Conrad IV of Germany: Difference between revisions

Conrad IV
Conrad IV
King of Germany ; (formally King of the Romans); King of Italy
Reign	May 1237 – 21 May 1254
Predecessor	Henry (VII)
Successor	William
King of Sicily
Reign	13 December 1250 – 21 May 1254
Predecessor	Frederick I
Successor	Conrad II
King of Jerusalem
Reign	4 May 1228 – 21 May 1254
Predecessor	Isabella II and Frederick I
Successor	Conrad III
Regents	Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor (1228–1243); Alice, Queen of Cyprus (1243–1246); Henry I, King of Cyprus (1246–1253); Plaisance, Queen of Cyprus (1253–1254);
Duke of Swabia
Reign	12 February 1235 – 21 May 1254
Predecessor	Henry
Successor	Conrad IV
Born	25 April 1228; Andria, Kingdom of Sicily
Died	21 May 1254 (aged 26); Lavello, Kingdom of Sicily
Burial	Messina Cathedral
Spouse	Elisabeth of Bavaria
Issue	Conradin
House	Hohenstaufen
Father	Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor
Mother	Isabella II of Jerusalem

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Conrad (25 April 1228 – 21 May 1254), a member of the Hohenstaufen dynasty, was the only son of Emperor Frederick II from his second marriage with Queen Isabella II of Jerusalem. He inherited the title of King of Jerusalem (as Conrad II) upon the death of his mother in childbed. Appointed Duke of Swabia in 1235, his father had him elected King of Germany (King of the Romans) and crowned King of Italy (as Conrad IV) in 1237. After the emperor was deposed and died in 1250, he ruled as King of Sicily (Conrad I) until his death.

Early years

He was the second child, but only surviving son of Emperor Frederick II and Isabella II (Yolanda), the queen regnant of Jerusalem. Born in Andria, in the South Italian Kingdom of Sicily, his mother died shortly after giving birth to him and he succeeded her as monarch of the Crusader state of Jerusalem. By his father, Conrad was the grandson of the Hohenstaufen emperor Henry VI and great-grandson of Emperor Frederick Barbarossa. He lived in Southern Italy until 1235, when he first visited the Kingdom of Germany. During this period his kingdom of Jerusalem, ruled by his father as regent through proxies, was racked by civil war until Conrad declared his majority and his father's regency lost its validity.

In 1235, Conrad was betrothed to a daughter of Duke Otto II of Bavaria. She died before the marriage could take place, but Conrad later married her sister.^[1]

Rise to power

When Emperor Frederick II deposed his eldest son, Conrad's rebellious half-brother King Henry (VII), Conrad succeeded him as duke of Swabia in 1235. However, the emperor was not able to have him elected King of the Romans until the 1237 Imperial Diet in Vienna. The electors were "the archbishops of Mentz [Mainz], of Treves [Trier], and of Cologne, the bishops of Bamberg, of Ratisbon [Regensburg], of Frisingen [Freising], and of Padua, the count palatine of the Rhine, the duke of Bavaria, the king of Bohemia, the landgrave of Thuringia, and the duke of Carinthia".^[2] This title, though not acknowledged by Pope Gregory IX, presumed his future as a Holy Roman emperor. Prince-Archbishop Siegfried III of Mainz, in his capacity as German archchancellor, acted as regent for the minor until 1242, when Frederick chose Landgrave Henry Raspe of Thuringia, and King Wenceslaus I of Bohemia to assume this function. Conrad intervened directly in German politics from around 1240. He led the short-lived anti-Mongol crusade of 1241.

However, when Pope Innocent IV excommunicated Frederick in 1245 and declared Conrad deposed, Henry Raspe supported the pope and was in turn elected as a rival king of Germany on 22 May 1246. Henry Raspe defeated Conrad in the battle of Nidda in August 1246. Nevertheless, Henry Raspe’s wider support in Germany was weak and he died several months later. He was succeeded as a rival king by William of Holland.

Also in 1246, Conrad married Elisabeth, a daughter of Otto II of Bavaria. They had a son Conradin, in 1252. In 1250 Conrad temporarily settled the situation in Germany by defeating William of Holland and his Rhenish allies.

