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The Delmatae, alternatively Dalmatae, during the Roman period, were a group of Illyrian tribes in Dalmatia, contemporary southern Croatia and western Bosnia and Herzegovina. The region of Dalmatia takes its name from the tribe.

The Delmatae appear in historical record for the first time in 181 BC, when upon the death of their ruler Pleuratus III of the Illyrian kingdom, they refused to accept the rule of his son, Gentius and seceded. They expanded and came to include coastal Illyrian tribes like the Tariotes, the Hylli and the Nesti and increased their territory to the north against the Liburni. Conflict with Roman expansionism and its local allies in the eastern Adriatic began in 156–55 BC. The Roman–Dalmatae Wars lasted until 33 BC when Octavian (the later Emperor Augustus) installed Roman hegemony in Dalmatia. Local instability and minor rebellions continued in the province of Dalmatia and culminated in the Great Illyrian Revolt in Dalmatia and closely linked Pannonia in 6 AD. The revolt, which lasted for three years, involved more than half a million combatants, auxiliaries and civilians on both side. In the aftermath, some Delmataean communities were relocated in the northern Sandzak region and others were resettled in parts of Carinthia to provide labor for the Roman mines. The defeat of the revolt began the integration of Dalmatia which in turn led to the romanization of the region by the early Middle Ages.

Name

The original form of the name of the tribe is Delmatae, and shares the same root with the regional name Dalmatia and the toponym Delminium.^[1]^[2]^[3] It is considered to be connected to the Albanian dele and its variants which include the Gheg form delmë, meaning "sheep", and to the Albanian term delmer, "shepherd".^[4]^[5]^[6]^[7]^[8]^[9] According to Orel, the Gheg form delme hardly has anything in common with the name of Dalmatia because it represents a variant of dele with *-mā, which is ultimately from proto-Albanian *dailā.^[10] Toponyms linked to the name are found throughout the territories inhabited by Illyrians including the chief settlement of the Delmatae, Delminium and Dalmana in present-day N. Macedonia.^[9] The medieval Slavic toponym Ovče Pole ("plain of sheep" in South Slavic) in the nearby region represents a related later development.^[9] In Albania, Delvinë represents a toponym linked to the root *dele.^[7] The form Dalmatae and the respective regional name Dalmatia are later variants as is already noted by Appian (2nd century AD). His contemporary grammarian Velius Longus highlights in his treatise about orthography that the correct form of Dalmatia is Delmatia, and notes that Marcus Terentius Varro who lived about 2 centuries prior of Appian and Velius Longius, used the form Delmatia as it corresponded to the chief settlement of the tribe, Delminium.^[11] The toponym Duvno is a derivation from Delminium in Croatian via an intermediate form *Delminio in late antiquity.^[3]

History

The Delmatae appear in historical record in 181 BC. The death of Pleuratus III of the Illyrian kingdom and the succession by his son Gentius led the Delmatae to not recognize his rule and secede altogether. The Daorsi, who lived to the south of the Delmatae did the same. Over the centuries, the Delmatae and Ardiaei were among the Illyrian groups which expanded their territory northwards at the expense of the Liburni. They Delmatae may have been originally pushed towards the coast because of Celtic migrations in Pannonia Strabo writes that the territory of the Delmatae was divided into an inland (present-day Tropolje) and a coastal region by the Dinaric Alps. Their capital settlement Delminium was located close to present-day Tomislavgrad.^[1]

The first Dalmatian war in 156–155 BC finished with the destruction of capital Delminium by consul Scipio Nasica. The second Dalmatian war was fought in 119–118 BC, apparently ending in Roman victory as consul L. Caecilius Metellus celebrated triumph in 117 BC and assumed his surname Delmaticus. The third Dalmatian war 78–76 BC finished with the capture of Salona (port Solin near modern city Split) by the proconsul C. Cosconius.^[12]

During the Roman Civil War of 49–44 BC, the Delmatae supported Pompey against the coastal Roman colonies which supported Caesar and continuously fought against the Caesarian generals Gabinius and Vatinius. After Pompey's defeat they continued to fight against Roman legions in Dalmatia.^[13] The fourth and final conflict occurred 34–33 BC during Octavian's expedition to Illyricum because of their iterative revolts, and finished with the capture of the new Delmatian capital- Soetovio (now Klis). The last revolts of Delmatae under their federal leader Bato, against Romans were in 12 BC and the Great Illyrian Revolt in 6–9 AD; both also failed and finished by a terminal pacification of bellicose Delmatae.

Cohors Delmatarum

The Inscription of the Coh(ors) I (milliaria) Del(matarum) in Salona.

In Roman Imperial times the Dalmatae formed numerous Roman auxiliaries:

Culture

Archaeology and onomastic shows that the Delmatae were akin to eastern Illyrians and northern Pannonii.^[14] The tribe was subject to Celtic influences.^[15]^[16] One of the Dalmatian tribes was called Baridustae^[17] that later was settled in Roman Dacia. Pliny the Elder also mentioned the Tariotes, and their territory Tariota, which was described as an ancient region. The Tariotes are considered part of the Delmatae.^[18]^[19]

The archeological remnants suggest their material culture was more primitive than those of the surrounding ancient tribes, especially in comparison with the oldest Liburnians. Only their production of weapons was rather advanced. Their elite had stone built houses only, but numerous Delmatic herdmen yet settled in natural caves, and a characteristic detail in their usual clothing was the fur cap.

Their nomadic society had a strong patriarchal structure, consisting chiefly of shepherds, warriors and their chieftains. Their main jobs had been the extensive cattle breeding, and the iterative plundering of other surrounding tribes and of coastal towns on the Adriatic.

