Decree of Turda: Difference between revisions
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The '''Decree of |
The '''Decree of Turda''' ({{langx|hu|tordai dekrétum}}; {{langx|ro|Decretul de la Turda}}) was a 14th century decree by King [[Louis I of Hungary]] that granted special privileges to the Transylvanian noblemen to take measures against malefactors belonging to any nation, especially the Romanians. |
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== Background == |
== Background == |
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In the 14th century, the [[Kingdom of Hungary (1301–1526)|Kingdom of Hungary]] had a political and economic consolidation, thus [[Transylvania]] prospered as never before. The campaign against the [[Golden Horde]] in 1345 led by [[Andrew Lackfi]], [[Count of the Székelys]] had finally expelled the [[Tatars]] and ended the devastations of the Mongols.<ref name=":1" /> |
In the 14th century, the [[Kingdom of Hungary (1301–1526)|Kingdom of Hungary]] had a political and economic consolidation, thus [[Transylvania]] prospered as never before. The campaign against the [[Golden Horde]] in 1345 led by [[Andrew Lackfi]], [[Count of the Székelys]] had finally expelled the [[Tatars]] and ended the devastations of the Mongols.<ref name=":1" /> |
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According to Hungarian historians, the main source of problems was the relationship between nobles and villains, which was not resolved and was further complicated as claimed by legal and social aspects of the settlement of Romanians in the Hungarian counties.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Makkai |first=László |title=History of Transylvania Volume I. From the Beginnings to 1606 - III. Transylvania in the Medieval Hungarian Kingdom (896–1526) - 3. From the Mongol Invasion to the Battle of Mohács |publisher=Columbia University Press, (The Hungarian original by Institute of History Of The Hungarian Academy of Sciences) |year=2001 |isbn=0-88033-479-7 |language=English |chapter=The Three Feudal 'Nations' and the Ottoman Threat |chapter-url=http://mek.niif.hu/03400/03407/html/82.html}}</ref> Due to the different ways of life, the constantly increasing population of Romanians in Transylvania led to repeated conflicts with the Hungarians. King [[Louis I of Hungary]] visited Transylvania in 1366 to deal with the disorder.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Petrovics |first=István |title=Segregation-Integration-Assimilation - Religious and Etnic Groups in the Medieval Towns of Central and Eastern Europe |publisher=Ashgate Publishing, Ltd |year=2009 |isbn=9780754664772 |editor-last1=Keene |editor-first1=Derek |volume=Historical Urban Studies Series |location=Farnham, Surrey, England |chapter=Foreign Ethnic Groups in the Towns of Southern Hungary in the Middle Ages |editor-last2=Nagy |editor-first2=Balázs |editor-last3=Szende |editor-first3=Katalin |chapter-url=https://www.academia.edu/3532018/Foreign_Ethnic_Groups_in_the_Towns_of_Southern_Hungary_In_Derek_Keene_Balázs_Nagy_Katalin_Szende_Eds_Segregation_Integration_Assimilation_Religious_and_Etnic_Groups_in_the_Medieval_Towns_of_Central_and_Eastern_Europe_Historical_Urban_Studies_Series_Ashgate_Farnham_2009_pp_67_88}}</ref> |
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According to Romanian historian [[Ioan-Aurel Pop]] the main cause was the suspicion of disloyalty of Romanian population towards the Hungarian Crown. After their lands were settled with colonists, seized, or passed to Hungarian nobles some of the [[Knez (Vlach leader)|knezes]] and [[Voivode (Vlach leader)|voivodes]] rebelled. This might have caused the resistance and later departure of [[Radu Negru]] and [[Bogdan I of Moldavia|Bogdan I]], and the [[founding of Wallachia]] and [[Founding of Moldavia|Moldavia]] as separate entities from the Kingdom of Hungary. Faced with rebellion and pressed by the nobility, the King had to act promptly and with strictness.<ref> |
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{{Cite book|last=Pop |first=Ioan-Aurel |trans-title=Romanians and Hungarians from the 9th to the 14th Century. The Genesis of the Transylvanian Medieval State |title=Românii şi maghiarii în secolele IX-XIV. Geneza statului medieval în Transilvania] |publisher=Center for Transylvanian Studies |year=1996 |pages=179–183 }}</ref> |
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== History == |
== History == |
