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Fall of Mosul

Coordinates: 36°20′14″N 43°08′09″E / 36.3372°N 43.1358°E / 36.3372; 43.1358
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For other uses, see Battle of Mosul (disambiguation).
Fall of Mosul
Part of the War in Iraq (2013–2017)

A Humvee damaged after an IS attack in Mosul on 14 June 2014
Date4–10 June 2014
(6 days)
Location
Mosul, Iraq
Result

IS victory

Territorial
changes
  • IS takes over Mosul on June 10.[2][3][4]
  • Iraqi Security Forces abandon Mosul.[1]
  • IS seizes the provincial government headquarters, Mosul International Airport, the local prisons and banks.[1]
    • Belligerents
    Iraq Islamic State Islamic State
    Commanders and leaders
    Iraq Mahdi Al-Gharrawi Islamic State Muhammad Sa'id Abdal-Rahman al-Mawla[5]
    Islamic State Abu Abdulrahman al-Bilawi †
    Units involved
    		 Military of the Islamic State
    Strength

    60,000[6]

    • 30,000 soldiers (Two divisions, with security forces outnumbering attackers by more than 15-to-1)[7][8]
    • 30,000 federal police[6]
    • minus unknown number of no-show ghost soldiers, possibly reducing man-power to 20% of its official count.[9]
    		 800–1,500 militants[7][10][11] or 1,000[12]
    Casualties and losses
    2,500 killed or wounded[13]
    4,000 prisoners executed[14]
    Thousands deserted    		 At least 105 killed[15]

    6,605+ killed overall

    Around 500,000 civilians displaced from Mosul[16]

    The fall of Mosul in Iraq occurred between 4 and 10 June 2014, when Islamic State (IS) insurgents, initially led by Abu Abdulrahman al-Bilawi, captured Mosul from the Iraqi Army, led by Lieutenant General Mahdi Al-Gharrawi.

    On 4 June, the insurgents began their efforts to capture Mosul. The Iraqi army officially had 30,000 soldiers and another 30,000 federal police stationed in the city, facing a 1,500-member attacking force. The Iraqi forces' actual numbers were much lower due to ghost soldiers, severely reducing combat ability.[9] After six days of combat and massive desertions, Iraqi soldiers received orders to retreat. The city of Mosul, including Mosul International Airport and the helicopters located there, all fell under IS's control. An estimated 500,000 civilians fled from the city.

    A former commander of the Iraqi ground forces, Ali Ghaidan, accused former Prime Minister Nuri al-Maliki of being the one who issued the order to withdraw from the city of Mosul.[17] Mosul would remain under IS control for a few years. Iraqi forces initiated an offensive to retake the city in 2016; the Battle of Mosul ended in its liberation in July the following year.

    Background

    See also: Anbar campaign (2013–2014)

    Beginning in December 2013, ongoing clashes occurred between tribal militias, Iraqi security forces, and the Islamic State in Iraq and the Levant (IS) throughout western Iraq. In early January 2014, IS militants successfully captured the cities of Fallujah and Hīt,[18] bringing much of Al Anbar Governorate under their control. The Iraqi Army then began conducting an offensive into Anbar in an attempt to retake the region. Iraqi forces recaptured Samarra on 5 June 2014,[19] and also heavily shelled Fallujah to weaken the IS forces there. However, IS had made territorial advances in neighboring Syria, giving them access to more weapons[20] and substantially strengthening their position.[21]

    In early June, following the Iraqi Army's campaign in the Anbar region, insurgents began advancing into the central and northern parts of Iraq. During the advancement, Iraqi security forces killed IS military chief Abu Abdulrahman al-Bilawi on 4 June near Mosul. IS named the military operation that resulted in their seizure of Mosul "Bilawi Vengeance", a reference to their late commander's alias.[22] Just before the operation began, insurgents still controlled most of Fallujah and Garmah, as well as parts of Haditha, Jurf Al Sakhar, Anah, Qa'im, Abu Ghraib, and several smaller settlements in the Anbar Province.[23]

    Fall of Mosul

    U.S. Army diagram of the fall of Mosul

    On 4 June, Iraqi police, under the command of Lieutenant General Mahdi Gharawi, cornered IS military leader Abu Abdulrahman al-Bilawi near Mosul,[24] in Iraq. Al-Bilawi blew himself up, and Gharawi hoped it would prevent an attack.[25]