Religion

The major collective deity of the Delmatic federation was their pastoral god 'Sylvanus' they called Vidasus.^[20] His divine wife was 'Thana',^[21] a Delmatic goddess mostly comparable with Roman Diana and Greek Artemis. Their frequent reliefs often accompanied by nymphs, are partly conserved up today in some cliffs of Dalmatia; in Imotski valley also their temple used from 4th to 1st century BC, was unearthed. The third important one of Delmatae was a war god 'Armatus' comparable with Roman Mars and Greek Ares. Their bad deity was the celestial Dragon^{[citation needed]} devouring the sun or moon in the eclipses.

A strong weapons cult was very specific for the patriarchal Delmatae, and in their masculine tombs different weapons are widely present (that is rare in neighbouring peoples e.g. Liburni, Iapydes, etc.). Their usual tombs were under the stone tumuli of kurgan type. After the classic Roman reports (Muzic 1998), nomadic Delmatae were extremely superstitious, and they had a primitive panic dread^{[citation needed]} from all celestial phenomena: any view on the night stars was for them forbidden in the fear of a sure death, and in the case of solar or lunar eclipses they repeated tremendous collective howling because of the immediate world ending, made hysterical suicides etc.

References

^ ^a ^b Wilkes 1996, p. 188.
^ Stipčević, Aleksandar (1977). The Illyrians: History and Culture. History and Culture Series. Noyes Press. p. 197. ISBN 0-8155-5052-9.
^ ^a ^b Šimunović 2013, p. 164.
^ Wilkes 1996, p. 244
^ Duridanov 2002, p. 952: Δάλμιον, Δελμίνιον (Ptolemäus) zu alb. delmë
^ Šašel Kos 1993, p. 119: In the prehistoric and classical periods it was not at all unusual for peoples to have names derived from animals, such that the name of the Delmatae is considered to be related to Albanian delme, sheep
^ ^a ^b Schütz 2006, p. 127: "A dalmata/delmata illír törzs, Dalmatia/Delmatia terület, Delminium/Dalmion illír város neve, továbbá a mai Delvinë és Delvinaqi földrajzi tájegység neve az albán dele (többese delme) ‘juh’, delmer ‘juhpásztor’ szavakhoz kapcsolódik. Strabon Delmion illír város nevéhez ezt az éretelmezést fűzi „...πεδιον μελωβοτον...”, azaz „juhokat tápláló síkság”."
^ Morić 2012, p. 63: "danas još uvijek prevladava tumačenje kako korijen njihova imena potječe od riječi koja je srodna albanskom delë, delmë odnosno „ovca“"
^ ^a ^b ^c Duridanov 1975, p. 25
^ Orel, Vladimir (1998). Albanian Etymological Dictionary. Brill Publishers. pp. 58–59. ISBN 978-9004110243. dele f, pl dele, dhen, dhën 'sheep'. The Geg variant delme represents a formation in *-mā (and hardly has anything in common with the name of Dalmatia pace MEYER Wb. 63 and ÇABEJ St. I 111). The word is based on PAlb *dailā 'sheep' < 'suckling' and related to various l-derivatives from IE *dhē(i)- 'to suckle' (MEYER Wb. 63, Alb. St. Ill 29 operates with *dailjā < IE *dhailiā or *dhoiliā), cf., in particular, Arm dayl 'colostrum' < IE *dhailo-.
^ Šašel Kos 2005, p. 303.
^ Dzino 2010, p. 68.
^ Wilkes 1996, p. 196
^ The Illyrians by J. J. Wilkes, 1996, ISBN 0-631-19807-5, p. 70, "... on Pannonia (1959) and Moesia Superior (1970). Duje Rendic-Miocevic has published several studies of names from the territory of the Delmatae, ..."
^ The Oxford Classical Dictionary by Simon Hornblower and Antony Spawforth, 2003, p. 426.
^ A dictionary of the Roman Empire Oxford paperback reference, ISBN 0195102339, 1995, p. 202, "contact with the peoples of the Illyrian kingdom and at the Celticized tribes of the Delmatae ..."
^ Roman Dacia: the making of a provincial society by W. S. Hanson, Ian Haynes, 2004, p. 22, "Outside the main urban centres, the best attested group of civilian immigrants is members of the Dalmatian tribes such as the Baridustae"
^ Miletić 2008a, p. 7
^ Catani 2008, p. 77
^ The Illyrians by J. J. Wilkes, 1996, ISBN 0-631-19807-5, p. 247, "... Death among Illyrians 247 identities of Silvanus and Diana, a familiar combination on many dedications in the territory of the Delmatae. Sometimes the name of a local deity is recorded only in the Latin form, for example, ..."
^ Wilkes. "North of the Japodes, the altars to Vidasus and Thana dedicated at the hot springs of Topusko reveal the local Roman Illyrians..."

Bibliography

Catani, Lorenzo (2008). "Arheološko-povijesne bilješke o Castellum Tariona u rimsko doba" [Archaeological and historical notes on the Castellum Tariona in the Roman Era]. Vjesnik Za Arheologiju I Povijest Dalmatinsku (in Croatian and English). 101 (1). Split: 75–86.
Dzino, Danijel (2010). Illyricum in Roman Politics, 229 BC–AD 68. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0521194198.
Duridanov, Ivan (2002). "Illyrisch". In Bister, Feliks J.; Gramshammer-Hohl, Dagmar; Heynoldt, Anke (eds.). Lexikon der Sprachen des europäischen Ostens (PDF). Wieser Verlag. ISBN 978-3-85129-510-8.
Duridanov, Ivan (1975). Die Hydronymie des Vardarsystems als Geschichtsquelle (PDF). Böhlau Verlag. ISBN 3412839736.
Miletić, Alen (2008a). "Saltus Tariotarum". Opvscvla Archaeologica (in Croatian and English). 32 (1): 7–20.
Morić, Ivana (2012). "Običaji Delmata". Rostra. 5 (5). University of Zadar.
Šašel Kos, Marjeta (1993). "Cadmus and Harmonia in Illyria". Arheološki Vestnik. 44: 113–136.
Šašel Kos, Marjeta (2005). Appian and Illyricum. Narodni muzej Slovenije. ISBN 961616936X.
Schütz, István (2006) [2002]. Fehér foltok a Balkánon (in Hungarian). Budapest: Balassi Kiadó. ISBN 9635064721.
Šimunović, Petar (2013). "Predantički toponimi u današnjoj (i povijesnoj) Hrvatskoj [Pre-Roman placenames in present-day (and historical) Croatia]". Folia onomastica Croatica (22): 147–214.
Wilkes, John (1962). "Studies in the roman province of Dalmatia" (PDF). Durham University.
Wilkes, John (1996). The Illyrians. Wiley. ISBN 978-0631146711.