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King [[Louis I of Hungary]] stayed in [[Transylvania]] from April to August in 1366.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Dr. Jancsó |first=Benedek |url=https://mek.oszk.hu/10100/10104/10104.pdf |title=Erdély története |publisher=Minerva |location=Cluj-Kolozsvár |pages=63 |language=Hungarian |trans-title=History of Transylvania |chapter=Erdély története az Anjou-ház uralkodása alatt |trans-chapter=History of Transylvania during the reign of the House of Anjou}}</ref> On 28 June 1366, while residing in Torda (present-day [[Turda]]), the monarch issued a decree at the request of the Transylvanian noblemen.{{sfn|Pop|2013|p=458}} The latter had informed the King that they "have been suffering, day by day, many troubles because of the evil arts of many malefactors, especially Romanians, ...because of their way of being and their disorderly behaviour".{{sfn|Pop|2013|pp=458-459}}{{sfn|Pop|2003|p=122}} The royal decree granted special privileges to the Transylvanian noblemen "in order to exterminate or remove, from this country, malefactors belonging to any nation". For this purpose, the decree determines the rules of the [[legal procedure]].{{sfn|Pop|2013|p=459}} On 28 June 1366, while residing in the [[Transylvania]]n town of Torda (present-day [[Turda]]), Louis enacted a decree to reinforce law and order, regulating some areas of social and public life, administration, criminal law and judicial practice.{{citation needed|date=May 2023}} |
King [[Louis I of Hungary]] stayed in [[Transylvania]] from April to August in 1366.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Dr. Jancsó |first=Benedek |url=https://mek.oszk.hu/10100/10104/10104.pdf |title=Erdély története |publisher=Minerva |location=Cluj-Kolozsvár |pages=63 |language=Hungarian |trans-title=History of Transylvania |chapter=Erdély története az Anjou-ház uralkodása alatt |trans-chapter=History of Transylvania during the reign of the House of Anjou}}</ref> On 28 June 1366, while residing in Torda (present-day [[Turda]]), the monarch issued a decree at the request of the Transylvanian noblemen.{{sfn|Pop|2013|p=458}} The latter had informed the King that they "have been suffering, day by day, many troubles because of the evil arts of many malefactors, especially Romanians, ...because of their way of being and their disorderly behaviour".{{sfn|Pop|2013|pp=458-459}}{{sfn|Pop|2003|p=122}} The royal decree granted special privileges to the Transylvanian noblemen "in order to exterminate or remove, from this country, malefactors belonging to any nation, in particular Romanians". For this purpose, the decree determines the rules of the [[legal procedure]].{{sfn|Pop|2013|p=459}} On 28 June 1366, while residing in the [[Transylvania]]n town of Torda (present-day [[Turda]]), Louis enacted a decree to reinforce law and order, regulating some areas of social and public life, administration, criminal law and judicial practice.{{citation needed|date=May 2023}} |
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The conditions imposed by the decree for maintaining or acceding nobility (in particular, affiliation to the [[Roman Catholic Church]] and possession of a royal certificate of donation for the owned land){{dubious|reason=The decree does not refer to Catholicism, and it says that an oath taken by a Vlach knez who had been settled on royal domains was equal to an oath taken by a nobleman.|date=May 2023}} were to select and limit the noble class over a period of centuries, which in turn accelerated the decline of the [[Estates of the realm|Estate]] of [[Romanians]] ([[Universitas Valachorum]]).<ref name="Pop">Pop I.-A., [http://www.stm.unipi.it/Clioh/tabs/libri/9/08-Pop_111-124.pdf ''Nations and Denominations in Transylvania (13th - 16th Century)''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718141520/http://www.stm.unipi.it/Clioh/tabs/libri/9/08-Pop_111-124.pdf |date=2011-07-18 }} In ''Tolerance and Intolerance in Historical Perspective'', edited by Csaba Lévai et al., Edizioni PLUS, Università di Pisa, 2003, p. 111 – 125</ref> |
