Editing Glagolitic script

{{short description|Oldest known Slavic alphabet}}
{{use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Infobox writing system
| type        = [[Alphabet]]
| name        = Glagolitic
| time        = 862/863 to the [[Middle Ages]]
| fam1        = [[Egyptian hieroglyphs]]
| fam2        = [[Proto-Sinaitic]]
| fam3        = [[Phoenician alphabet|Phoenician]]
| fam4        = [[Greek alphabet|Greek]]<ref>{{Citation| last=Schenker| first=Alexander M. |author-link=Alexander M. Schenker |title=The Dawn of Slavic: An Introduction to Slavic Philology |publisher=Yale University Press |location=New Haven| pages=179|year=1995 |isbn=0-300-05846-2}}</ref>
| languages   = [[Byzantine Greek|Byzantine]], [[Old Church Slavonic]] and [[Church Slavonic|local recensions]], [[Chakavian]], [[Littoral dialect group|Littoral Slovene]], [[Serbo-Croatian]], [[Old Czech]], [[Old Slovene language|Old Slovene]], [[Old Slovak]] and [[Croatian recension of Old Church Slavonic|Old Croat]]
| creator     = [[Saints Cyril and Methodius|Saint Cyril of Thessalonica]]
| sample      = Glagolitic script.svg
| caption     = <small>Samples of text from "[[Kiev Missal]]" and "[[Reims Gospel]]"</small>
| unicode     = {{ublist |class=nowrap |[https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U2C00.pdf U+2C00–U+2C5F] {{smaller|Glagolitic}} |[https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U1E000.pdf U+1E000–U+1E02F] {{smaller|Glag. Supplement}}}}
| iso15924    = Glag
}}
{{Contains special characters|Glagolitic}}
{{alphabet}}
[[File:Kodex.Zograf.JPG|thumb|A page from the [[Codex Zographensis|Zograf Codex]] with text of the [[Gospel of Luke]]]]
The '''Glagolitic script''' ({{IPAc-en|ˌ|ɡ|l|æ|ɡ|ə|ˈ|l|ɪ|t|ɪ|k}} {{respell|GLAG|ə|LIT|ik}},<ref name="dictionary">{{Dictionary.com|glagolitic|access-date=April 21, 2021}}</ref> {{Script|Glag|ⰃⰎⰀⰃⰑⰎⰉⰜⰀ}}, ''glagolitsa'') is the oldest known Slavic [[alphabet]]. It is generally agreed that it was created in the 9th century for the purpose of translating liturgical texts into [[Old Church Slavonic]] by [[Saints Cyril and Methodius|Saint Cyril]], a [[monk]] from [[Thessaloniki|Thessalonica]]. He and his brother [[Saint Methodius of Thessaloniki|Saint Methodius]] were sent by the Byzantine Emperor [[Michael III]] in 863 to [[Great Moravia]] to spread Christianity there. After the deaths of Cyril and Methodius, their disciples were expelled and they moved to the [[First Bulgarian Empire]] instead. The [[Early Cyrillic alphabet]], which developed gradually in the [[Preslav Literary School]] by [[Greek alphabet]] scribes who incorporated some Glagolitic letters, gradually replaced Glagolitic in that region. Glagolitic remained in use alongside Latin in the [[Kingdom of Croatia (925–1102)|Kingdom of Croatia]] and alongside Cyrillic until the 14th century in the [[Second Bulgarian Empire]] and the [[Serbian Empire]], and later mainly for [[cryptography|cryptographic]] purposes.<ref name="Miltenov 2021">{{cite book |first=Yavor |last=Miltenov |chapter=Свидетелства за прехода глаголица – кирилица през Х–XIII век |pages=35–49 |url=https://www.academia.edu/51094428 |language=bg |trans-title=Evidence for the Glagolitic-Cyrillic Transition Through the X-XIII Centuries |title=Шьствоуѭ нꙑнѣ по слѣдоу оучителю. Сборник в чест на проф. д.ф.н. Анна-Мария Тотоманова |location=Sofia |date=2021}}</ref>

