covertly protecting another set of castaways in The Mysterious Island.
Like many actual Indian princes of the era, Nemo had a European or English education, in which (he states) he spent his youth studying and touring Europe. In his first meeting with Professor Aronnax and his companions, they speak to him in French, English, Latin and German; Nemo later reveals that he is fluent in all of these. Aronnax comments that Nemo's French was perfect and unaccented and relies on his intuition and knowledge of ethnology to assess that he was from southern latitudes; but is unable to determine his origin. The Nautilus's library and art collection reveal Nemo to be familiar with European culture and arts. Further, he was an accomplished player of the organ.
He is said to have died of old age, on board the Nautilus, at Dakkar Grotto on Lincoln Island in the South Pacific. Funeral rites were administered by Cyrus Smith, one of the castaways protected by Nemo himself, and the vessel was then submerged in the waters of the grotto.
Character
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The best account of Nemo's character may come from the observations of Professor Pierre Aronnax, the narrator of Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea, who embarks upon the voyage with Nemo when the latter is about forty years of age. He is described as a reticent man, tall and swarthy in appearance, with a straight nose and wide-set eyes, an attribute which gives him exceptional range of vision. In the later account given in The Mysterious Island, the aged Captain Nemo is said to sport a long white beard.
He eschews dry land, having forsworn all ties with it; and when he does step on it does so only when the land is uninhabited, as is the case with Antarctica and desert islands such as Lincoln Island of The Mysterious Island. In keeping with his contempt for the nations of the surface, he uses no products that are not marine in nature, be it food, clothing, furnishing, or even tobacco. Little is revealed about his political opinions except his almost maniacal hatred of oppression, with which he identifies all the imperialistic nations of the world. He does not hesitate to identify himself with those oppressed, be they Cretans rising against the Turks, Ceylonese pearl divers eking out a living, or even black whales attacked by cachalots (sperm whales). When Professor Aronnax alleges that Nemo violates maritime and international law by sinking war-ships, Nemo responds that he is merely defending himself from his attackers, and that the laws of the world on the surface do not apply to him any longer. In one scene, Nemo exclaims:
"On the surface, they can still exercise their iniquitous laws, fight, devour each other, and indulge in all their earthly horrors. But thirty feet below the (sea's) surface, their power ceases, their influence fades, and their dominion vanishes. Ah, monsieur, to live in the bosom of the sea! .... There I recognize no master! There I am free!"[1]
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Nemo is devoted to his crew and grieves deeply when one of them happens to be killed, as is portrayed in the aftermath of the giant squid attack in the Caribbean Sea and a midnight encounter with a surface ship. He shows the same compassion in his treatment of the castaways in The Mysterious Island, and retains a strong attachment to his deceased wife and children. Though short-tempered, he rarely expresses his anger. He is also a man of immense courage, in the forefront of every activity, from releasing the Nautilus from the Antarctic ice to fighting off squid in the Caribbean; and notable for having worked consecutive eight-hour shifts without a break, with little oxygen, to free the Nautilus from the ice. He was also identified as having discovered Atlantis.
An extraordinary engineer, Nemo has designed and built the Nautilus, besides inventing most of her outstanding features, such as her electric propulsion and navigation systems. He has an exceptional mastery of underwater navigation, taking upon himself the most difficult submarine passages, such as those under the Isthmus of Suez and the Antarctic ice sheet.
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He has an immense knowledge of marine biology, and it is his respect for Professor Aronnax's expertise in the field which led to his befriending the professor when the latter was cast upon the Nautilus. Further, he is said to have read and annotated all the tomes he possessed in the Nautilus's vast library. In addition to these indubitable indications of an exceptional intellect, he repeatedly demonstrates his ability to create innovative solutions.