Italian Campaign

When Frederick II died in 1250, he passed Sicily and Germany, as well as the title of King of Jerusalem, to Conrad, but the struggle with the pope continued. After reverses in Germany in 1251, Conrad decided to invade Italy, hoping to regain the rich dominions of his father, and where his half-brother Manfred was acting as regent. In January 1252 he invaded Apulia with a Venetian fleet, successfully managing to restrain Manfred and exercise control of the country. That same year Conrad issued constitutions during the hoftag in Foggia, which were based on the well-known examples from Norman and early Staufer times. After the death of Frederick II, riots began in parts of the kingdom of Sicily and several cities attempted to escape the royal control, forcing Conrad to take military action in order to suppress the revolts. In October 1253 his troops conquered Naples. Steadily, Conrad consolidated his position in the kingdom and the formidable centralized government fashioned by his father continued to function effectively. New historical sources have shown,^{[citation needed]} Conrad tried to reconcile with the pope, but no agreement was reached.

The pope offered Sicily to Edmund Crouchback, son of Henry III of England, in 1253. Conrad was excommunicated on April 9, 1254. Nevertheless, Innocent’s support in central Italy was waning. Conrad mustered an army for a decisive assault on Rome but he died of malaria May 21, 1254 at his army camp in Lavello, Basilicata.^[3] Manfred continued the struggle with the Papacy, but after achieving success, he was killed at the Battle of Benevento by Charles I of Anjou. Conrad’s son, Conradin, attempted to reclaim the kingdom of Sicily but was also defeated by Charles of Anjou at the Battle of Tagliocozzo and executed soon after.

Conrad's widow Elisabeth remarried to Meinhard II, Count of Tirol, who in 1286 became Duke of Carinthia.

Conrad's death in 1254 began the Interregnum, during which no single ruler managed to gain undisputed control of Germany. Notably, many princes took this opportunity to gain more influence with their vast wealth and relative stability as opposed to the fractured monarchy which had proven to be somewhat unreliable. Similarly, many nobles accumulated greater autonomy without the guidance of a king.^[4] The Interregnum ended in 1273, with the election of Rudolph of Habsburg as King of the Romans.^[5]

References

^ Annales sancti Rudberti Salisburgenses: "Imperator filiam ducis Bawane fibo suo adolescento desponsavit; que non post multum temporis defuncta est." See Alan V. Murray (1986), "Reinbot von Durne's Der heilige Georg as Crusading Literature", Forum for Modern Language Studies 22 (2): 172–173 and n8.
^ History of the Western Empire: from its restoration by Charlemagne to the accession of Charles V., Volume I, p. 304 – italics (in original) denote those whose offices did not become electorates
^ Conrad IV, Daniel R. Sodders, Medieval Italy: An Encyclopedia, Vol. I, ed. Christopher Kleinhenz, (Routledge, 2004), 510.
^ "The empire after the Hohenstaufen catastrophe". Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from the original on 21 June 2015.
^ Judith Bennet and Clive Hollister, Medieval Europe, a Short History. p. 260.

Regnal titles
Conrad IV of Germany House of Hohenstaufen Born: 1228 Died: 1254
Preceded by Isabella II Frederick	King of Jerusalem 1228–1254 with Frederick II (1237-1243)	Succeeded by Conradin
Preceded by Henry (VII) Frederick II	Duke of Swabia 1235–1254	Succeeded by Conradin
	King of Germany 1237–1254 with Frederick II (1237-1250)	Succeeded by William as anti-king since 1247
	King of Italy 1237–1254 with Frederick II (1237-1250)	Succeeded by Henry VII
Preceded by Frederick	King of Sicily 1250–1254	Succeeded by Conradin

[1] Annales sancti Rudberti Salisburgenses: "Imperator filiam ducis Bawane fibo suo adolescento desponsavit; que non post multum temporis defuncta est." See Alan V. Murray (1986), "Reinbot von Durne's Der heilige Georg as Crusading Literature", Forum for Modern Language Studies 22 (2): 172–173 and n8.

[2] History of the Western Empire: from its restoration by Charlemagne to the accession of Charles V., Volume I, p. 304 – italics (in original) denote those whose offices did not become electorates

[3] Conrad IV, Daniel R. Sodders, Medieval Italy: An Encyclopedia, Vol. I, ed. Christopher Kleinhenz, (Routledge, 2004), 510.