    At 2:30 in morning, IS convoys of pickup trucks, each truck carrying four fighters, entered Mosul by shooting at the city's checkpoints. Though Mosul's first line of defense was thought to contain 2,500 soldiers, Gharawi says that "reality was closer to 500". He noted that since all of the city's tanks were being used by Iraqi forces in Al Anbar Governorate, the city was left with little to combat the IS fighters. The insurgents hanged, burned, and crucified some Iraqi soldiers during their attack.[25]

    On 5 June, a curfew was imposed in the city.[26] The government used helicopters to bomb the militants. In the southern part of the city, five suicide bombers blasted an arsenal.[27]

    On 6 June IS began their attack on the northwestern part of the city. The IS forces in the city totaled 1,500 militants, outnumbered by Iraqi forces by more than 15 to 1.[11] Two suicide bomber cars exploded, in Muwaffakiya, a village near Mosul, killing six Shabak soldiers. After the attacks, most of the fighters either retreated into the desert or camouflaged among the local population.[27]

    On 8 June, the group launched a double bomb attack against a Patriotic Union of Kurdistan party office in Jalawla, in which eighteen people died.[28] That day, about a hundred vehicles entered Mosul, carrying at least four hundred men. Sleeper cells hidden within the city were then activated and according to police, "neighbourhoods rallied to them".[25] Assassinations carried out by the sleeper cells left Mosul leaderless.[29] The group also bombed a police station in the neighborhood of al-Uraybi, and encircled an abandoned building on the west of Tigris River being used as a headquarters for a group of thirty police officers.[25]

    On 9 June, IS executed fifteen Iraqi security force members who were captured in Tikrit.[30] According to CBS News, IS fighters armed with machine guns and rocket-propelled grenades stormed the Nineveh provincial headquarters that same day.[31] By that time, the Fourth Battalion were among the last local police fighting the attackers, the rest of the defense forces having run away or joined the opposition. Lacking plans and ammunition, Gharawi ordered the Iraqi military to retreat on the advice of retired general Khaled al-Obeidi.[25] On that same night, IS and Sunni militants attacked Mosul, causing heavy fighting overnight. Iraqi Army soldiers fled the city while it was under attack, allowing the militants to control much of Mosul by midday on 10 June.[21] The militants seized numerous facilities, including Mosul International Airport, which had served as a hub for the U.S. military in the region.[32] Militants captured the helicopters present at the airport, in addition to "several villages" and a military airbase in south Saladin Governorate.[31] The Iraqi army "crumbled in the face of the militant assault", which is evidenced by the fact that soldiers abandoned their weapons and dressed as civilians to blend in with the noncombatants.[33]

    The city fell to the IS on 10 June 2014 after four days of clashes between the insurgents and the Iraqi military. There were reports that the group was advancing from Mosul to Kirkuk at the time. While capturing the city, the group freed nearly 1,000 prisoners, some of whom were greeted by the fighters.[13] Black flags were also flown over government buildings.[1]

    Aftermath

    Further information: Northern Iraq offensive (June 2014)
    Areas of IS control and activity in Syria and Iraq by May 2015

    On 11 June, IS insurgents entered the oil refinery town of Baiji, seizing and setting its main courthouse and police station on fire. The militants, who were travelling in a group of around 60 vehicles, also took control of the Baiji prison and freed all the inmates within. Local residents told members of the media that IS sent a group of local tribal chiefs ahead of them, trying to convince the 250 guards at the oil plant to withdraw. Soldiers and police were also warned to leave the area.[34][35] Al Jazeera claimed that later that day, militants retreated from Baiji after reinforcements from the Iraqi Army's Fourth Armored Division arrived in the city.[36]

    That day, IS members also seized the Turkish consulate in Mosul, kidnapping 49 Turkish employees, including the Consul General, three children, and several members of the Turkish Special Forces. Reports suggested that the abducted were taken to a nearby militant base and were unharmed. An unnamed Turkish official confirmed that the government was in contact with IS. Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdoğan held an emergency meeting with members of the National Intelligence Agency (MIT) and Deputy Prime Minister Beşir Atalay to discuss the situation. The attack came a day after 28 Turkish truck drivers were abducted by militants while delivering fuel to a power plant in Mosul.[37][38]

    After seizing control of Mosul, IS forces executed an estimated 4,000 Iraqi Security Force prisoners, and dumped their bodies in the single largest known mass grave in Iraq, at the Khafsa Sinkhole. This mass grave was later uncovered during the Battle of Mosul (2016–2017).[14]

    Insurgents took full control of Tikrit on the evening of 11 June. Local officials reported that checkpoints had been set up around the city, and that at least 300 inmates had been freed from the city's prisons, many of them serving sentences under terrorism charges.[36][39][40]