[FOOTNOTEWilkes1996188-1] Wilkes 1996, p. 188.

[2] Stipčević, Aleksandar (1977). The Illyrians: History and Culture. History and Culture Series. Noyes Press. p. 197. ISBN 0-8155-5052-9.

[FOOTNOTEŠimunović2013164-3] Šimunović 2013, p. 164.

[Wilkes244-4] Wilkes 1996, p. 244

[FOOTNOTEDuridanov2002952-5] Duridanov 2002, p. 952: Δάλμιον, Δελμίνιον (Ptolemäus) zu alb. delmë

[FOOTNOTEŠašel_Kos1993119-6] Šašel Kos 1993, p. 119: In the prehistoric and classical periods it was not at all unusual for peoples to have names derived from animals, such that the name of the Delmatae is considered to be related to Albanian delme, sheep

[Sch127-7] Schütz 2006, p. 127: "A dalmata/delmata illír törzs, Dalmatia/Delmatia terület, Delminium/Dalmion illír város neve, továbbá a mai Delvinë és Delvinaqi földrajzi tájegység neve az albán dele (többese delme) ‘juh’, delmer ‘juhpásztor’ szavakhoz kapcsolódik. Strabon Delmion illír város nevéhez ezt az éretelmezést fűzi „...πεδιον μελωβοτον...”, azaz „juhokat tápláló síkság”."

[FOOTNOTEMorić201263-8] Morić 2012, p. 63: "danas još uvijek prevladava tumačenje kako korijen njihova imena potječe od riječi koja je srodna albanskom delë, delmë odnosno „ovca“"

[Duridanov1975-9] Duridanov 1975, p. 25

[10] Orel, Vladimir (1998). Albanian Etymological Dictionary. Brill Publishers. pp. 58–59. ISBN 978-9004110243. dele f, pl dele, dhen, dhën 'sheep'. The Geg variant delme represents a formation in *-mā (and hardly has anything in common with the name of Dalmatia pace MEYER Wb. 63 and ÇABEJ St. I 111). The word is based on PAlb *dailā 'sheep' < 'suckling' and related to various l-derivatives from IE *dhē(i)- 'to suckle' (MEYER Wb. 63, Alb. St. Ill 29 operates with *dailjā < IE *dhailiā or *dhoiliā), cf., in particular, Arm dayl 'colostrum' < IE *dhailo-.

[FOOTNOTEŠašel_Kos2005303-11] Šašel Kos 2005, p. 303.

[FOOTNOTEDzino201068-12] Dzino 2010, p. 68.

[Wilkes196-13] Wilkes 1996, p. 196

[14] The Illyrians by J. J. Wilkes, 1996, ISBN 0-631-19807-5, p. 70, "... on Pannonia (1959) and Moesia Superior (1970). Duje Rendic-Miocevic has published several studies of names from the territory of the Delmatae, ..."

[15] The Oxford Classical Dictionary by Simon Hornblower and Antony Spawforth, 2003, p. 426.

[16] A dictionary of the Roman Empire Oxford paperback reference, ISBN 0195102339, 1995, p. 202, "contact with the peoples of the Illyrian kingdom and at the Celticized tribes of the Delmatae ..."

[17] Roman Dacia: the making of a provincial society by W. S. Hanson, Ian Haynes, 2004, p. 22, "Outside the main urban centres, the best attested group of civilian immigrants is members of the Dalmatian tribes such as the Baridustae"

[18] Miletić 2008a, p. 7

[19] Catani 2008, p. 77

[20] The Illyrians by J. J. Wilkes, 1996, ISBN 0-631-19807-5, p. 247, "... Death among Illyrians 247 identities of Silvanus and Diana, a familiar combination on many dedications in the territory of the Delmatae. Sometimes the name of a local deity is recorded only in the Latin form, for example, ..."

[21] Wilkes. "North of the Japodes, the altars to Vidasus and Thana dedicated at the hot springs of Topusko reveal the local Roman Illyrians..."