Glagolitic also spread to the [[Kievan Rus']] and the [[Kingdom of Bohemia]], though its use declined there in the 12th century, although some manuscripts in the territory of the former retained Glagolitic inclusions for centuries. It had also spread to [[Duklja]] and [[Zachlumia]], from which it reached the [[March of Verona]] where the [[Investiture Controversy]] afforded it refuge from the opposition of [[Latin liturgical rites|Latin rite]] prelates, and allowed it to entrench itself in [[Istria]], spreading from there to nearby lands.<ref name="Fučić 1981">{{cite journal |first=Branko |last=Fučić |title=Kulturno-povijesni vidovi glagoljske epigrafike |pages=135–189 |language=hr |trans-title=Cultural-Historical Perspectives on Glagolitic Epigraphy |url=https://hrcak.srce.hr/98067 |journal=Croatica Christiana Periodica |volume=5 |issue=8 |date=1981}}</ref><ref name="Gau and Miklas 2000">{{cite book |first1=Melanie |last1=Gau |first2=Heinz |last2=Miklas |chapter=Preliminary Remarks on the Old Church Slavonic Psalterium Demetrii Sinaitici |pages=21–88 |chapter-url=https://www.academia.edu/31310426 |title=The Bible in Slavic Tradition |isbn=9789004313675 |date=2000 |series=Studia Judaeoslavica}}</ref><ref name="Tomović 2005">{{cite journal |first=Gordana |last=Tomović |title=О глагољском натпису из Конавала |language=sr |trans-title=On the Glagolitic Inscription from Konavle |volume=52 |date=2005 |pages=23–32 |url=https://www.iib.ac.rs/istorijskicasopis/assets/files/52(2005).pdf |journal=ИⰔⰕⰑⰓⰋⰌⰔⰍⰋ ⰝⰀⰔⰑⰒⰋⰔ}}</ref>

It survived there and as far south as [[Dalmatia]] without interruption into the 20th century for [[Church Slavonic]] in addition to its use as a secular script in parts of its range, which at times extended into [[Bosnia]], [[Slavonia]], and [[Carniola]], in addition to 14th-15th century exclaves in [[Emmaus Monastery|Prague]] and [[Kraków]], and a 16th century exclave in [[Putna Monastery|Putna]].<ref name="Miltenov 2009 en">{{cite journal |first=Yavor |last=Miltenov |title=Кирилски ръкописи с глаголически вписвания (Част пръва) |pages=191–219 |url=https://www.academia.edu/download/7160023/WSJ_2009_2010_LAST.pdf |language=bg |trans-title=Cyrillic Manuscripts with Glagolitic portions |journal=Wiener Slavistisches Jahrbuch |volume=55 |location=Wien |publisher=Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften |date=2009 }}{{Dead link|date=February 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

Its authorship by Cyril was forgotten, having been replaced with an attribution to [[St. Jerome]] by the early [[Benedictine]] adopters of Istria in a bid to secure the approval of the papacy. The bid was ultimately successful, though sporadic restrictions and repressions from individual bishops continued even after its official recognition by [[Pope Innocent IV]].<ref name="Jelić 1906">{{cite book |first=Luka |last=Jelić |title=Fontes historici liturgiae glagolito-romanae a 13 ad 19 saeculum |url=https://archive.org/details/fonteshistoricil00jeliuoft |location=Prague, Krk, Zadar, Ljubljana |date=1906}}</ref> These had little effect on the vitality of the script, which evolved from its original '''Rounded Glagolitic''' form into an '''[[Angular Glagolitic]]''' form, in addition to a cursive form developed for [[Civil law notary|notary]] purposes.<ref name="Žagar 2013">{{cite book |first=Mateo |last=Žagar |title=Uvod u glagoljsku paleografiju |volume=1 |date=2013}}</ref>