He has very fine taste in art, possessing several masterpieces of both painting and sculpture, from ancient and modern European masters, all of which are housed in the Grand Salon of the Nautilus, along with his collection of pearls, corals and such other marine products, which he had gathered himself. In the opinion of Professor Aronnax, the collection of the Grand Salon far outstrips that of the Louvre. Despite the opulence visible all through the Nautilus, Nemo's cabin was furnished with little beside a bed and the navigational instruments integral to the Nautilus. Captain Nemo is believed to be extremely affluent, in that while he never states exactly how much he is worth, he claims that 'without missing it, he could pay the national debt of France'. At the time of Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea's publication, this was worth 4,600,000,000 francs, or $16,454,045,553.54 U.S. dollars in 2011.
Nemo tells Professor Aronnax that his intention was to have the story of his life, which he was in the process of writing when Aronnax and his companions were cast upon the Nautilus, sealed in an unsinkable casket and thrown overboard by the last survivor of the Nautilus's crew, in the hope that it would be washed up somewhere. Accordingly an unsinkable casket does wash up in The Mysterious Island (wherein is revealed Nemo's background story), containing tools, guns, scientific instruments, an atlas, books, blank paper, and even clothing. The crate is lashed to empty barrels, and the contents sealed in a waterproof zinc envelope, showing careful preparation and packing. Throughout the same book, Nemo acts as an agent of Divine Providence, as when the sailor Pencroft laments the absence of tobacco, and a hunting party discover a plant that the young naturalist Harbert identifies as such. The other castaways keep the discovery secret until they can dry and cure the leaves. One evening, Pencroft is offered some coffee by his friends. When he declines, they say, "A pipe, then?" and produce a homemade pipe stuffed full, with a coal to light it. Pencroft exclaims, "O, divine Providence! sacred Author of all things!...Nothing more is now wanting to our island".[2]
Emblem
His emblem, as given in a description of the flag he raised when claiming Antarctica, is a large golden N on a black field. The motto of the Nautilus was Mobilis in mobili, which may be roughly translated from Latin as, "moving amidst mobility", "moving within the moving element", or "changing in the changes".
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Origin
In the initial draft of Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea, Nemo was a Polish noble, a member of the szlachta, resenting the murder of his family during the Russian repression of the January Uprising; but Verne's editor Pierre-Jules Hetzel feared a book ban in the Russian market and offending a French ally, the Russian Empire, and had Verne obscure Nemo's motivation in the first book.[3][4] In the second book of Twenty Thousand Leagues under the Sea, Nemo comes close to revealing his Indian ancestry, though this is not obvious except in retrospect, where he saves a Ceylonese pearl-fisher in the Gulf of Mannar.
Chronological inconsistency
Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea was written between 1869 and 1870 and records the voyages of the Nautilus between 1866 and 1868. The Mysterious Island was written in 1874 but is set immediately after the American Civil War, from 1865 to 1867. This would mean that Captain Nemo who appeared in The Mysterious Island dies before Captain Nemo who appeared in Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea sets out on the undersea travels. Also, when Captain Nemo is finally seen in The Mysterious Island, he mentions having met Aronnax 16 years previously.
Many errors in the original French first printing (the 'grand in-8' published by Pierre-Jules Hetzel) are likely the fault of the editors who, at that period of time, were unlikely to consult the authors of the books they edited before making a change. According to the new, full translation put out by the Naval Institute Press, nearly all errors can be attributed to the editors, with only a few being the fault of Jules Verne, who was otherwise meticulous. The inconsistency of the dates between Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea and The Mysterious Island is perhaps evidence in this argument, as it seems unlikely that Verne would make such an obvious gaffe.
The Nautilus goes down in the Maelstrom on June 2, 1868, according to 20,000 Leagues Under The Sea, but may have survived. (The Mysterious Island gives this date as June 22, 1867.) Captain Nemo dies on the Nautilus under Lincoln Island in The Mysterious Island on October 15, 1868. Therefore some chronological inconsistencies still exist: Cyrus and Gideon knew of Captain Nemo years before Aronnax published his story, Nemo being trapped under Lincoln Island all during the time in 20,000 Leagues Under The Sea.