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+{{Short description|Illyrian people in the western Balkans; romanized in the Middle Ages}}
+{{About|the Illyrian tribe|other uses|Dalmatian (disambiguation)}}
 {{History of Dalmatia}}
-{{History of Croatia}}
-{{History of Bosnia and Herzegovina}}
-{{Cleanup|date=September 2009}}
-The '''Dalmatae'''<ref>Δαλμάται in [[Medieval Greek]].</ref> or '''Delmatae''' were an ancient people who inhabited the core of what would then become known as [[Dalmatia]] after the [[Roman Empire|Roman]] conquest - now the eastern [[Adriatic]] coast in [[Croatia]], between the rivers [[Krka]] and [[Neretva]]. The Delmatae are mostly classed as an [[Illyrians|Illyrian]]<ref>The Cambridge Ancient History Vol. 11: The High Empire, AD 70-192 by Peter Rathbone, page 597, "... One such place was Delminium, from which the Illyrian Delmatae took their name, attacked more than once by Roman consuls ..."</ref> tribe, although for most of their history they were independent of the [[Illyrian kingdom]] which bordered to the southeast of them.
+The '''Delmatae''', alternatively '''Dalmatae''', during the Roman period, were a group of [[Illyrian tribes]] in [[Dalmatia]], contemporary southern Croatia and western [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]]. The region of Dalmatia takes its name from the tribe.
-==Name==
-The name Dalmatae is connected with the [[Illyrian language|Illyrian]] word '''delmë''', '''dele''' in modern [[Albanian language|Albanian]], which means sheep in English.<ref name="Wilkes 1995 244">{{cite book|last=Wilkes|first=John|title=The Illyrians|publisher=Wiley-Blackwell|year=1995|series=The Peoples of Europe|pages=244|isbn=0631198075|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=4Nv6SPRKqs8C}}</ref> The [[Illyrians|Illyrian]] town of [[Delminium]] has the same etymology.<ref>{{cite book|last=Stipčević|first=Aleksandar|title=The Illyrians: History and Culture|publisher=Noyes Press|year=1977|series=History and Culture Series|pages=197|isbn=0815550529|url=http://books.google.com/books?ei=HNSbTOr3HomKOPrvjagM&ct=result&id=NLcWAQAAIAAJ&dq=Delminium,+whose+name+has+the+same+root+as+the+name+of+the&q=Delminium,+whose+name+has+the+same+root+as+the+name+of+the+Dalmatae#search_anchor}}</ref>
+The Delmatae appear in historical record for the first time in 181 BC, when upon the death of their ruler [[Pleuratus III]] of the Illyrian kingdom, they refused to accept the rule of his son, [[Gentius]] and seceded. They expanded and came to include coastal Illyrian tribes like the [[Tariotes]], the Hylli and the Nesti and increased their territory to the north against the [[Liburni]]. Conflict with Roman expansionism and its local allies in the eastern Adriatic began in 156–55 BC. The [[Roman–Dalmatae Wars]] lasted until 33 BC when [[Octavian]] (the later Emperor Augustus) installed Roman hegemony in Dalmatia. Local instability and minor rebellions continued in the [[Dalmatia (Roman province)|province of Dalmatia]] and culminated in the [[Great Illyrian Revolt]] in Dalmatia and closely linked [[Pannonia]] in 6 AD. The revolt, which lasted for three years, involved more than half a million combatants, auxiliaries and civilians on both side. In the aftermath, some Delmataean communities were relocated in the northern [[Sandzak]] region and others were resettled in parts of [[Carinthia]] to provide labor for the Roman mines. The defeat of the revolt began the integration of Dalmatia which in turn led to the [[romanization]] of the region by the early Middle Ages.
-==Culture and Society==
+== Name ==
-Archaeology and onomastic shows that the Delmatae were akin to eastern Illyrians and northern Pannonii.<ref>The Illyrians by J. J. Wilkes, 1992, ISBN 0631198075, Page 70, "... on Pannonia (1959) and Moesia Superior (1970). Duje Rendic-Miocevic has published several studies of names from the territory of the Delmatae, ..."</ref> Delmatae were a younger nomadic{{Citation needed|date=September 2009}} tribe in ancient [[Illyria]] (West Balkans); they emerged there since 4th century BC, partly repulsing{{Citation needed|date=September 2009}} from their area the earlier peoples of [[Liburni]] westwards, [[Daorsi]] and [[Ardiaei]] (Vardaei) eastwards. They were formed as a tribal alliance{{Citation needed|date=September 2009}} of culturally similar communities in 4th-3rd century BC, like the [[Tariotes]] and the others. The tribe was subject to Celtic influences.<ref>The Oxford Classical Dictionary by Simon Hornblower and Antony Spawforth, 2003, page 426.</ref><ref>A dictionary of the Roman Empire Oxford paperback reference, ISBN-0195102339, 1995, page 202, "contact with the peoples of the Illyrian kingdom and at the Celticized tribes of the Delmatae ..."</ref>.One of the Dalmatian tribes was called [[Baridustae]]<ref>Roman Dacia: the making of a provincial society by W. S. Hanson, Ian Haynes, 2004, page 22, "Outside the main urban centres, the best attested group of civilian immigrants is members of the Dalmatian tribes such as the Baridustae"</ref> that later was settled in Roman Dacia.