But the [[Ottoman wars in Europe|Ottoman conquests]] left the script without most of its continental population, and as a result of the [[Counter-Reformation]] its use was restricted in Istria and the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Zagreb|Diocese of Zagreb]],<ref name="Jelić 1906" /><ref name="Strohal 1915">{{cite book |first=Rudolf |last=Strohal |title=Hrvatska glagolska knjiga |url=http://urn.nsk.hr/urn:nbn:hr:238:277993 |location=Zagreb |date=2015}}</ref> and the only active printing press with a Glagolitic type was confiscated,<ref name="Jembrih 2007">{{cite book |first=Alojz |last=Jembrih |title=Stipan Konzul i "Biblijski zavod" u Urachu |language=hr |isbn=978-953-7307-11-0 |location=Zagreb |date=2007 |series=Folia Protestantica Croatica}}</ref> leading to a shift towards [[Latin script|Latinic]] and Cyrillic literacy when coupled with the [[Council of Trent|Tridentine]] requirement that priests be educated at seminaries. The result was its gradual death as a written script in most of its continental range, but also the unusually late survival of medieval [[scribe|scribal tradition]] for the reproduction of Glagolitic texts in isolated areas like the island of [[Krk]] and the [[Zadar Archipelago]]. Although the [[Pontificio Collegio Urbano de Propaganda Fide|Propaganda Fide]] would eventually resume printing Glagolitic books, very few titles were published, so the majority of Glagolitic literary works continued to be written and copied by hand well into the 18th century.<ref name="Bolonić 1980a">{{cite journal |first=Mihovil |last=Bolonić |title=Tiskane glagoljske knjige krčkih glagoljaša |pages=1–40 |url=https://hrcak.srce.hr/97510 |journal=Croatica Christiana Periodica |issn=0350-7823 |volume=4 |issue=5 |date=1980}}</ref>{{rp|9}} Of the major European scripts, only the [[Arabic script]] is comparable in this regard.

In the early 19th century, the policies of the [[First French Empire]] and [[Austrian Empire]] left the script without legal status and its last remaining centers of education were abolished, concurrent with the weakening of the script in the few remaining seminaries that used the cursive form in instruction, resulting in a rapid decline.<ref name="Bolonić 1980b">{{cite journal |first=Mihovil |last=Bolonić |title=Profil krčkog glagoljaša u prošlosti |pages=96–115 |language=hr |trans-title=The Profile of the Glagolites of Krk in History |url=https://hrcak.srce.hr/97532 |journal=Croatica Christiana Periodica |volume=4 |issue=6 |date=1980}}</ref> But when the [[Slavic studies|Slavicists]] discovered the script and established it as the original script devised by Cyril, Glagolitic gained new niche applications in certain intellectual circles, while a small number of priests fought to keep its liturgical use alive, encountering difficulties but eventually succeeding to the point that its area ''expanded'' in the early 20th century.<ref name="Prodan ">{{cite book |first=Ivo |last=Prodan |title=Borba za glagoljicu |url=http://urn.nsk.hr/urn:nbn:hr:238:480570 |volume=1-2 |date=1900–1904}}</ref><ref name="Okey 1992">{{cite journal |first=Robin |last=Okey |title=Austro-Hungarian Diplomacy and the Campaign for a Slavonic Liturgy in the Catholic Church, 1881-1914 |pages=258–283 |jstor=4210926 |journal=The Slavonic and East European Review |volume=70 |issue=2 |date=1992}}</ref>