    In response to the fall of Mosul and its aftermath, the Iraqi government said that it would arm its civilians and its parliament would declare a state of emergency. The government also spoke of a plan to reorganize its military, involving a collaboration between tribal people and the U.S. military.[13]

    Response

    See also: Mosul offensive (2015) and Battle of Mosul (2016–2017)

    The U.S. State Department said that it was "deeply concerned" and that it felt that the situation was "extremely serious". The State Department spokeswoman Jen Psaki said, "This growing threat exemplifies the need for Iraqis from all communities to work together to confront this common enemy and isolate these militant groups from the broader population".[13]

    Usama al-Nujayfi, a speaker of the Iraqi Parliament, who hailed from Mosul said that "what happened is a disaster by any standard". He also criticized the "negligence" of the army as they withdrew from the city.[31] Prime Minister Nuri Kamal al-Maliki, also asked for "help" from "friendly governments".[33]

    A Mosul-based businessman commented that the "city fell like a plane without an engine" as "they were firing their weapons into the air, but no one was shooting at them".[13] One officer told Reuters that "they [IS militants] appear, strike and disappear in seconds."[1]

    Reconstruction campaign

    UNESCO is leading an initiative called "revive the spirit of Mosul", with a budget of US$105.5 million to help rebuild the country. This project was financed by 15 UNESCO partners. The United Arab Emirates is supporting the rehabilitation of the Al Nouri Mosque and the Al-Hadba minaret, Al Saa'a Church and Al Tahera Church (US$38.5 million) and the European Union is supporting the reconstruction of houses and schools in the Old City of Mosul and Basra (US$38.5 million).[41]

    According to Audrey Azoulay, Director-General of UNESCO, "Reconstruction will succeed and Iraq will regain its influence only if the human dimension is given priority; education and culture are the key elements. They are forces of unity and reconciliation."[42]

    The initiative not only involves rebuilding infrastructure, but also aims to revive disappearing traditional arts and crafts.[43]