[4] "The empire after the Hohenstaufen catastrophe". Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from the original on 21 June 2015.

[5] Judith Bennet and Clive Hollister, Medieval Europe, a Short History. p. 260.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-{{short description|13th century King of Germany}}
+{{short description|13th century King of Germany, Sicily, and Jerusalem}}
 {{redirect|Conrad IV}}
 {{More citations needed|date=March 2011}}
-{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
+{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
 {{Infobox royalty
 | name         = Conrad IV
 | image        = Conrad 4 of Germany.jpg
-| succession   = [[List of German monarchs|King of Germany]] ([[King of the Romans]])<br>[[King of Italy]]
+| succession   = [[King of Germany]] <br>(formally [[King of the Romans]])<br>[[King of Italy]]
 | reign        = May 1237 – 21 May 1254
 | predecessor  = [[Henry II of Sicily|Henry (VII)]]
@@ Line 20: / Line 20: @@
 | predecessor2 = [[Isabella II of Jerusalem|Isabella II]] and [[Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor|Frederick I]]
 | successor2   = [[Conradin|Conrad III]]
-| regent2 = [[Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor|Frederick]] (until 1243), [[Alice of Champagne|Alice]] (1243–1246), [[Henry I of Cyprus|Henry]] (1246–1253) and [[Plaisance of Antioch|Plaisance]] (from 1253)
+| regent2 = {{ubl|[[Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor]] (1228–1243)|[[Alice of Champagne|Alice, Queen of Cyprus]] (1243–1246)|[[Henry I, King of Cyprus]] (1246–1253)|[[Plaisance, Queen of Cyprus]] (1253–1254)}}
+| reg-type2    = Regents
 | succession3  = [[Duke of Swabia]]
 | reign3       = 12 February 1235 – 21 May 1254
@@ Line 35: / Line 36: @@
 | death_place  = [[Lavello]], Kingdom of Sicily
 | burial_place = [[Messina Cathedral]]
-| religion     = [[Catholic Church|Roman Catholicism]]
 }}
@@ Line 46: / Line 46: @@
 ==Rise to power==
-When Emperor Frederick II deposed his eldest son, Conrad's rebellious half-brother King [[Henry (VII) of Germany|Henry (VII)]], Conrad succeeded him as duke of [[Duchy of Swabia|Swabia]] in 1235. However, the emperor was not able to have him elected [[king of the Romans]] until the 1237 [[Imperial Diet (Holy Roman Empire)|Imperial Diet]] in [[Vienna]]. The electors were "the archbishops [[Siegfried III (archbishop of Mainz)|of Mentz]] [Mainz], [[Theoderich von Wied|of Treves]] [Trier], and [[Heinrich I von Müllenark|of Cologne]], the bishops of ''[[List of bishops and archbishops of Bamberg#Bishops, 1007–1245|Bamberg]]'', of ''[[List of the prince-bishops and bishops of Regensburg#Prince-Bishops of Regensburg|Ratisbon]]'' [Regensburg], of ''[[List of bishops of Freising and archbishops of Munich and Freising#Prince-bishops of Freising|Frisingen]]'' [Freising], and of ''Padua'', [[Otto II, Duke of Bavaria|the count palatine of the Rhine, ''the duke of Bavaria'']], [[Wenceslaus I of Bohemia|the king of Bohemia]], the ''[[Henry Raspe|landgrave of Thuringia]]'', and the ''[[Bernhard von Spanheim|duke of Carinthia]]''".<ref>[https://archive.org/details/historywesterne00comygoog/page/n340/mode/2up History of the Western Empire: from its restoration by Charlemagne to the accession of Charles V., Volume I, P304 - italics (in original) denote those whose offices did not become electorates ]</ref> This title, though not acknowledged by [[Pope Gregory IX]], presumed his future as a [[Holy Roman emperor]]. Prince-Archbishop [[Siegfried III (archbishop of Mainz)|Siegfried III of Mainz]], in his capacity as German [[archchancellor]], acted as [[regent]] for the minor until 1242, when Frederick chose Landgrave [[Henry Raspe]] of [[Duchy of Thuringia|Thuringia]], and King [[Wenceslaus I, King of Bohemia|Wenceslaus I of Bohemia]] to assume this function. Conrad intervened directly in German politics from around 1240. He led the short-lived [[anti-Mongol crusade of 1241]].
+When Emperor Frederick II deposed his eldest son, Conrad's rebellious half-brother King [[Henry (VII) of Germany|Henry (VII)]], Conrad succeeded him as duke of [[Duchy of Swabia|Swabia]] in 1235. However, the emperor was not able to have him elected [[King of the Romans]] until the 1237 [[Imperial Diet (Holy Roman Empire)|Imperial Diet]] in [[Vienna]]. The electors were "the archbishops [[Siegfried III (archbishop of Mainz)|of Mentz]] [Mainz], [[Theoderich von Wied|of Treves]] [Trier], and [[Heinrich I von Müllenark|of Cologne]], the bishops of ''[[List of bishops and archbishops of Bamberg#Bishops, 1007–1245|Bamberg]]'', of ''[[List of the prince-bishops and bishops of Regensburg#Prince-Bishops of Regensburg|Ratisbon]]'' [Regensburg], of ''[[List of bishops of Freising and archbishops of Munich and Freising#Prince-bishops of Freising|Frisingen]]'' [Freising], and of ''Padua'', [[Otto II, Duke of Bavaria|the count palatine of the Rhine, ''the duke of Bavaria'']], [[Wenceslaus I of Bohemia|the king of Bohemia]], the ''[[Henry Raspe|landgrave of Thuringia]]'', and the ''[[Bernhard von Spanheim|duke of Carinthia]]''".