Latinic translations and transliterations of the matter of the missal in this period led to its decline in the decades before [[Vatican II]],<ref name="Pavlinović 1913">{{cite book |first=Mihovil |last=Pavlinović |title=Molitve za puk što se pivaju preko svete mise po župama Dalmacije: prevedene iz Rimskoga misala: s dozvolom crkovne vlasti |edition=3rd |url=http://urn.nsk.hr/urn:nbn:hr:238:059659 |date=1913}}</ref><ref name="Vajs 1927">{{cite book |first=Josef |last=Vajs |title=Rimski misal slověnskim jezikom prěsv. G. N. Urbana papi VIII povelěnjem izdan |url=https://archive.org/details/rimski_misal_staroslavenski_1927 |location=Rome |date=1927}}</ref> whose promulgation of the vernacular had the effect of confining regular use of Glagolitic to a few monasteries and academic institutions, in addition to a small population of enthusiasts, whose numbers grew and shrank with the prevalence of the script in literature, but grew exponentially in pious and [[Croatian nationalism|nationalist]] circles in the years leading up to and following [[Independence of Croatia]], and again more broadly with the [[Internet]].

==Name and etymology==
The word ''glagolitic'' comes from [[Neo-Latin]] {{lang|la|glagoliticus}} and [[Croatian language|Croatian]] {{lang|hr|glagoljica}}, from [[Old Church Slavonic]] {{lang|cu|ⰳⰾⰰⰳⱁⰾⱏ}} (''glagolŭ''), meaning "utterance" or "word".<ref name=dictionary/>

The name ''glagolitsa'' is speculated to have developed in [[Croatia]], around the 14th&nbsp;century, and was derived from the word ''glagoljati'', literally "verb (''glagol'') using (''jati'')", meaning to say [[Mass (liturgy)|Mass]] in Old Church Slavonic liturgy.<ref name=CorbettComrie2003>{{cite book |last1=Corbett |first1=Greville G. |last2=Comrie |first2=Bernard |year=2003 |title=The Slavonic Languages |publisher=Routledge |location=Milton Park, UK |isbn=978-1-136-86137-6 |page=29 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=euI4CQAAQBAJ |url-status=live |access-date=2021-04-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210420164058/https://books.google.com/books?id=euI4CQAAQBAJ |archive-date=2021-04-20}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Hrvatski jezični portal |trans-title=Croatian language portal |url=http://hjp.znanje.hr/index.php?show=search_by_id&id=fFdgXxY%3D&keyword=glagoljati |access-date=April 22, 2021 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210422154051/http://hjp.znanje.hr/index.php?show=search_by_id&id=fFdgXxY%3D&keyword=glagoljati |archive-date=April 22, 2021}}</ref>

In the languages now spoken in the places where Glagolitic script was once used,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-11-02 |title=Slavic languages {{!}} List, Definition, Origin, Map, Tree, History, & Number of Speakers {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Slavic-languages |access-date=2023-11-17 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Alphabet - Cyrillic, Glagolitic, Scripts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/alphabet-writing/Cyrillic-and-Glagolitic-alphabets |access-date=2023-11-17 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> the script is known as {{lang|bg|глаголица}} (romanized as ''glagolitsa'' or ''glagolica'', depending on which language) in [[Bulgarian language|Bulgarian]], [[Macedonian language|Macedonian]] and [[Russian language|Russian]]; {{lang|hr|glagoljica}} (глагољица) in [[Croatian language|Croatian]] and [[Serbian language|Serbian]]; {{lang|uk|глаголиця}} (''hlaholytsia'') in [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]]; {{lang|be|глаголіца}} (''hlaholitsa'') in [[Belarusian language|Belarusian]]; {{lang|cs|hlaholice}} in [[Czech language|Czech]]; {{lang|sk|hlaholika}} in [[Slovak language|Slovak]]; {{lang|pl|głagolica}} in [[Polish language|Polish]]; and {{lang|sl|glagolica}} in [[Slovene language|Slovene]].{{citation needed|date=November 2023}}

==History==
===Origins===
[[File:Bascanska ploca.jpg|right|200px|thumb|The [[Baška tablet]], found in the 19th century on [[Krk]], conventionally dated to about 1100<ref>{{cite journal |last=Fučić |first=Branko |language=hr |title=Najstariji glagoljski natpisi |trans-title=Oldest Glagolitic Inscriptions |journal=Slovo |volume=21 |pages=227–254 |date=21 September 1971 }}</ref>]]