Portrayals
- Allen Holubar played Captain Nemo in 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea (1916).
- Lionel Barrymore played Count Andre Dakkar in The Mysterious Island (1929).
- Leonard Penn played Captain Nemo in the Columbia movie serial Mysterious Island (1951).
- James Mason played Captain Nemo in the Walt Disney film 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea (1954).
- Herbert Lom played Captain Nemo in Mysterious Island (1961).
- Robert Ryan played Captain Nemo in Captain Nemo and the Underwater City (1969).
- Omar Sharif played Captain Nemo in La Isla misteriosa y el capitán Nemo (1973).
- Len Carlson played Captain Nemo in the animated series The Undersea Adventures of Captain Nemo (1975).
- Vladislav Dvorzhetsky played Captain Nemo in the Soviet movie Captain Nemo (1975).
- José Ferrer played Captain Nemo in the TV movie and short-lived TV series The Return of Captain Nemo (1978).
- John Bach played Captain Nemo in the TV series Mysterious Island (1995).
- Michael Caine played Captain Nemo in the ABC-TV miniseries 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea (1997).
- Ben Cross played Captain Nemo in the NBC-TV movie 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea (1997).
- Naseeruddin Shah played Captain Nemo in the film adaptation of The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen (2003).
- Patrick Stewart played Captain Nemo in the TV movie Mysterious Island (2005).
- Sean Lawlor played Captain Nemo in the film 30,000 Leagues Under the Sea (2007).
- William Morgan Sheppard played Captain Nemo in the TV movie Mysterious Island (2012) and Mark Sheppard played a young Captain Nemo in the same movie.[5]
Captain Nemo in popular culture
Besides his original appearance in Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea and The Mysterious Island, Captain Nemo also appears in numerous other works, though none written by Jules Verne, and all works were created decades after the original books:
- "Captain Nemo" is an instrumental song by the German-British hard rock band The Michael Schenker Group, composed by guitarist Michael Schenker. This song was first released on the 1983 album Built to Destroy.
- The comic book The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen (and its film adaptation) suggests that Nemo actually faked his death in 1867. He is also depicted as a Sikh in the comic book and the movie, although in the movie he is seen praying to Kali, a popular Hindu goddess. In the novel, he leaves the League after witnessing the British Empire's use of biological warfare to destroy the Molluscs, while in the film he invites the League to travel with him after the crisis is resolved. In the League's universe, Captain Nemo's daughter, Pirate Jenny, succeeds him and becomes the new Captain Nemo.
- The Japanese anime series Nadia: The Secret of Blue Water by Gainax. Though his appearance is not until after the first few episodes, Nemo is portrayed as one of the major characters in the series' main plot.
- Japanese anime feature film "The Great Navy Battle: 20,000 Miles of Love" (jp. "海底大戦争 愛の20000マイル", 1981). Captain Nemo plans to use Nautilus submarine to confront humanoid aliens that invaded Earth.
- In the Mighty Max episode "Around the World in Eighty Arms", the villain of the episode is Captain Nemo's grandson (voiced by Tim Curry) who ends up stealing the Nautilus.
- In the Philip José Farmer novel The Other Log of Phileas Fogg, Nemo is depicted as being rather more sinister and self-serving, being an agent of an alien ace, who also goes by the alias of Professor Moriarty.
- The novel Captain Nemo: The Fantastic History of a Dark Genius by K.J. Anderson.
- The novel Dead Easy by William Mark Simmons.
- The novel Valhalla Rising by Clive Cussler.
- The novella by James Murray, entitled Frankenstein: The Illuminatus Complex, has Captain Nemo encountering the Frankenstein Creature, and reveals both character's connection to the Illuminati. Nemo also appears in the follow up, Nemo: The Power of the Coming Race.
- The graphic novel trilogy Robur (based on Verne's Robur the Conqueror) by Jean-Marc Lofficier.