<ref>[https://archive.org/details/historywesterne00comygoog/page/n340/mode/2up History of the Western Empire: from its restoration by Charlemagne to the accession of Charles V., Volume I, p. 304 – italics (in original) denote those whose offices did not become electorates ]</ref> This title, though not acknowledged by [[Pope Gregory IX]], presumed his future as a [[Holy Roman emperor]]. Prince-Archbishop [[Siegfried III (archbishop of Mainz)|Siegfried III of Mainz]], in his capacity as German [[archchancellor]], acted as [[regent]] for the minor until 1242, when Frederick chose Landgrave [[Henry Raspe]] of [[Duchy of Thuringia|Thuringia]], and King [[Wenceslaus I, King of Bohemia|Wenceslaus I of Bohemia]] to assume this function. Conrad intervened directly in German politics from around 1240. He led the short-lived [[anti-Mongol crusade of 1241]].
-However, when [[Pope Innocent IV]] excommunicated Frederick in 1245 and declared Conrad deposed, Henry Raspe supported the pope and was in turn elected as a rival king of Germany on 22 May 1246. Henry Raspe defeated Conrad in the battle of [[Nidda, city|Nidda]] in August 1246, but died several months later. He was succeeded as a rival king by [[William II of Holland|William of Holland]].
+However, when [[Pope Innocent IV]] excommunicated Frederick in 1245 and declared Conrad deposed, Henry Raspe supported the pope and was in turn elected as a rival king of Germany on 22 May 1246. Henry Raspe defeated Conrad in the battle of [[Nidda, city|Nidda]] in August 1246. Nevertheless, Henry Raspe’s wider support in Germany was weak and he died several months later. He was succeeded as a rival king by [[William II of Holland|William of Holland]].
-This exertion of power by the pope has since been regarded as a transition of power in the Holy Roman Empire. Notably, many princes took this opportunity to gain more influence with their vast wealth and relative stability as opposed to the fractured monarchy which had proven to be somewhat unreliable. Similarly, many nobles were given greater autonomy without the guidance of a king.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Germany/The-empire-after-the-Hohenstaufen-catastrophe#ref297131|title=The empire after the Hohenstaufen catastrophe|website=Encyclopædia Britannica|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150621233602/http://www.britannica.com:80/place/Germany/The-empire-after-the-Hohenstaufen-catastrophe |archive-date=21 June 2015 }}</ref>
 Also in 1246, Conrad married [[Elisabeth of Bavaria, Queen of Germany|Elisabeth]], a daughter of Otto II of Bavaria. They had a son [[Conradin]], in 1252.  In 1250 Conrad temporarily settled the situation in Germany by defeating [[William, King of the Romans|William of Holland]] and his Rhenish allies.
 == Italian Campaign==
-When Frederick II died in the same year, he passed Sicily and Germany, as well as the title of Jerusalem, to Conrad, but the struggle with the pope continued. Having been defeated by William in 1251, Conrad decided to invade [[Italy]], hoping to regain the rich dominions of his father, and where [[Manfred of Sicily|his half-brother Manfred]] acted as regent.
+When Frederick II died in 1250, he passed Sicily and Germany, as well as the title of [[King of Jerusalem]], to Conrad, but the struggle with the pope continued. After reverses in Germany in 1251, Conrad decided to invade [[Italy]], hoping to regain the rich dominions of his father, and where [[Manfred of Sicily|his half-brother Manfred]] was acting as regent. In January 1252 he invaded [[Apulia]] with a [[Republic of Venice|Venetian]] fleet, successfully managing to restrain Manfred and exercise control of the country. That same year Conrad issued constitutions during the [[hoftag]] in [[Foggia]], which were based on the well-known examples from Norman and early Staufer times. After the death of Frederick II, riots began in parts of the kingdom of Sicily and several cities attempted to escape the royal control, forcing Conrad to take military action in order to suppress the revolts. In October 1253 his troops conquered [[Naples]]. Steadily, Conrad consolidated his position in the kingdom and the formidable centralized government fashioned by his father continued to function effectively. New historical sources have shown,{{citation needed|date=December 2022}} Conrad tried to reconcile with the pope, but no agreement was reached.