+The original form of the name of the tribe is ''Delmatae'', and shares the same root with the regional name [[Dalmatia]] and the toponym [[Delminium]].{{sfn|Wilkes|1996|p=188}}<ref>{{cite book|last=Stipčević|first=Aleksandar|title=The Illyrians: History and Culture|publisher=Noyes Press|year=1977|series=History and Culture Series|page=197|isbn=0-8155-5052-9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NLcWAQAAIAAJ&q=Delminium,+whose+name+has+the+same+root+as+the+name+of+the+Dalmatae}}</ref>{{sfn|Šimunović|2013|p=164}} It is considered to be connected to the [[Albanian language|Albanian]] ''[[:wikt:dele#Albanian|dele]]'' and its variants which include the [[Gheg Albanian|Gheg]] form ''[[:wikt:delmë#Albanian|delmë]]'', meaning "sheep", and to the Albanian term ''delmer'', "shepherd".<ref name="Wilkes244">{{harvnb|Wilkes|1996|p=244}}</ref>{{sfn|Duridanov|2002|p=952|ps=: Δάλμιον, Δελμίνιον (Ptolemäus) zu alb. delmë}}{{sfn|Šašel Kos|1993|p=119|ps=: In the prehistoric and classical periods it was not at all unusual for peoples to have names derived from animals, such that the name of the Delmatae is considered to be related to Albanian delme, sheep|via=}}<ref name="Sch127">{{harvnb|Schütz|2006|p=127|ps=: "A dalmata/delmata illír törzs, Dalmatia/Delmatia terület, Delminium/Dalmion illír város neve, továbbá a mai Delvinë és Delvinaqi földrajzi tájegység neve az albán dele (többese delme) ‘juh’, delmer ‘juhpásztor’ szavakhoz kapcsolódik. Strabon Delmion illír város nevéhez ezt az éretelmezést fűzi „...πεδιον μελωβοτον...”, azaz „juhokat tápláló síkság”."}}</ref>{{sfn|Morić|2012|p=63|ps=:  "danas još uvijek prevladava tumačenje kako korijen njihova imena potječe od riječi koja je srodna albanskom delë, delmë odnosno „ovca“"}}<ref name="Duridanov1975">{{harvnb|Duridanov|1975|p=25}}</ref> According to [[Vladimir Orel|Orel]], the Gheg form ''delme'' hardly has anything in common with the name of ''Dalmatia'' because it represents a variant of ''[[:wikt:dele#Albanian|dele]]'' with ''*-mā'', which is ultimately from [[proto-Albanian]] ''*dailā''.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Orel|first=Vladimir|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yJQYAQAAIAAJ&q=Albanian+Etymological+Dictionary|title=Albanian Etymological Dictionary|publisher=[[Brill Publishers]]|year=1998|isbn=978-9004110243|pages=58–59|quote='''dele''' f, pl dele, dhen, dhën ‘sheep’. The Geg variant delme represents a formation in *-mā (and hardly has anything in common with the name of Dalmatia pace MEYER Wb. 63 and ÇABEJ St. I 111). The word is based on PAlb *dailā ‘sheep’ < ‘suckling’ and related to various l-derivatives from IE *dhē(i)- ‘to suckle’ (MEYER Wb. 63, Alb. St. Ill 29 operates with *dailjā < IE *dhailiā or *dhoiliā), cf., in particular, Arm dayl ‘colostrum’ < IE *dhailo-.}}</ref> Toponyms linked to the name are found throughout the territories inhabited by Illyrians including the chief settlement of the Delmatae, [[Delminium]] and ''Dalmana'' in present-day N. Macedonia.<ref name="Duridanov1975"/> The medieval Slavic toponym [[Ovče Pole]] ("plain of sheep" in South Slavic) in the nearby region represents a related later development.<ref name="Duridanov1975"/> In Albania, [[Delvinë]] represents a toponym linked to the root ''*dele''.<ref name="Sch127"/>  The form ''Dalmatae'' and the respective regional name ''Dalmatia'' are later variants as is already noted by [[Appian]] (2nd century AD). His contemporary grammarian [[Velius Longus]] highlights in his treatise about orthography that the correct form of ''Dalmatia'' is ''Delmatia'', and notes that [[Marcus Terentius Varro]] who lived about 2 centuries prior of Appian and Velius Longius, used the form ''Delmatia'' as it corresponded to the chief settlement of the tribe, [[Delminium]].{{sfn|Šašel Kos|2005|p=303}} The toponym [[Duvno]] is a derivation from Delminium in Croatian via an intermediate form ''*Delminio'' in late antiquity.{{sfn|Šimunović|2013|p=164}}
+== History ==
-The archeological remnants suggest their material culture was more primitive than this one of the surrounding ancient tribes, especially in comparison with the oldest [[Liburnians]]. Only their production of weapons was rather advanced. Their elite had the build stone houses only, but numerous Delmatic herdmen yet settled in natural caves, and a characteristic detail in their usual clothing was the fur cap.
+{{See also|Illyrian Wars}}
+The Delmatae appear in historical record in 181 BC. The death of [[Pleuratus III]] of the Illyrian kingdom and the succession by his son [[Gentius]] led the Delmatae to not recognize his rule and secede altogether. The [[Daorsi]], who lived to the south of the Delmatae did the same. Over the centuries, the Delmatae and Ardiaei were among the Illyrian groups which expanded their territory northwards at the expense of the [[Liburni]].  They Delmatae may have been originally pushed towards the coast because of Celtic migrations in [[Pannonia]] Strabo writes that the territory of the Delmatae was divided into an inland (present-day [[Tropolje]]) and a coastal region by the Dinaric Alps. Their capital settlement [[Delminium]] was located close to present-day [[Tomislavgrad]].{{sfn|Wilkes|1996|p=188}}
-Their nomadic society had a strong patriarchal structure, consisting chiefly of shepherds, warriors and their chieftains. Their main jobs had been the extensive cattle breeding, and the iterative plundering of other surrounding tribes and of coastal towns at Adriatic. The early independent Delmatae had been completely illiterate{{Citation needed|date=September 2009}}, and the first inscriptions there appeared since the Roman conquest.
+The [[first Dalmatian war]] in 156–155 BC finished with the destruction of capital [[Delminium]] by consul [[Publius Cornelius Scipio Nasica Corculum|Scipio Nasica]]. The [[second Dalmatian war]]  was fought in 119–118 BC, apparently ending in Roman victory as consul [[L. Caecilius Metellus]] celebrated triumph in 117 BC and assumed his surname [[Delmaticus]]. The [[third Dalmatian war]] 78–76 BC finished with the capture of [[Salona]] (port Solin near modern city [[Split (city)|Split]]) by the proconsul [[C. Cosconius]].{{sfn|Dzino|2010|p=68}}