The conditions imposed by the decree for maintaining or acceding nobility (in particular, affiliation to the [[Roman Catholic Church]] and possession of a royal certificate of donation for the owned land){{dubious|reason=The decree does not refer to Catholicism, and it says that an oath taken by a Vlach knez who had been settled on royal domains was equal to an oath taken by a nobleman.|date=May 2023}} were to select and limit the noble class over a period of centuries, which in turn accelerated the decline of the [[Estates of the realm|Estate]] of [[Romanians]] ([[Universitas Valachorum]]).<ref name="Pop">Pop I.-A., [http://www.stm.unipi.it/Clioh/tabs/libri/9/08-Pop_111-124.pdf ''Nations and Denominations in Transylvania (13th - 16th Century)''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718141520/http://www.stm.unipi.it/Clioh/tabs/libri/9/08-Pop_111-124.pdf |date=2011-07-18 }} In ''Tolerance and Intolerance in Historical Perspective'', edited by Csaba Lévai et al., Edizioni PLUS, Università di Pisa, 2003, p. 111 – 125</ref> |
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The decree takes |
The decree takes action against malefactors: ''propter presumptuosam astuciam diversorum malefactorum, specialiter Olachorum in ipsa terra nostra existencium (…) ad exterminandum seu delendum in ipsa terra malefactores quarumlibet nacionum, signanter Olachorum'' - because of the evil arts of many malefactors, especially [[Romanians]], who live in that our country (…) to expel or to exterminate in this country malefactors belonging to any nation, especially [[Romanians]].<ref>I. Dani, K. Gündish ''et al''. (eds.) ''Documenta Romaniae Historica, vol. XIII, Transilvania (1366-1370)'', Editura Academiei Române, Bucharest 1994, p. 161-162</ref> |
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Historians have not reached a consensual view of the exact circumstances of the issuing of the decree and its main purpose.{{sfn|Pop|2013|p=461}} |
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According to Romanian historian Ioan-Aurel Pop, this was the first time in [[Transylvania]] that discriminatory law enforcement along ethnic lines was legally codified.<ref>I.A.POP - [https://www.slideshare.net/FrescatiStory/ioan-aurel-pop-romanii-si-maghiarii-din-transilvania-sec-ix-xiv Romanians and Hungarians in Transylvania, IX to XIV centuries], pages 183-184, 2009</ref> |
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István Petrovics writes that the mobile way of life of the increasing Romanian population caused their conflicts with the sedentary Hungarians.<ref name=":2" /> According to Ioan-Aurel Pop, the Decree comes after the breakaway of [[Moldavia]] from Hungarian influence which raised concern with the [[Louis I of Hungary|king]] and nobles alike that other [[Romanians|Romanian]] nobles might follow [[Bogdan I of Moldavia|Bogdan]]'s example.{{sfn|Pop|2013|p=49}} He also states that the decree shows the Romanians' "muted resistance" against the monarch and the noblemen who had attempted to deprive them of their property, especially their inherited estates.{{sfn|Pop|2013|pp=469-470}} |
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According to Benedek Jancsó, documents from the 14th-15th centuries attest several social problems, the relationship between the semi-nomadic shepherding Romanian settlers and the permanently settled and farming Transylvanian Hungarians and Saxons was the same as between the farming Hungarians in the Great Hungarian Plains and the wandering Cumans with their flocks. This explains the strict measures taken by [[Louis I of Hungary|King Louis the Great]] in 1366 that the "proliferating malefactors must be exterminated".<ref name=":0" /> |
According to Benedek Jancsó, documents from the 14th-15th centuries attest several social problems, the relationship between the semi-nomadic shepherding Romanian settlers and the permanently settled and farming Transylvanian Hungarians and Saxons was the same as between the farming Hungarians in the Great Hungarian Plains and the wandering Cumans with their flocks. This explains the strict measures taken by [[Louis I of Hungary|King Louis the Great]] in 1366 that the "proliferating malefactors must be exterminated".<ref name=":0" /> |
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Latest revision as of 20:17, 2 November 2024
| Decree of Turda | |
|---|---|
| Created | 28 June 1366 |
| Location | Torda (present-day Turda, Romania) |
| Author(s) | King Louis I of Hungary |
| Purpose | Determination of procedural rules |
The Decree of Turda (Hungarian: tordai dekrétum; Romanian: Decretul de la Turda) was a 14th century decree by King Louis I of Hungary that granted special privileges to the Transylvanian noblemen to take measures against malefactors belonging to any nation, especially the Romanians.
