Geum rivale: Difference between revisions

Geum rivale
Conservation status
	; Least Concern (IUCN 3.1)
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
Clade:	Tracheophytes
Clade:	Angiosperms
Clade:	Eudicots
Clade:	Rosids
Order:	Rosales
Family:	Rosaceae
Genus:	Geum
Species:	G. rivale
Binomial name
	Geum rivale; L.

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Geum rivale, the water avens, is a flowering plant in the genus Geum within the family Rosaceae. Other names of the plant are nodding avens, drooping avens, cure-all, water flower and Indian chocolate.^[2] It is native to the temperate regions of Europe, Central Asia and parts of North America, where it is known as the purple avens.^[3] It grows in bogs and damp meadows,^[4] and produces nodding red flowers from May to September.^[5]

Distribution

Geum rivale is widespread in Europe, particularly in the northern and central parts. It is found throughout the British Isles, the Faroes, Iceland, Scandinavia, the Baltic States, and much of Central Europe^[6] (up to elevations of 2400 m in the Alps and 2,100 in the Carpathians).^[7] It is absent from the Pannonian Basin and western France; on the Italian Peninsula, it is found in scattered locations in the northern and central Apennines,^[6] while on the Iberian Peninsula it is restricted between 1000 m and 2200 m in the Cantabrians, Pyrenees, the Iberian and Central Systems, and the mountains of Sierra Nevada and Sierra de Cazorla in the south.^[8] It is found in the mountains of the Balkan Peninsula^[6] (in Bulgaria its altitudinal range is 1200–2100 m),^[9] the Caucasus, northern Anatolia and north-western Iran. It is also native to northern Ukraine and the central and northern parts of European Russia,^[7] Western Siberia up to the Sayan–Angara region in the east, as well as parts of Central Asia (the Dzungaria and the Tarbagatai areas and Tian Shan).^[10]

Geum rivale is also native to a broad region in Canada and the United States.^[11]

Habitat

The plant is a native perennial of slow-draining or wet soils and can tolerate mildly acidic to calcareous conditions in full sun or under partial shade. Habitats include stream sides, pond edges, damp deciduous woodland and hay meadows.^[12]

It is a component of purple moor grass and rush pastures is a type of Biodiversity Action Plan habitat in the UK. It occurs on poorly drained neutral and acidic soils of the lowlands and upland fringe. It is found throughout the British Isles with the exception of south-east England, the Western Isles of Scotland and parts of the midlands and the west country.

Ecology

Geum rivale is pollinated primarily by bees, and less often by flies and beetles. As the flower matures, elongation of the stamens ensures it self-fertilises if not already cross-pollinated. The flowers' stigmas mature before the stamens. It begins flowering a little earlier than G. urbanum, so early pollinations are within the gene-pool of the single species.^[13] The seeds of Water Avens are burr-like, and are distributed after being caught in the coats of rabbits and other small mammals,^[14] and by rhizomal growth.^[12]

Geum rivale is parasitised by Podosphaera aphanis – a conidial powdery mildew.^[15] Yellow spots on the living leaf may be caused by Peronospora gei – a downy mildew.^[16]

Hybrids

Geum urbanum hybridises fairly regularly with Geum rivale as they are closely related and occur together.

In North America it is known to hybridise with Geum aleppicum (the hybrid being named Geum × aurantiacum Fries ex Scheutz), with Geum macrophyllum var. perincisum (as Geum × pervale), and with Geum macrophyllum var. macrophyllum (as Geum × pulchrum).^[11]