-==Roman conquest==
-{{Main|Illyrian Wars}}
-There were some iterative Roman conflicts with the Delmatae lasting for 160 years. The main reason was the perpetual aggressiveness of nomadic Delmatae against all their neighbours (''Liburni, Daorsi, Ardiei'', etc.), and also towards the [[Issaean federation]]{{Citation needed|date=September 2009}}, Greek-led Roman allies in central Adriatic islands, and so their pacification appeared inevitable. Delmatae land was mostly a rocky calcareous country with many pathless mountains, ideal for infinite guerilla wars; thus Delmatae erected{{Citation needed|date=September 2009}} there about 400 stony forteresses and 50 major citadels against Romans.<ref>The Illyrians by J. J. Wilkes, 1992, ISBN 0631198075, page 203, "... the later Siscia (Sisak), in the same year that the Romans first attacked the Delmatae. The general scarcity of references to Pannonians may be a reflection of their subjection to the Scordisci. ..."</ref>
+[[File:Delmatae in Illyricum 40BC.png|thumb|left|Delmatae in Illyricum, {{circa}} 40 BC.]]
-The [[first Dalmatian war]]{{Citation needed|date=September 2009}} in [[156 BC]] – [[155 BC]] finished with the destruction of capital [[Delminium]] by consul [[Scipio Nasica]]. The [[second Dalmatian war]]{{Citation needed|date=September 2009}} was fought in 119–118 BC, apparently ending in Roman victory as consul [[L. Caecilius Metellus]] celebrated triumph in [[117 BC]] and assumed his surname [[Delmaticus]]. The [[third Dalmatian war]] [[78 BC]] - [[76 BC]] finished with the capture of [[Salona]]<ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=iOWS4i5X9fgC&pg=PA229&dq=Delmatae++ancient+Illyria&hl=en&ei=1TI8TJLLNtGHkAW3g92kAQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&ved=0CDgQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=Delmatae%20&f=false The Illyrians by John Wilkes p.196]</ref> (port Solin near modern city [[Split (city)|Split]]) by the proconsul [[C. Cosconius]].
+During the Roman Civil War of 49–44 BC, the Delmatae supported [[Pompey]] against the coastal Roman colonies which supported Caesar and continuously fought against the Caesarian generals [[Aulus Gabinius|Gabinius]] and [[Publius Vatinius|Vatinius]]. After Pompey's defeat they continued to fight against Roman legions in Dalmatia.<ref name="Wilkes196">{{harvnb|Wilkes|1996|p=196}}</ref> The fourth and final conflict occurred 34–33 BC during Octavian's expedition to [[Illyricum (Roman province)|Illyricum]] because of their iterative revolts, and finished with the capture of the new Delmatian capital- [[Soetovio]] (now [[Klis]]). The last revolts of Delmatae under their federal leader [[Bato the Daesitiate|Bato]], against Romans were in 12 BC and the [[Great Illyrian Revolt]] in 6–9 AD; both also failed and finished by a terminal pacification of bellicose Delmatae.
+{{clear}}
+==Cohors Delmatarum==
-During the Roman Civil war of [[49 BC]] - [[44 BC]], the Delmatae (led{{Citation needed|date=September 2009}} by [[Versos]] and [[Testimos]]) sided with [[Pompey]] and continuously fought against the Caesarian generals [[Gabinius]] and [[Vatinius]]. The fourth and final conflict occurred [[34 BC]] - [[33 BC]] during Octavian's expedition to [[Illyricum (Roman province)|Illyricum]] because of their iterative revolts, and finished with the capture of the new Delmatian capital- [[Soetovio]] (now [[Klis]]). The last revolts of Delmatae under their federal leader [[Baton (Delmatae leader)|Baton]], against Romans were in [[12 BC]] and the [[Great Illyrian Revolt]] in 6-9 AD; both also failed and finished by a terminal pacification of bellicose Delmatae.
+[[File:CILIII1979Salona.jpg|right|thumb|The Inscription of the Coh(ors) I (milliaria) Del(matarum) in [[Salona]].]]
-Afterwards, the Dalmatae formed numerous [[Roman auxiliaries]]:
+In [[Roman Empire|Roman Imperial times]] the Dalmatae formed numerous [[Roman auxiliaries]]:
 * [[Cohors I Delmatarum]]
 * [[Cohors I Delmatarum milliaria equitata]]
@@ Line 34: / Line 33: @@
 * [[Cohors VI Delmatarum equitata]]
 * [[Cohors VII Delmatarum equitata]]
+* And later the [[Equites Dalmatae]]
-==Religion==
+== Culture ==
-{{Main|Paleo-Balkanic religion}}
-The major collective deity of Delmatic federation was their pastoral god 'Sylvanus' they called [[Vidasus]]<ref>The Illyrians by J. J. Wilkes, 1992, ISBN 0631198075, page 247, "... Death among Illyrians 247 identities of Silvanus and Diana, a familiar combination on many dedications in the territory of the Delmatae. Sometimes the name of a local deity is recorded only in the Latin form, for example, ..."</ref>. His divine wife was 'Thana' <ref>Wilkes. "North of the Japodes, the altars to Vidasus and Thana dedicated at the hot springs of Topusko reveal the local Roman Illyrians..."</ref>, a Delmatic goddess mostly comparable with Roman Diana and Greek Artemis. Their frequent reliefs often accompanied by nymphs, are partly conserved up today in some cliffs of Dalmatia; in Imotski valley also their temple used from 4th to 1st century BC, was unearthed. The third important one of Delmatae was a wargod '[[Armatus]]' comparable with Roman Mars and Greek Ares. Their bad deity was the celestial Dragon{{Citation needed|date=September 2009}} devouring the sun or moon in the eclipses.