- The series Der Hexer von Salem by German author Wolfgang Hohlbein, which is based on H. P. Lovecraft's Cthulhu Mythos.
- The manga Captain Nemo by Jason DeAngeles and Aldin Viray.
- The book by James A. Owen, Here, There Be Dragons.
- Swedish group The Dive composed and released the song "Captain Nemo" as their successful debut single. The song was later covered by Sarah Brightman on her 1993 album Dive.
- Finnish rock band Nightwish released the song "Nemo" on their 2004 release Once. The song contains many references to Nemo.
- Chimera recorded the song "Captain Nemo" for their album ZUDWA (1996).
- New York City band Zoar (band) released the song "Nemo" on their 2001 release In the Bloodlit Dark.
- Ace Of Base recorded the song "Captain Nemo" for their third album, Flowers (1998).
- In the Josie and the Pussycats episode "The Nemo's a No-No Affair," a self-proclaimed descendant of Captain Nemo has a vendetta to sink every sea-bound vessel on Earth, with his reconstructed Nautilus (controlled by his pipe organ). He also reviles music from the show's time period.
- The miniature wargame Warmachine contains a character called Nemo, a warcaster in the army of Cygnar.
- The Constructible Miniature Game Pirates of the Spanish Main expansion Mysterious Islands contains multiple references to the Nemo, the Nautilus, and multiple other characters from 20,000 Leagues and Mysterious Island.
- Finding Nemo (2003), the Disney/Pixar animated movie whose title character, a lost clown fish, is named for Captain Nemo.
- Nemo's War, a game published by Victory Point Games, allows players to play out Nemo's adventures by focusing on victory through Scientific, Exploration, War, or Anti-imperialism means.
- Nemo (wearing his diving suit) appears on the panel of independent judges at the 59th Annual Pirate of the Year Awards in the Aardman Animations film The Pirates! In an Adventure with Scientists! (2012).
- In February 2013, a winter storm affecting the Eastern Coast of the United States was named "Nemo" by The Weather Channel; unlike other names assigned by them, "Nemo" gained high social media popularity due to Captain Nemo, as well as the 2003 movie Finding Nemo and its own Nemo character.
- In The Bookman (2010) by Lavie Tidhar, Captain Nemo appears as a character alongside Jules Verne himself.
- Nemo is the official file manager for the Cinnamon desktop environment; the name plays off of the Nautilus file manager from which it was forked.[6]
- The Nautilus & Captain Nemo travel through time in Thomas F. Monteleone's 1979 novel The Secret Sea.
Images
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Captain Nemo and Professor Aronnax discussing the plans of the Nautilus
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Captain Nemo's room aboard the Nautilus
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The library of the Nautilus
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Engine room of the Nautilus
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The encounter with the Cretan diver
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The commencement of the attack of the squids at the Bahamas
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Captain Nemo fighting a giant squid aboard the Nautilus
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The silhouette of the Nautilus in the distance
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The Nautilus in Dakkar Grotto, as pictured in The Mysterious Island
References
- ^ Jules Verne (1870). 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea. Pierre-Jules Hetzel. p. Part 1, Chapter 10 "The Man of the Seas".
- ^ The Mysterious Island Chapter X.
- ^ Mike Perschon. Finding Nemo: Verne’s Antihero as Original Steampunk. Verniana: Jules Verne Studies. February 1, 2010. pp. 181-182.
- ^ Jess Nevins.The Encyclopedia of Fantastic Victoriana. Monkeybrain Books. 2005. p. 128.
- ^ http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1705125/
- ^ Clement Lefebvre (September 4, 2012). "Introducing Nemo". Retrieved May 4, 2014.
External links
- Fictional characters introduced in 1870
- Jules Verne characters
- Fictional mad scientists
- Fictional explorers
- Fictional ship captains
- Fictional antiheroes
- Fictional pirates
- Fictional undersea characters
- Fictional sailors
- Fictional princes
- Fictional Indian people
- Characters in written science fiction
- America's Best Comics superheroes