Group of plants
Flowers
Pseudo-peloric flower
Fruits

References

^ Maiz-Tome, L. (2016). "Geum rivale". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T64314072A67729601. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T64314072A67729601.en. Retrieved 27 November 2023.
^ A Modern Herbal.
^ "Plants Profile for Geum rivale L. (purple avens)". United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 2007-04-20.
^ "Water Avens (Purple Avens) Geum rivale". Connecticut Botanical Society. 2005-11-13.
^ W. Keble Martin (1972). The Concise British Flora in Colour. Book Club Associates. p. 256 pp. ISBN 0-7181-4028-1.
^ ^a ^b ^c Kurtto, Arto; Lampinen, Raino; Junikka, Leo (2004). Atlas florae Europaeae, distribution of vascular plants in Europe. 13: Rosaceae (Spiraea to Fragaria, excl. Rubus). Helsinki: Committee for mapping the flora of Europe and Societas Biologica Fennica. p. 143. ISBN 978-951-9108-14-8.
^ ^a ^b Meusel, Hermann; Jäger, E.; Weinert, E. (1965). Vergleichende Chorologie der zentraleuropäischen Flora. [Band I]. Jena: Fischer. T532, K220.
^ Laínz, M. (1998). "Geum L." (PDF). Flora Iberica. Vol. 6. p. 80.
^ Asenov, I. (1973). "Omajniče – Geum L.". In Vǎlev, Stoju; Asenov, Ivan (eds.). Flora na Narodna Republika Bǎlgarija (in Bulgarian). Vol. V. Sofia: Bulgarian Academy of Sciences. p. 197.
^ Flora SSSR (in Russian). Vol. 10. Moscow/Leningrad: AN SSSR. 1941. pp. 242–3.
^ ^a ^b "Geum rivale". Flora of North America. eFloras.org. Retrieved 22 January 2022.
^ ^a ^b "Wildseeds Website". Archived from the original on 2015-05-25. Retrieved 2009-05-11.
^ "Biodiversity site". Archived from the original on 2007-12-02. Retrieved 2009-05-11.
^ "First Nature wildflowers". Archived from the original on 2008-05-16. Retrieved 2009-05-11.
^ Ing, B.( 1990). An Introduction to British Powdery Mildews.
^ Ellis, M. B. & J. P. (1997). Microfungi on Land Plants: An Identification Handbook.

External links

Media related to Geum rivale at Wikimedia Commons
Video and commentary on Geum urbanum and Geum rivale

[1] Maiz-Tome, L. (2016). "Geum rivale". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T64314072A67729601. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T64314072A67729601.en. Retrieved 27 November 2023.

[2] A Modern Herbal.

[3] "Plants Profile for Geum rivale L. (purple avens)". United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 2007-04-20.

[4] "Water Avens (Purple Avens) Geum rivale". Connecticut Botanical Society. 2005-11-13.

[5] W. Keble Martin (1972). The Concise British Flora in Colour. Book Club Associates. p. 256 pp. ISBN 0-7181-4028-1.

[AFE-6] Kurtto, Arto; Lampinen, Raino; Junikka, Leo (2004). Atlas florae Europaeae, distribution of vascular plants in Europe. 13: Rosaceae (Spiraea to Fragaria, excl. Rubus). Helsinki: Committee for mapping the flora of Europe and Societas Biologica Fennica. p. 143. ISBN 978-951-9108-14-8.

[MJW-7] Meusel, Hermann; Jäger, E.; Weinert, E. (1965). Vergleichende Chorologie der zentraleuropäischen Flora. [Band I]. Jena: Fischer. T532, K220.

[FlIb-8] Laínz, M. (1998). "Geum L." (PDF). Flora Iberica. Vol. 6. p. 80.

[BgFl-9] Asenov, I. (1973). "Omajniče – Geum L.". In Vǎlev, Stoju; Asenov, Ivan (eds.). Flora na Narodna Republika Bǎlgarija (in Bulgarian). Vol. V. Sofia: Bulgarian Academy of Sciences. p. 197.

[FlUSSR-10] Flora SSSR (in Russian). Vol. 10. Moscow/Leningrad: AN SSSR. 1941. pp. 242–3.

[FlNA-11] "Geum rivale". Flora of North America. eFloras.org. Retrieved 22 January 2022.

[wildseed-12] "Wildseeds Website". Archived from the original on 2015-05-25. Retrieved 2009-05-11.

[13] "Biodiversity site". Archived from the original on 2007-12-02. Retrieved 2009-05-11.

[14] "First Nature wildflowers". Archived from the original on 2008-05-16. Retrieved 2009-05-11.

[15] Ing, B.( 1990). An Introduction to British Powdery Mildews.

[16] Ellis, M. B. & J. P. (1997). Microfungi on Land Plants: An Identification Handbook.