-In January 1252 he invaded [[Apulia]] with a [[Republic of Venice|Venetian]] fleet and successfully managed to restrain Manfred and to exercise control of the country. This year Conrad issued constitutions during the [[hoftag]] in [[Foggia]], which were based on the well-known examples from Norman and early Staufer times. In addition, as the new sources show,{{citation needed|date=December 2022}} Conrad tried to reconcile with the Pope, but no agreement was reached. After the death of Frederick II, riots prevailed in parts of the kingdom of Sicily, and several cities attempted to escape the royal control. Conrad was therefore forced to take military action against the revolts. In October 1253 his troops conquered [[Naples]].
-Conrad was however not able to subdue the pope's supporters, and the pope in turn offered Sicily to [[Edmund Crouchback]], son of [[Henry III of England]] (1253). Conrad was [[excommunication|excommunicated]] in 1254 and died of [[malaria]] in the same year at [[Lavello]] in [[Basilicata]].<ref>''Conrad IV'', Daniel R. Sodders, '''Medieval Italy: An Encyclopedia''', Vol. I, ed. Christopher Kleinhenz, (Routledge, 2004), 510.</ref> Manfred first, and later Conrad's son Conradin, continued the struggle with the Papacy, although unsuccessfully.
+The pope offered Sicily to [[Edmund Crouchback]], son of [[Henry III of England]], in 1253. Conrad was [[excommunication|excommunicated]] on April 9, 1254. Nevertheless, Innocent’s support in central Italy was waning. Conrad mustered an army for a decisive assault on Rome but he died of [[malaria]] May 21, 1254 at his army camp in [[Lavello]], [[Basilicata]].<ref>''Conrad IV'', Daniel R. Sodders, '''Medieval Italy: An Encyclopedia''', Vol. I, ed. Christopher Kleinhenz, (Routledge, 2004), 510.</ref> Manfred continued the struggle with the Papacy, but after achieving success, he was killed at the [[Battle of Benevento]] by [[Charles I of Anjou]]. Conrad’s son, Conradin, attempted to reclaim the kingdom of Sicily but was also defeated by Charles of Anjou at the [[Battle of Tagliocozzo]] and executed soon after.
 Conrad's widow Elisabeth remarried to [[Meinhard II, Count of Tirol]], who in 1286 became [[Duke of Carinthia]].
-Conrad's death in 1254 began the [[Interregnum (Holy Roman Empire)|Interregnum]], during which no ruler managed to gain undisputed control of Germany. The Interregnum ended in 1273, with the election of [[Rudolph of Habsburg]] as King of the Romans.<ref>Judith Bennet and Clive Hollister, ''Medieval Europe, a Short History''. p. 260.</ref>
+Conrad's death in 1254 began the [[Interregnum (Holy Roman Empire)|Interregnum]], during which no single ruler managed to gain undisputed control of Germany. Notably, many princes took this opportunity to gain more influence with their vast wealth and relative stability as opposed to the fractured monarchy which had proven to be somewhat unreliable. Similarly, many nobles accumulated greater autonomy without the guidance of a king.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Germany/The-empire-after-the-Hohenstaufen-catastrophe#ref297131|title=The empire after the Hohenstaufen catastrophe|website=Encyclopædia Britannica|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150621233602/http://www.britannica.com:80/place/Germany/The-empire-after-the-Hohenstaufen-catastrophe |archive-date=21 June 2015 }}</ref> The Interregnum ended in 1273, with the election of [[Rudolph I of Germany|Rudolph of Habsburg]] as King of the Romans.<ref>Judith Bennet and Clive Hollister, ''Medieval Europe, a Short History''. p. 260.</ref>
-==Ancestors==
-{{No sources|section|date=April 2022}}
-{{ahnentafel
-|collapsed=yes |align=center
-|boxstyle_1=background-color: #fcc;
-|boxstyle_2=background-color: #fb9;
-|boxstyle_3=background-color: #ffc;
-|boxstyle_4=background-color: #bfc;
-|boxstyle_5=background-color: #9fe;
-|1= 1. '''Conrad IV, King of Germany, Sicily, and Jerusalem'''
-|2= 2. [[Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor]], King of Sicily and Jerusalem
-|3= 3. [[Isabella II, Queen of Jerusalem]]
-|4= 4. [[Henry VI, Holy Roman Emperor]]
-|5= 5. [[Constance, Queen of Sicily]]
-|6= 6. [[John, King of Jerusalem]]
-|7= 7. [[Maria, Queen of Jerusalem]]
-|8= 8. [[Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor]]
-|9= 9. [[Beatrice I, Countess of Burgundy]]
-|10= 10. [[Roger II, King of Sicily]]
-|11= 11. [[Beatrice of Rethel]]
-|12= 12. [[Erard II, Count of Brienne]]
-|13= 13. Agnes of Montfaucon
-|14= 14. [[Conrad I, King of Jerusalem]]
-|15= 15. [[Isabella I, Queen of Jerusalem]]
-}}
 ==See also==
@@ Line 136: / Line 107: @@
 [[Category:People excommunicated by the Catholic Church]]
 [[Category:Deaths from malaria]]
-[[Category:13th-century people of the Holy Roman Empire]]
+[[Category:13th-century people from the Holy Roman Empire]]
 [[Category:Children of Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor]]
 [[Category:Sons of emperors]]
+[[Category:Sons of kings]]
+[[Category:Sons of queens regnant]]