[[File:ZographensisColour.jpg|right|200px|thumb|The first page of the Gospel of Mark from the 10th–11th century ''[[Codex Zographensis]]'', found in the [[Zograf Monastery]] in 1843]]

[[File:ZografskiyKodeks.png|right|200px|thumb|The first page of the Gospel of John from the ''Codex Zographensis'']]

[[File:Angelo Rocca Glagolitic Alphabet.jpg|right|200px|thumb|In a book printed in 1591, [[Angelo Rocca]] attributed the Glagolitic script to Saint Jerome.]]

[[File:Omišalj Baptismal Register.png|right|200px|thumb|The final Glagolitic entry in the [[Omišalj]] parish's baptismal register, by the cleric Nicholas in 1817]]

The creation of the characters is popularly attributed to [[Saints Cyril and Methodius]], who may have created them to facilitate the introduction of Christianity.<ref>Alan Timberlake, ''A Reference Grammar of Russian'', Cambridge University Press, 2004, [https://books.google.com/books?id=-VFNWqXxRoMC&q=which+is+now+called+Glagolitic p. 14] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414105430/https://books.google.com/books?id=-VFNWqXxRoMC&q=which+is+now+called+Glagolitic |date=2021-04-14 }}</ref><ref name=Florin>Florin Curta & Paul Stephenson, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=YIAYMNOOe0YC Southeastern Europe in the Middle Ages, 500–1250] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019144609/https://books.google.com/books?id=YIAYMNOOe0YC |date=2017-10-19 }}'', Cambridge University Press, 2006, p. 125</ref><ref>Simon Franklin, ''Writing, Society and Culture in Early Rus, c. 950–1300,'' Cambridge University Press, 2002, p. 93: "East Christian Slays used two alphabets, Glagolitic and Cyrillic. Just to confuse matters, the script devised by Cyril was probably Glagolitic, while Cyrillic—which came to predominate, emerged somewhat later."</ref><ref>Henri-Jean Martin, ''The History and Power of Writing,'' University of Chicago Press, 1995, p. 40</ref><ref>Jean W. Sedlar,[https://books.google.com/books?id=4NYTCgAAQBAJ''East Central Europe in the Middle Ages, 1000–1500''], University of Washington Press, 1994, p. 144</ref> It is believed that the original letters were fitted to Slavic dialects in geographical [[Macedonia (region)|Macedonia]] specifically (the Byzantine [[Thessalonica (theme)|theme of Thessalonica]]).<ref name="Florin"/><ref name=Cubberley>Paul Cubberley (1996) [http://www.biblical-data.org/OCS/Cubberley.pdf "The Slavic Alphabets"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121029130713/http://www.biblical-data.org/OCS/Cubberley.pdf |date=2012-10-29 }}. In {{cite book | title=The World's Writing Systems | year=1996 | editor1-first=Peter T. | editor1-last=Daniels | editor1-link=Peter T. Daniels | editor2-last=Bright | editor2-first=William | editor2-link=William Bright | publisher=Oxford University Press, Inc | isbn=978-0195079937 | pages=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780195079937/page/347 347] | url-access=registration | url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780195079937/page/347 }}</ref>
The words of that language could not be easily written by using either the Greek or Latin alphabets.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-11-26 |title=Atlas of Endangered Alphabets: Indigenous and minority writing systems, and the people who are trying to save them. |url=https://www.endangeredalphabets.net/alphabets/glagolitic/ |access-date=2023-11-16 |language=en-US}}</ref>