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+{{Short description|Species of flowering plant}}
-{{italic title}}
+{{Speciesbox
-{{taxobox
-|name = ''Geum rivale''
+|image = Geum rivale flower - Keila.jpg
+|status=LC
-|image = Geum_rivale01.jpg
+|status_system=IUCN3.1
-|regnum = [[Plant]]ae
+|status_ref=<ref>{{cite iucn|author=Maiz-Tome, L.|year=2016|title=''Geum rivale''|page=e.T64314072A67729601|doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T64314072A67729601.en|access-date=27 November 2023}}</ref>
-|unranked_divisio = [[Angiosperms]]
+|genus = Geum
-|unranked_classis = [[Eudicots]]
+|species = rivale
-|unranked_ordo = [[Rosids]]
-|ordo = [[Rosales]]
+|authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]
+}}
-|familia = [[Rosaceae]]
-|genus = ''[[Geum]]''
-|species = '''''G. rivale'''''
-|binomial = ''Geum rivale''
-|binomial_authority = [[Carolus Linnaeus|L.]]
-|}}
-'''''Geum rivale''''', the '''Water Avens''', is a [[flowering plant]] of the family [[Rosaceae]]. Other names for the plant are Nodding Avens, Drooping Avens, Cure All and Water Flower.<ref>[http://www.botanical.com/botanical/mgmh/a/avens085.html A Modern Herbal.]</ref> It is native to much of [[Europe]], with the exception of [[Mediterranean climate|Mediterranean areas]], as well as some parts of [[Central Asia]] and [[North America]]&nbsp;.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://linnaeus.nrm.se/flora/di/rosa/geum/geumrivv.jpg |title=Den virtuela floran: ''Geum rivale'' |author=Arne Anderberg |date=2004-11-17}}</ref>  In North America, it is known as '''purple avens'''&nbsp;.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=GERI2 |title=Plants Profile for ''Geum rivale'' L. (purple avens) |publisher=[[United States Department of Agriculture]] |accessdate=2007-04-20}}</ref> It grows in [[bog]]s and damp [[meadow]]s&nbsp;,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ct-botanical-society.org/galleries/geumriva.html |title=Water Avens (Purple Avens) ''Geum rivale'' |publisher=[[Connecticut Botanical Society]] |date=2005-11-13}}</ref> and produces nodding red flowers from May to September&nbsp;.<ref>{{cite book |author=[[W. Keble Martin]] |title=[[The Concise British Flora in Colour]] |publisher=Book Club Associates |year=1972 |isbn=0-718-14028-1 |page=256 pp}}</ref>
+'''''Geum rivale''''', the '''water avens''', is a flowering plant in the genus ''[[Geum]]'' within the family [[Rosaceae]]. Other names of the plant are nodding avens, drooping avens, cure-all, water flower and Indian chocolate.<ref>[http://www.botanical.com/botanical/mgmh/a/avens085.html A Modern Herbal.]</ref> It is native to the temperate regions of Europe, Central Asia and parts of North America, where it is known as the '''purple avens'''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=GERI2 |title=Plants Profile for ''Geum rivale'' L. (purple avens) |publisher=[[United States Department of Agriculture]] |access-date=2007-04-20}}</ref> It grows in [[bog]]s and damp [[meadow]]s,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ct-botanical-society.org/galleries/geumriva.html |title=Water Avens (Purple Avens) ''Geum rivale'' |publisher=[[Connecticut Botanical Society]] |date=2005-11-13}}</ref> and produces nodding red flowers from May to September.<ref>{{cite book |author=W. Keble Martin |author-link=W. Keble Martin |title=[[The Concise British Flora in Colour]] |publisher=Book Club Associates |year=1972 |isbn=0-7181-4028-1 |page=256 pp}}</ref>
+== Distribution ==
-The plant is a native perennial of slow-draining or wet soils and can tolerate mildly acidic to calcareous conditions in full sun or under partial shade. Habitats include stream sides, pond edges, damp deciduous woodland and hay meadows.<ref>[http://www.wildseed.co.uk/species/view/60 Wildseeds Website.]</ref>