Background
[edit]In the 14th century, the Kingdom of Hungary had a political and economic consolidation, thus Transylvania prospered as never before. The campaign against the Golden Horde in 1345 led by Andrew Lackfi, Count of the Székelys had finally expelled the Tatars and ended the devastations of the Mongols.[1]
According to Hungarian historians, the main source of problems was the relationship between nobles and villains, which was not resolved and was further complicated as claimed by legal and social aspects of the settlement of Romanians in the Hungarian counties.[1] Due to the different ways of life, the constantly increasing population of Romanians in Transylvania led to repeated conflicts with the Hungarians. King Louis I of Hungary visited Transylvania in 1366 to deal with the disorder.[1][2]
According to Romanian historian Ioan-Aurel Pop the main cause was the suspicion of disloyalty of Romanian population towards the Hungarian Crown. After their lands were settled with colonists, seized, or passed to Hungarian nobles some of the knezes and voivodes rebelled. This might have caused the resistance and later departure of Radu Negru and Bogdan I, and the founding of Wallachia and Moldavia as separate entities from the Kingdom of Hungary. Faced with rebellion and pressed by the nobility, the King had to act promptly and with strictness.[3]
History
[edit]King Louis I of Hungary stayed in Transylvania from April to August in 1366.[4] On 28 June 1366, while residing in Torda (present-day Turda), the monarch issued a decree at the request of the Transylvanian noblemen.[5] The latter had informed the King that they "have been suffering, day by day, many troubles because of the evil arts of many malefactors, especially Romanians, ...because of their way of being and their disorderly behaviour".[6][7] The royal decree granted special privileges to the Transylvanian noblemen "in order to exterminate or remove, from this country, malefactors belonging to any nation, in particular Romanians". For this purpose, the decree determines the rules of the legal procedure.[8] On 28 June 1366, while residing in the Transylvanian town of Torda (present-day Turda), Louis enacted a decree to reinforce law and order, regulating some areas of social and public life, administration, criminal law and judicial practice.[citation needed]
The conditions imposed by the decree for maintaining or acceding nobility (in particular, affiliation to the Roman Catholic Church and possession of a royal certificate of donation for the owned land)[dubious – discuss] were to select and limit the noble class over a period of centuries, which in turn accelerated the decline of the Estate of Romanians (Universitas Valachorum).[9]
The decree takes action against malefactors: propter presumptuosam astuciam diversorum malefactorum, specialiter Olachorum in ipsa terra nostra existencium (…) ad exterminandum seu delendum in ipsa terra malefactores quarumlibet nacionum, signanter Olachorum - because of the evil arts of many malefactors, especially Romanians, who live in that our country (…) to expel or to exterminate in this country malefactors belonging to any nation, especially Romanians.[10]
Historians have not reached a consensual view of the exact circumstances of the issuing of the decree and its main purpose.[11]
According to Romanian historian Ioan-Aurel Pop, this was the first time in Transylvania that discriminatory law enforcement along ethnic lines was legally codified.[12]
István Petrovics writes that the mobile way of life of the increasing Romanian population caused their conflicts with the sedentary Hungarians.[2] According to Ioan-Aurel Pop, the Decree comes after the breakaway of Moldavia from Hungarian influence which raised concern with the king and nobles alike that other Romanian nobles might follow Bogdan's example.[13] He also states that the decree shows the Romanians' "muted resistance" against the monarch and the noblemen who had attempted to deprive them of their property, especially their inherited estates.[14]
According to Benedek Jancsó, documents from the 14th-15th centuries attest several social problems, the relationship between the semi-nomadic shepherding Romanian settlers and the permanently settled and farming Transylvanian Hungarians and Saxons was the same as between the farming Hungarians in the Great Hungarian Plains and the wandering Cumans with their flocks. This explains the strict measures taken by King Louis the Great in 1366 that the "proliferating malefactors must be exterminated".[4]
Notes
[edit]- ^ a b c Makkai, László (2001). "The Three Feudal 'Nations' and the Ottoman Threat". History of Transylvania Volume I. From the Beginnings to 1606 - III. Transylvania in the Medieval Hungarian Kingdom (896–1526) - 3. From the Mongol Invasion to the Battle of Mohács. Columbia University Press, (The Hungarian original by Institute of History Of The Hungarian Academy of Sciences). ISBN 0-88033-479-7.