The number of letters in the original Glagolitic alphabet is not known, but it may have been close to its presumed Greek model. The 41 letters known today include letters for non-Greek sounds, which may have been added by Saint Cyril, as well as [[typographic ligature|ligatures]] added in the 12th century under the influence of [[Cyrillic]], as Glagolitic lost its dominance.<ref name=Cubberley/> In later centuries, the number of letters dropped dramatically, to fewer than 30 in modern Croatian and Czech recensions of the Church Slavic language. Twenty-four of the 41 original Glagolitic letters (see table below) probably derive from graphemes of the medieval cursive [[Greek minuscule|Greek small alphabet]] but have been given an [[ornament (art)|ornamental]] design.{{citation needed|date=February 2013}}

The source of the other consonantal letters is unknown. If they were added by Cyril, it is likely that they were taken from an alphabet used for Christian scripture. It is frequently proposed that the letters ''sha'' {{Script|Glag|Ⱎ}}, ''tsi'' {{Script|Glag|Ⱌ}}, and ''cherv'' {{Script|Glag|Ⱍ}} were taken from the letters ''[[Shin (letter)|shin]]'' ש and ''[[tsadi]]'' צ of the [[Hebrew alphabet]], and that Ⰶ ''zhivete'' derives from [[Coptic alphabet|Coptic]] ''janja'' Ϫ.<ref name=Cubberley/>{{Citation needed|date=February 2012}} However, Cubberley<ref name=Cubberley/> suggests that if a single prototype were presumed, the most likely source would be [[Armenian alphabet|Armenian]]. Other proposals include the [[Samaritan alphabet]], which Cyril learned during his journey to the [[Khazars]] in [[Cherson (theme)|Cherson]].{{citation needed|date=February 2013}}

For writing numbers, the [[Glagolitic numerals]] use letters with a numerical value assigned to each based on their native alphabetic order. This differs from [[Cyrillic numerals]], which inherited their numeric value from the corresponding Greek letter (see [[Greek numerals]]).<ref name="Chrisomalis2010">{{cite book|last=Chrisomalis|first=Stephen|title=Numerical Notation: A Comparative History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kXZhBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA178|access-date=2016-12-28|year=2010|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge, England|isbn=978-1-139-48533-3|pages=178–182|archive-date=2020-08-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801224632/https://books.google.com/books?id=kXZhBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA178|url-status=live}}</ref>

The two brothers from [[Thessaloniki]], who were later canonized as Saints Cyril and Methodius, were sent to [[Great Moravia]] in 862 by the [[Byzantine emperor]] at the request of Prince [[Rastislav of Moravia|Rastislav]], who wanted to weaken the dependence of his country on [[East Francia|East Frankish]] priests. The Glagolitic alphabet, however it originated, was used between 863 and 885 for government and religious documents and books and at the Great Moravian Academy (''Veľkomoravské učilište'') founded by the missionaries, where their followers were educated. The [[Kiev Missal]], found in the 19th century in Jerusalem, was dated to the 10th century.{{citation needed|date=February 2013}}

In 885, [[Pope Stephen V]] issued a [[papal bull]] to restrict spreading and reading Christian services in languages other than Latin or Greek. Around the same time, [[Svatopluk I]], following the interests of the [[Frankish Empire]] and it's clergy, persecuted the students of Cyril and Methodius, imprisoned and expelled them from [[Great Moravia]].<ref name="binns">{{cite book | last=Binns | first=J. | title=An Introduction to the Christian Orthodox Churches | publisher=Cambridge University Press | year=2002 | isbn=978-0-521-66738-8 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MOA5vfSl3dwC&pg=PA151 | access-date=2024-08-16 | page=151}}</ref>