+''Geum rivale'' is widespread in Europe, particularly in the northern and central parts. It is found throughout the [[British Isles]], the [[Faroes]], [[Iceland]], Scandinavia, the [[Baltic States]], and much of Central Europe<ref name="AFE">{{cite book|  last1 = Kurtto| first1 = Arto| last2 = Lampinen| first2 = Raino| last3 = Junikka| first3 = Leo| date = 2004| title = Atlas florae Europaeae, distribution of vascular plants in Europe. 13: Rosaceae (Spiraea to Fragaria, excl. Rubus)| publisher = Committee for mapping the flora of Europe and Societas Biologica Fennica| location = Helsinki| isbn = 978-951-9108-14-8|page = 143}}</ref> (up to elevations of 2400{{nbsp}}m in the [[Alps]] and {{sigfig|2076|2}} in the [[Carpathians]]).<ref name="MJW">{{cite book| last1 = Meusel| first1 = Hermann| last2 = Jäger| first2 = E.| last3 = Weinert| first3 = E.| date = 1965| title = Vergleichende Chorologie der zentraleuropäischen Flora. [Band I]| publisher = Fischer| location = Jena| at = T532, K220}}</ref>
+It is absent from the [[Pannonian Basin]] and western France; on the Italian Peninsula, it is found in scattered locations in the northern and central [[Apennines]],<ref name="AFE"/> while on the Iberian Peninsula it is restricted between 1000 m and 2200{{nbsp}}m in the [[Cantabrian Mountains|Cantabrians]], [[Pyrenees]], the [[Iberian System|Iberian]] and [[Sistema Central|Central]] Systems, and the mountains of [[Sierra Nevada (Spain)|Sierra Nevada]] and [[Sierra de Cazorla]] in the south.<ref name="FlIb">{{cite book|last = Laínz| first = M.| title = Flora Iberica| volume = 6| year = 1998| chapter = Geum L.| chapter-url = http://www.floraiberica.es/floraiberica/texto/pdfs/06_087_07%20Geum.pdf| page = 80}}</ref>
+It is found in the mountains of the [[Balkan Peninsula]]<ref name="AFE"/> (in Bulgaria its altitudinal range is 1200–2100{{nbsp}}m),<ref name="BgFl">{{cite book| last = Asenov| first = I.| chapter = Omajniče – Geum L.| title = Flora na Narodna Republika Bǎlgarija|volume = V| year = 1973| editor-last1 = Vǎlev| editor-first1 = Stoju| editor-last2 = Asenov| editor-first2 = Ivan| place = Sofia| publisher = Bulgarian Academy of Sciences| language = Bulgarian| page = 197}}</ref> the [[Caucasus]], northern [[Anatolia]] and north-western Iran. It is also native to northern Ukraine and the central and northern parts of European Russia,<ref name="MJW"/> Western Siberia up to the [[Sayan Mountains|Sayan]]–[[Angara Range|Angara]] region in the east, as well as parts of Central Asia (the [[Dzungaria]] and the [[Tarbagatai Mountains|Tarbagatai]] areas and [[Tian Shan]]).<ref name="FlUSSR">{{cite book|title = Flora SSSR| volume = 10| year = 1941| location = Moscow/Leningrad| publisher = AN SSSR| language = Russian| pages = 242–3}}</ref>
+''Geum rivale'' is also native to a broad region in Canada and the United States.<ref name="FlNA">{{cite web| title = Geum rivale| work = Flora of North America | publisher = eFloras.org| url = http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=200010867| access-date = 22 January 2022}}</ref>
-[[File:Geum urbanum x rivale (G. intermedium) flowers.JPG|left|thumb|170px|The Geum urbanum x rivale hybrid.]]
-[[File:Geum hybrid.jpg|left|thumb|170px|The Geum urbanum x rivale hybrid.]]
-''G. rivale'' is pollinated primarily by bees, less often by flies and beetles. As the flower matures, elongation of the stamens ensures it self-fertilises if not already cross-pollinated. The flowers stigmas mature before the stamens. It begins flowering a little earlier than ''G. urbanum'', so early pollinations will be within the gene-pool of the single species.<ref>[http://www-biol.paisley.ac.uk/bioref/Genetics/geum.html Biodiversity site.]</ref> The seeds of Water Avens are burr-like, and are distributed after being caught in the coats of rabbits and other small mammals,<ref>[http://www.first-nature.com/flowers/geum_rivale.asp First Nature wildflowers.]</ref> and by rhizomal growth<ref>[http://www.wildseed.co.uk/species/view/60 Wildseeds Website.]</ref>
+== Habitat ==
-''G. rivale'' is parasitised by ''Podosphaera aphanis'' - a conidial powdery mildew.<ref>Ing, B.( 1990). An Introduction to British Powdery Mildews.</ref> Yellow spots on the living leaf may be caused by ''Peronospora gei'' - a downy mildew.<ref>Ellis, M.B. & J.P. (1997). Microfungi on Land Plants: An Identification Handbook.</ref>