+Archaeology and onomastic shows that the Delmatae were akin to eastern Illyrians and northern [[Pannonii]].<ref>The Illyrians by J. J. Wilkes, 1996, {{ISBN|0-631-19807-5}}, p. 70, "... on Pannonia (1959) and Moesia Superior (1970). Duje Rendic-Miocevic has published several studies of names from the territory of the Delmatae, ..."</ref> The tribe was subject to [[Celts|Celtic]] influences.<ref>The Oxford Classical Dictionary by Simon Hornblower and Antony Spawforth, 2003, p. 426.</ref><ref>A dictionary of the Roman Empire Oxford paperback reference, {{ISBN|0195102339}}, 1995, p. 202, "contact with the peoples of the Illyrian kingdom and at the Celticized tribes of the Delmatae ..."</ref> One of the Dalmatian tribes was called [[Baridustae]]<ref>Roman Dacia: the making of a provincial society by W. S. Hanson, Ian Haynes, 2004, p. 22, "Outside the main urban centres, the best attested group of civilian immigrants is members of the Dalmatian tribes such as the Baridustae"</ref> that later was settled in Roman Dacia. [[Pliny the Elder]] also mentioned the [[Tariotes]], and their territory Tariota, which was described as an ancient region. The Tariotes are considered part of the Delmatae.<ref>{{harvnb|Miletić|2008a|p=7}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Catani|2008|p=77}}</ref>
-A strong weapons cult was very specific for the patriarchal Delmatae, and in their masculine tombs different weapons are widely present (that is rare in neighbouring peoples e.g. Liburni, Iapydes, etc.). Their usual tombs were under the stone tumuli of [[kurgan]] type. After the classic Roman reports (Muzic 1998), nomadic Delmatae were extremely superstitious, and they had a primitive panic dread{{Citation needed|date=September 2009}} from all celestial phenomena: any view on the night stars was them forbidden in the fear of a sure death, and in the case of solar or lunar eclipses they repeated tremendous collective howling because of the immediate world ending, made hysterical suicides etc.
+The archeological remnants suggest their material culture was more primitive than those of the surrounding ancient tribes, especially in comparison with the oldest [[Liburnians]]. Only their production of weapons was rather advanced. Their elite had stone built houses only, but numerous Delmatic herdmen yet settled in natural caves, and a characteristic detail in their usual clothing was the fur cap.
-==Linguistic affinity==
-{{Main|Illyrian languages}}
-The ancient Dalmatian language was part of the [[Illyrian languages]], which were spoken in the western part of the Balkans.<ref name="boardman">{{cite book|last=Boardman|first=John|title=The prehistory of the Balkans and the Middle East and the Aegean world, tenth to eighth centuries B.C.|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|year=1982|series=The Prehistory of the Balkans|volume=3|pages=866|isbn=0521224969|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=vXljf8JqmkoC}}</ref>
-The name Dalmatae is connected with the [[Albanian language|Albanian]] word ''delmë'', which means sheep in English.<ref name="Wilkes 1995 244"/> During the Celtic settlements in the Balkans the Dalmatian language was partly influenced by the [[Celtic language]] regarding personal names and toponyms.<ref name="boardman"/>
+Their nomadic society had a strong patriarchal structure, consisting chiefly of shepherds, warriors and their chieftains. Their main jobs had been the extensive cattle breeding, and the iterative plundering of other surrounding tribes and of coastal towns on the Adriatic.
-The original language of the early Delmatae is scarcely known save a few toponyms noted by the Romans. Since the Roman conquest, town-dwelling Dalmatae were gradually [[Romanized]], but shepherds in the countryside were assimilated more slowly and only partially. After the collapsed of the Roman Empire, Dalmatian citizens continued to partly speak the Old Dalmatic Romance language (intermediary one between [[Italian language|Italian]] and [[Romanian language|Rumanian]]).
+=== Religion ===
-The medieval descendants of pastoral Delmatae in Dalmatian inlands conserved (at least partly) an Eastern Romance tongue (see [[Istro-Romanian language]]) with a large number of Slavic loanwords, called [[Morlachian language|Morlachian dialect]] (Murlaška besida), persisting also in the [[Austrian Empire]]; it was chiefly spoken by 2100 local shepherds around the recent town of Livno up to World War I. Then in [[Yugoslavia]] during 20th century these non-Slavic pastorals under oppression were quickly slavicized. What remains of their language is but a few curious non-Slavic toponyms around the Livno valley, e.g. the [[wikt:rivulet|rivulets]] Ayvatat, Suturba, and mountain peaks Bleynadorna, Brona, Ozirna, Gareta, Mitra, Zugva, Drul, Yenit, Yunch, Chamasir, and others.
+{{See also|Illyrian religion}}
+The major collective deity of the Delmatic federation was their pastoral god 'Sylvanus' they called Vidasus.<ref>The Illyrians by J. J. Wilkes, 1996, {{ISBN|0-631-19807-5}}, p. 247, "... Death among Illyrians 247 identities of Silvanus and Diana, a familiar combination on many dedications in the territory of the Delmatae. Sometimes the name of a local deity is recorded only in the Latin form, for example, ..."</ref> His divine wife was 'Thana',<ref>Wilkes. "North of the Japodes, the altars to Vidasus and Thana dedicated at the hot springs of Topusko reveal the local Roman Illyrians..."</ref> a Delmatic goddess mostly comparable with Roman Diana and Greek Artemis. Their frequent reliefs often accompanied by nymphs, are partly conserved up today in some cliffs of Dalmatia; in Imotski valley also their temple used from 4th to 1st century BC, was unearthed. The third important one of Delmatae was a war god '[[Armatus]]' comparable with Roman Mars and Greek Ares. Their bad deity was the celestial Dragon{{Citation needed|date=September 2009}} devouring the sun or moon in the eclipses.