    See also

    References

    1. ^ a b c d e "Mosul falls to militants, Iraqi forces flee northern city". Reuters. 10 June 2014. Retrieved 17 April 2015.
    2. ^ "Mosul Falls, Indie Oil Should Rise". Forbes. Retrieved 11 June 2014.
    3. ^ Al-Salhy, Suadad; Fahim, Kareem (10 June 2014). "Sunni Militants Drive Iraqi Army Out of Mosul". The New York Times. Retrieved 10 June 2014.
    4. ^ Insurgents in Iraq Overrun Mosul Provincial Government Headquarters
    5. ^ "Amir Mohammed Abdul Rahman al-Mawli al-Salbi a.k.a. Abu Ibrahim al-Hashimi al-Quraishi". Counter Extremism Project. 2020-01-29. Retrieved 2020-02-05.
    6. ^ a b Iraqi Forces Attack Mosul, Seeking to Dislodge Islamic State The New York Times (16 October 2016)
    7. ^ a b "Iraq army capitulates to Isis militants in four cities". The Guardian. 11 June 2014. Retrieved 11 June 2014.
    8. ^ "Battle for Mosul: Critical test ahead for Iraq". BBC. 11 June 2014. Retrieved 11 June 2014.
    9. ^ a b al-Salhy, Suadad. "Iraq forces rebuilding the troops". aljazeera.com. Retrieved 2021-08-20.
    10. ^ Iraqis flee Mosul after fighters seize city (Al Jazeera, June 11, 2014)
    11. ^ a b "Terror's new headquarters". Economist. Retrieved 17 April 2015.
    12. ^ Weiss, Michael; Hassan, Hassan (2016). ISIS: The Army of Terror. Перевод с Английского [Translated from English]. Moscow: Альпина нон-фикшн. p. 17. ISBN 978-5-91671-504-0.
    13. ^ a b c d e Chulov, Martin (10 June 2014). "Isis insurgents seize control of Iraqi city of Mosul". The Guardian. Retrieved 17 April 2015.
    14. ^ a b Horror of Mosul where sinkhole became mass grave for 4,000 of Isil's victims
    15. ^ "Insurgents fight Iraqi forces in city of Mosul". Reuters. 6 June 2014.
    16. ^ "Iraq crisis: Islamists force 500,000 to flee Mosul". BBC News. 11 June 2014. Retrieved 11 June 2014.
    17. ^ "قائد عسكري سابق: المالكي أمر بسحب القوات من الموصل". aljazeera.net (in Arabic). Retrieved 2022-01-22.
    18. ^ "Iraq's Fallujah falls to 'Qaeda-linked' militants". Daily Star. 4 January 2014. Archived from the original on 19 October 2017. Retrieved 10 June 2014.
    19. ^ "80 killed in Iraq as security forces re-take city of Samarra". Xinhua. 5 June 2014. Archived from the original on June 14, 2014.
    20. ^ "Une province irakienne entière aux mains des jihadistes". Liberation. AFP. 10 June 2014. Archived from the original on 13 June 2014. Retrieved 10 June 2014.
    21. ^ a b Fahim, Kareem; Al-Salhy, Suadad (10 June 2014). "Sunni Militants Drive Iraqi Army Out of Mosul". The New York Times. Retrieved 10 June 2014.
    22. ^ "Revealed: the Islamic State 'cabinet', from finance minister to suicide bomb deployer". Telegraph. 9 July 2014. Retrieved 4 February 2015.
    23. ^ "Iraq Update #42: Al-Qaeda in Iraq Patrols Fallujah; Aims for Ramadi, Mosul, Baghdad". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 5 January 2014.
    24. ^ "Revealed: the Islamic State 'cabinet', from finance minister to suicide bomb deployer". The Telegraph. Retrieved 17 April 2015.
    25. ^ a b c d e "Special report - How Mosul fell: An Iraqi general disputes Baghdad's story". Reuters. 14 October 2014. Retrieved 2022-10-01.
    26. ^ Brown, Hayes (2014-06-11). "Half A Million Iraqi Refugees Added To An Already Overburdened Region". Think Progress. Center for American Progress Action Fund. Retrieved 2015-08-14.
    27. ^ a b "Insurgents fight Iraqi forces in city of Mosul". Reuters. Archived from the original on October 18, 2016. Retrieved 17 April 2015.
    28. ^ "Bombing of PUK HQ in Diyala leaves 18 dead". Daily Star. Archived from the original on 12 June 2014. Retrieved 17 April 2015.
    29. ^ Five Hostages, The New Yorker
    30. ^ "Iraq crisis: ISIS militants push towards Baghdad -June 13 as it happened". The Telegraph. Retrieved 17 April 2015.
    31. ^ a b c "Iraqi city of Mosul falls to jihadists". CBS News. Retrieved 17 April 2015.
    32. ^ Sly, Liz; Ramadan, Ahmed (10 June 2014). "Insurgents seize Iraqi city of Mosul as troops flee". The Washington Post. Retrieved 10 June 2014.
    33. ^ a b Al-Salhy, Suadad; Arango, Tim (10 June 2014). "Sunni Militants Drive Iraqi Army Out of Mosul". The New York Times. Retrieved 17 April 2015.
    34. ^ "Half a million flee unrest in Iraq's Mosul". Al Jazeera. 11 June 2014. Retrieved 11 June 2014.
    35. ^ "Al-Qaeda splinter group captures Iraqi oil refinery town". CBC News. 11 June 2014. Retrieved 11 June 2014.
    36. ^ a b "Iraqi city of Tikrit falls to ISIL fighters". Al Jazeera. 11 June 2014. Retrieved 11 June 2014.
    37. ^ "ISIL fighters seize 48 Turks at consulate in Iraq's Mosul". Today's Zaman. 11 June 2014. Archived from the original on 16 June 2014. Retrieved 11 June 2014.
    38. ^ "ISIL kidnaps Turkish consul, special forces, children in northern Iraqi hotspot". Hurriyet Daily News. June 11, 2014.
    39. ^ "Insurgents overrun parts of Iraqi city of Tikrit". Trust.org. Reuters. 11 June 2014. Archived from the original on 12 June 2014. Retrieved 11 June 2014.
    40. ^ "Iraq's Tikrit falls to militants: police". Daily Star Lebanon. 11 June 2014. Retrieved 11 June 2014.
    41. ^ "Revive the Spirit of Mosul". UNESCO. Retrieved 3 June 2023.
    42. ^ Al-Oraibi, Mina (2018-02-19). "Reconstruction isn't just about rebuilding Iraq, it is an exercise in nation-building too". The National. Retrieved 2023-06-03.
    43. ^ "'Living history': meet the Mosul residents rebuilding their city". The Art Newspaper - International art news and events. 2022-04-18. Retrieved 2023-06-03.

    36°20′14″N 43°08′09″E / 36.3372°N 43.1358°E / 36.3372; 43.1358

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