In 886, an East Frankish bishop of [[Nitra]] named [[Wiching]] banned the script and jailed 200 followers of Methodius, mostly students of the original academy. They were then dispersed or, according to some sources, sold as slaves by the Franks. However, many of them, including Saints [[Naum of Preslav|Naum]], [[Clement of Ohrid|Clement]], [[Saint Angelar|Angelar]], [[Saint Sava (disciple of Saints Cyril and Methodius)|Sava]] and [[Saint Gorazd|Gorazd]], reached the [[First Bulgarian Empire]] and were commissioned by [[Boris I of Bulgaria]] to teach and instruct the future clergy of the state in the [[Slavic language]]. After the [[Christianization of Bulgaria|adoption of Christianity in Bulgaria]] in 865, religious ceremonies and [[Divine Liturgy]] were conducted in [[Greek language|Greek]] by clergy sent from the [[Byzantine Empire]], using the [[Byzantine rite]]. Fearing growing Byzantine influence and weakening of the state, Boris viewed the introduction of the Slavic alphabet and language into church use as a way to preserve the independence of the [[First Bulgarian Empire|Bulgarian Empire]] from Byzantine [[Constantinople]]. As a result of Boris' measures, two academies, one in [[Ohrid Literary School|Ohrid]] and one in [[Preslav Literary School|Preslav]], were founded.{{citation needed|date=February 2013}}

===Spread of the script===

From there, the students travelled to other places and spread the use of their alphabet. Students of the two [[equal-to-apostles|apostles]] who were expelled from Great Moravia in 886, notably [[Clement of Ohrid]] and [[Saint Naum]], brought the Glagolitic alphabet to the [[First Bulgarian Empire]] on Balkans and were received and accepted officially by [[Boris I of Bulgaria]]. This led to the establishment of the two literary schools: the [[Preslav Literary School]] and the [[Ohrid Literary School]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=29BAeKHwvuoC&pg=PA43|title=Encyclopedia of the Languages of Europe|isbn=9780631220398|last1=Price|first1=Glanville|date=2000-05-18|publisher=Wiley |access-date=2019-07-14|archive-date=2020-08-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801232152/https://books.google.com/books?id=29BAeKHwvuoC&pg=PA43|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fWp9JA3aBvcC&pg=PA51|title=The Blackwell Companion to Eastern Christianity|isbn=9781444333619|last1=Parry|first1=Ken|date=2010-05-10|publisher=John Wiley & Sons |access-date=2019-07-14|archive-date=2020-05-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200523201649/https://books.google.com/books?id=fWp9JA3aBvcC&pg=PA51|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QwNlKqyNC7EC&pg=PA58|title=Interaction and Isolation in Late Byzantine Culture|isbn=9781850439448|last1=Rosenqvist|first1=Jan Olof|year=2004|publisher=Bloomsbury Academic |access-date=2019-07-14|archive-date=2020-05-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200523201646/https://books.google.com/books?id=QwNlKqyNC7EC&pg=PA58|url-status=live}}</ref> Some went to [[Croatia]] ([[Dalmatia]]), where the squared variant arose and where Glagolitic remained in use for a long time. In 1248, [[Pope Innocent IV]] granted the Croatians of southern Dalmatia the unique privilege of using their own language and this script in the [[Roman Rite]] liturgy.<ref>{{cite web |title=Crkva u Hrvatskoj |url=http://www.benedictines-cib.org/meetings/2009Croatia/Jozo_Crkva_u_Hrvatskojna_hrv.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201104055331/http://www.benedictines-cib.org/meetings/2009Croatia/Jozo_Crkva_u_Hrvatskojna_hrv.pdf |archive-date=4 November 2020}}</ref> Formally granted to bishop Philip of [[Senj]],<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kraft Soić |first1=Vanda |title=OTPIS INOCENTA IV. SENJSKOM BISKUPU (1248.) POD PATRONATOM SV. JERONIMA I. Senjski privilegij iz godine 1248 |journal=Croatica Christiana Periodica |date=2016 |volume=40 |issue=77 |pages=1–23 |url=https://hrcak.srce.hr/index.php?show=clanak&id_clanak_jezik=242853 |access-date=24 May 2021 |archive-date=24 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210524213326/https://hrcak.srce.hr/index.php?show=clanak&id_clanak_jezik=242853 |url-status=live }}</ref> permission to use the Glagolitic liturgy (the [[Roman Rite]] conducted in the [[Slavic language]] instead of [[Latin]], not the [[Byzantine rite]]), actually extended to all Croatian lands, mostly along the [[Adriatic]] coast. The [[Holy See]] had several Glagolitic [[missal]]s published in Rome. Authorization for the use of this language was extended to some other Slavic regions between 1886 and 1935.<ref>"The right to use the Glagolitic language at Mass with the Roman Rite has prevailed for many centuries in all the south-western Balkan countries, and has been sanctioned by long practice and by many popes..." [http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/04606b.htm ''Dalmatia''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303171834/http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/04606b.htm |date=2016-03-03 }}, ''Catholic Encyclopedia''; "In 1886 it arrived to the Principality of Montenegro, followed by the Kingdom of Serbia in 1914, and the Republic of Czechoslovakia in 1920, but only for feast days of the main patron saints. The 1935 concordat with the Kingdom of Yugoslavia anticipated the introduction of the Slavic liturgy for all Croatian regions and throughout the entire state..." [http://www.croatianhistory.net/etf/japun.html ''The Croatian Glagolitic Heritage''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070810032902/http://www.croatianhistory.net/etf/japun.html |date=2007-08-10 }}, Marko Japundzić.</ref> In missals, the Glagolitic script was eventually replaced with the Latin alphabet, but the use of the [[Slavic language]] in the [[Mass (liturgy)|Mass]] continued, until replaced by modern vernacular languages.{{citation needed|date=February 2013}}