-==Literature==
+A strong weapons cult was very specific for the patriarchal Delmatae, and in their masculine tombs different weapons are widely present (that is rare in neighbouring peoples e.g. Liburni, Iapydes, etc.). Their usual tombs were under the stone tumuli of [[kurgan]] type. After the classic Roman reports (Muzic 1998), nomadic Delmatae were extremely superstitious, and they had a primitive panic dread{{Citation needed|date=September 2009}} from all celestial phenomena: any view on the night stars was for them forbidden in the fear of a sure death, and in the case of solar or lunar eclipses they repeated tremendous collective howling because of the immediate world ending, made hysterical suicides etc.
-* Issa-Fatimi, Aziz & Yoshamya, Zyelimer: ''Kurdish-Croat-English glossary of dialects Dimili and Kurmanji, and their biogenetic comparison.'' Scientific society for Ethnogenesis studies, Zagreb 2006 (in press).
-* Lovric, A.Z. et al.: ''The Ikavic Schakavians in Dalmatia (glossary, culture, genom).'' Old-Croatian Archidioms, Monograph 3 (in press), Scientific society for Ethnogenesis studies, Zagreb 2007.
-* Muzic, Ivan: ''Autoctonia e prereligione sul suolo della provincia Romana di Dalmazia.'' Accademia Archeologica Italiana, Roma 1994 (5th edition: ''Slaveni, Goti i Hrvati na teritoriju rimske provincije Dalmacije'' Zagreb 1998, 599 p.)
-* Zaninovic, M.: ''Ilirsko pleme Delmati.'' Godišnjak (Annuaire) 4-5, 27 p., Centar za balkanološke studije, Sarajevo 1966–1967.
-==See also==
+== See also ==
+*[[List of ancient Illyrian peoples and tribes]]
-{{Portal|Croatia}}
-* [[Dalmatia]]
-* [[Tariotes]]
-* [[List of Illyrian tribes]]
-* [[Illyrians]]
-* [[Liburnians]]
-* [[Ancient Rome]]
-* [[Adriatic]]
-* [[Croatia]]
-==References==
+== References ==
 {{Reflist}}
+== Bibliography ==
-==External links==
+{{refbegin|30em|indent=yes}}
-{{Commons|Illyria & Illyrians}}
+<!-- C -->
-*[http://www.deutsche-schutzgebiete.de/webpages/kuk_Dalmatien_1914+.jpg Map of ancient Dalmatia]
+*{{cite journal|last=Catani|first=Lorenzo|title=Arheološko-povijesne bilješke o Castellum Tariona u rimsko doba|trans-title=Archaeological and historical notes on the Castellum Tariona in the Roman Era|journal=Vjesnik Za Arheologiju I Povijest Dalmatinsku|volume=101|number=1|year=2008|place=Split|pages=75–86|url=https://hrcak.srce.hr/31103|language=hr, en}}
+<!-- D -->
+*{{cite book |last1=Dzino |first1=Danijel |title=Illyricum in Roman Politics, 229 BC–AD 68 |date=2010 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0521194198 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7vvjB_DKQNIC}}
+*{{cite book |last1=Duridanov |first1=Ivan |editor1-last=Bister |editor1-first=Feliks J. |editor2-last=Gramshammer-Hohl |editor2-first=Dagmar |editor3-last=Heynoldt |editor3-first=Anke |title=Lexikon der Sprachen des europäischen Ostens |date=2002 |publisher=Wieser Verlag |isbn=978-3-85129-510-8 |url=https://eeo.aau.at/wwwg.uni-klu.ac.at/eeo/Illyrisch.pdf |chapter=Illyrisch}}
+*{{cite book |last1=Duridanov |first1=Ivan |title=Die Hydronymie des Vardarsystems als Geschichtsquelle |date=1975 |publisher=Böhlau Verlag |isbn=3412839736 |url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/12037585.pdf}}
+<!-- M -->
+*{{cite journal|last=Miletić|first=Alen|title=Saltus Tariotarum|journal=Opvscvla Archaeologica|volume=32|number=1|year=2008a|pages=7–20|url=https://hrcak.srce.hr/37059|language=hr, en}}
+*{{cite journal |last1=Morić |first1=Ivana |title=Običaji Delmata |journal=Rostra |publisher=University of Zadar |date=2012 |volume=5 |issue=5 |url=https://hrcak.srce.hr/169386}}
+<!-- S -->
+*{{cite journal|last=Šašel Kos|first=Marjeta|title=Cadmus and Harmonia in Illyria|journal=Arheološki Vestnik |url=https://www.academia.edu/489633|volume=44|year=1993|pages=113–136}}
+*{{cite book |last1=Šašel Kos |first1=Marjeta |title=Appian and Illyricum |date=2005 |publisher=Narodni muzej Slovenije |isbn=961616936X |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=opBpAAAAMAAJ}}
+*{{cite book|last=Schütz|first=István|title=Fehér foltok a Balkánon|place=Budapest|publisher=Balassi Kiadó|year=2006|orig-year=2002|isbn=9635064721|language=hu}}
+*{{cite journal|last1=Šimunović|first1=Petar|url=http://hrcak.srce.hr/118625|title=Predantički toponimi u današnjoj (i povijesnoj) Hrvatskoj [Pre-Roman placenames in present-day (and historical) Croatia] |journal=Folia onomastica Croatica|issue=22|date=2013|pages=147–214 }}
+<!-- W -->
+*{{cite web |last1=Wilkes |first1=John |title=Studies in the roman province of Dalmatia |url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/19898871.pdf |publisher=Durham University |date=1962}}
+*{{cite book|last=Wilkes|first=John|title=The Illyrians|year=1996|publisher=Wiley|isbn=978-0631146711|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l8q0QgAACAAJ&q=Wilkes%20the%20illyrians}}
+{{ref end}}
+{{Illyrians}}
 [[Category:Illyrian tribes]]
-[[Category:Ancient peoples]]
+[[Category:Illyrian Bosnia and Herzegovina]]
-[[Category:Indo-European peoples]]
 [[Category:Illyrian Croatia]]
+[[Category:Ancient tribes in Bosnia and Herzegovina]]
 [[Category:Ancient tribes in Croatia]]
+[[Category:Tribes conquered by Rome]]
+[[Category:Tribes conquered by the Roman Republic]]
 [[Category:History of Dalmatia]]
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-[[pt:Dálmatas]]
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