v t e Monarchs of Germany
East Francia during the Carolingian dynasty (843–911)	Louis the German Carloman Louis the Younger Charles the Fat Arnulf Louis the Child
East Francia (911–919) Kingdom of Germany (919–962)	Conrad I Henry I Arnulf Otto I
Kingdom of Germany within the Holy Roman Empire (962–1806)	Otto I Otto II Otto III Henry II Conrad II Henry III Henry IV Rudolf Hermann Conrad (III) Henry V Lothair II/III Conrad III Henry (VI) Frederick I Henry VI Philip Otto IV Frederick II Henry (VII) Conrad IV Henry (VIII) William Richard Alfonso Rudolf I Adolf Albert I Henry VII Louis IV Frederick (III) Charles IV Günther Wenceslaus Rupert Jobst Sigismund Albert II Frederick III Maximilian I Charles V Ferdinand I Maximilian II Rudolf II Matthias Ferdinand II Ferdinand III Ferdinand IV Leopold I Joseph I Charles VI Charles VII Francis I Joseph II Leopold II Francis II
Confederation of the Rhine (1806–1813)	Napoleon I
German Confederation (1815–1848)	Francis I Ferdinand I
German Empire (1848/1849)	Archduke John of Austria (Imperial Regent)
German Confederation (1850–1866)	Franz Joseph I
North German Confederation (1867–1871)	William I
German Empire (1871–1918)	William I Frederick III William II

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