- ^ a b Petrovics, István (2009). "Foreign Ethnic Groups in the Towns of Southern Hungary in the Middle Ages". In Keene, Derek; Nagy, Balázs; Szende, Katalin (eds.). Segregation-Integration-Assimilation - Religious and Etnic Groups in the Medieval Towns of Central and Eastern Europe. Vol. Historical Urban Studies Series. Farnham, Surrey, England: Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. ISBN 9780754664772.
- ^ Pop, Ioan-Aurel (1996). Românii şi maghiarii în secolele IX-XIV. Geneza statului medieval în Transilvania] [Romanians and Hungarians from the 9th to the 14th Century. The Genesis of the Transylvanian Medieval State]. Center for Transylvanian Studies. pp. 179–183.
- ^ a b Dr. Jancsó, Benedek. "Erdély története az Anjou-ház uralkodása alatt" [History of Transylvania during the reign of the House of Anjou]. Erdély története [History of Transylvania] (PDF) (in Hungarian). Cluj-Kolozsvár: Minerva. p. 63.
- ^ Pop 2013, p. 458.
- ^ Pop 2013, pp. 458–459.
- ^ Pop 2003, p. 122.
- ^ Pop 2013, p. 459.
- ^ Pop I.-A., Nations and Denominations in Transylvania (13th - 16th Century) Archived 2011-07-18 at the Wayback Machine In Tolerance and Intolerance in Historical Perspective, edited by Csaba Lévai et al., Edizioni PLUS, Università di Pisa, 2003, p. 111 – 125
- ^ I. Dani, K. Gündish et al. (eds.) Documenta Romaniae Historica, vol. XIII, Transilvania (1366-1370), Editura Academiei Române, Bucharest 1994, p. 161-162
- ^ Pop 2013, p. 461.
- ^ I.A.POP - Romanians and Hungarians in Transylvania, IX to XIV centuries, pages 183-184, 2009
- ^ Pop 2013, p. 49.
- ^ Pop 2013, pp. 469–470.
Sources
[edit]- Makkai, László (1994). "The Emergence of the Estates (1172–1526)". In Köpeczi, Béla; Barta, Gábor; Bóna, István; Makkai, László; Szász, Zoltán; Borus, Judit (eds.). History of Transylvania. Akadémiai Kiadó. pp. 178–243. ISBN 963-05-6703-2.
- Petrovics, István (2009). "Foreign Ethnic Groups in the Towns of Southern Hungary in the Middle Ages". In Keene, Derek; Nagy, Balázs; Szende, Katalin (eds.). Segregation-Integration-Assimilation: Religious and Ethnic Groups in the Medieval Towns of Central and Eastern Europe. Ashgate. pp. 67–88. ISBN 978-0-7546-6477-2.
- Pop, Ioan-Aurel (2003). "Nations and Denominations in Transylvania (13th-14th Century)". In Lévai, Csaba; Vese, Vasile (eds.). Tolerance and Intolerance in Historical Perspective. Plus. pp. 111–123. ISBN 88-8492-139-2.
- Pop, Ioan-Aurel (2013). "De manibus Valachorum scismaticorum...": Romanians and Power in the Mediaeval Kingdom of Hungary: The Thirteenth and Fourteenth Centuries. Peter Lang Edition. ISBN 978-3-631-64866-7.