+The plant is a native perennial of slow-draining or wet soils and can tolerate mildly acidic to calcareous conditions in full sun or under partial shade. Habitats include stream sides, pond edges, damp deciduous woodland and hay meadows.<ref name="wildseed">{{Cite web |url=http://www.wildseed.co.uk/species/view/60 |title=Wildseeds Website. |access-date=2009-05-11 |archive-date=2015-05-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150525204344/http://wildseed.co.uk/species/view/60 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
+It is a component of [[purple moor grass and rush pastures]] is a type of [[Biodiversity action plan|Biodiversity Action Plan]] habitat in the UK. It occurs on poorly drained neutral and acidic soils of the lowlands and upland fringe. It is found throughout the British Isles with the exception of south-east England, the Western Isles of Scotland and parts of the midlands and the west country.
-[[Geum urbanum]] hybridises fairly regularly with ''Geum rivale'' as they are closely related and occur together.
+== Ecology ==
-{{Clear}}
+''Geum rivale'' is pollinated primarily by bees, and less often by flies and beetles. As the flower matures, elongation of the stamens ensures it self-fertilises if not already cross-pollinated. The flowers' stigmas mature before the stamens. It begins flowering a little earlier than ''G. urbanum'', so early pollinations are within the gene-pool of the single species.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www-biol.paisley.ac.uk/bioref/Genetics/geum.html |title=Biodiversity site. |access-date=2009-05-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071202105435/http://www-biol.paisley.ac.uk/bioref/Genetics/geum.html |archive-date=2007-12-02 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The seeds of Water Avens are burr-like, and are distributed after being caught in the coats of rabbits and other small mammals,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.first-nature.com/flowers/geum_rivale.asp |title=First Nature wildflowers. |access-date=2009-05-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080516153340/http://www.first-nature.com/flowers/geum_rivale.asp |archive-date=2008-05-16 |url-status=dead }}</ref> and by rhizomal growth.<ref name="wildseed"/>
+''Geum rivale'' is parasitised by ''[[Podosphaera aphanis]]'' – a [[conidium|conidial]] [[powdery mildew]].<ref>Ing, B.( 1990). An Introduction to British Powdery Mildews.</ref> Yellow spots on the living leaf may be caused by ''[[Peronospora gei]]'' – a [[downy mildew]].<ref>Ellis, M. B. & J. P. (1997). Microfungi on Land Plants: An Identification Handbook.</ref>
-== References ==
-{{Reflist}}
+== Hybrids ==
-{{commons|Geum rivale}}
+''[[Geum urbanum]]'' hybridises fairly regularly with ''Geum rivale'' as they are closely related and occur together.
+In North America it is known to hybridise with ''[[Geum aleppicum]]'' (the hybrid being named ''Geum × aurantiacum'' {{au|Fries ex Scheutz}}), with ''[[Geum macrophyllum]]'' var. ''perincisum'' (as ''Geum × pervale''), and with ''Geum macrophyllum'' var. ''macrophyllum'' (as ''Geum × pulchrum'').<ref name="FlNA"/>
-[[Category:Rosoideae]]
+<gallery>
+File:Geum rivale clump.jpg|Group of plants
+File:Geum rivale flowers.jpg|Flowers
+File:Geum rivale with pseudopeloria.jpg|Pseudo-[[peloric]] flower
+File:Geum rivale - Niitvälja.jpg|Fruits
+</gallery>
+==References==
-{{Rosales-stub}}
+{{Reflist|32em}}
+==External links==
-[[az:Çay çınqılotu]]
+*{{Commons category-inline|Geum rivale|''Geum rivale''}}
-[[cs:Kuklík potoční]]
+*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XGushUh9lhU Video and commentary on Geum urbanum and Geum rivale]
-[[da:Eng-Nellikerod]]
-[[de:Bach-Nelkenwurz]]
+{{Taxonbar|from=Q161625}}
-[[et:Ojamõõl]]
-[[es:Geum rivale]]
+[[Category:Geum|rivale]]
-[[fr:Benoîte des ruisseaux]]
+[[Category:Plants described in 1753]]
-[[hsb:Přirěčny kuklik]]
+[[Category:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus]]
-[[is:Fjalldalafífill]]
-[[csb:Parzelnica]]
-[[lt:Raudonoji žiognagė]]
-[[hu:Bókoló gyömbérgyökér]]
-[[nl:Knikkend nagelkruid]]
-[[nn:Enghumleblom]]
-[[pl:Kuklik zwisły]]
-[[ru:Гравилат речной]]
-[[se:Niitobiellorássi]]
-[[simple:Water Avens]]
-[[fi:Ojakellukka]]
-[[sv:Humleblomster]]
-[[uk:Гравілат річковий]]
-[[zh:紫萼路边青]]