At the end of the 9th century, one of these students of Methodius – [[Saint Naum]], one of the founders of the [[Pliska Literary School]] (commonly known as the Preslav Literary School, where the Bulgarian capital, along with the school, was transferred to in 893) – is often credited, at least by supporters of [[Relationship of Cyrillic and Glagolitic scripts|glagolitic precedence]], for the "creation" or wider adoption of the [[Cyrillic script]],<ref>The A to Z of the Orthodox Church, Michael Prokurat, Alexander Golitzin, Michael D. Peterson, Rowman & Littlefield, 2010, {{ISBN|0810876027}} [https://books.google.com/books?id=dDi24Fac-rwC&pg=PA91 p. 91.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210412030902/https://books.google.com/books?id=dDi24Fac-rwC&pg=PA91 |date=2021-04-12 }}</ref> which almost entirely replaced Glagolitic during the [[Middle Ages]]. The Cyrillic alphabet is derived from the Greek alphabet used at that time, with some additional letters for sounds peculiar to Slavic languages (like ⟨ш⟩, ⟨ц⟩, ⟨ч⟩, ⟨ъ⟩, ⟨ь⟩, ⟨ѣ⟩), likely derived from the Glagolitic alphabet.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=p7n2umogAhgC&pg=PA100 ''The Orthodox Church in the Byzantine Empire, Oxford History of the Christian Church''], J. M. Hussey, Andrew Louth, Oxford University Press, 2010, {{ISBN|0191614882}}, p. 100.</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=YIAYMNOOe0YC&pg=PR1 ''Southeastern Europe in the Middle Ages, 500–1250''], Cambridge Medieval Textbooks, Florin Curta, Cambridge University Press, 2006, {{ISBN|0521815398}}, pp. 221–222.</ref> The decision by a great assembly of notables summoned by Boris in the year 893 in favor of Cyrillic created an alphabetical difference between the two literary centres of the Bulgarian state in Pliska and Ohrid. In the western part the Glagolitic alphabet remained dominant at first. However, subsequently in the next two centuries, mostly after the fall of the [[First Bulgarian Empire]] to the [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantines]], Glagolitic gradually ceased to be used there at all.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3o5lrvuwOVwC&pg=PA146 |title=East Central Europe in the Middle Ages, 1000–1500 |first=Jean W. |last=Sedlar |publisher=University of Washington Press |page=146 |access-date=2013-05-01 |isbn=9780295972916 |year=1994 |archive-date=2021-04-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414154328/https://books.google.com/books?id=3o5lrvuwOVwC&pg=PA146 |url-status=live }}</ref> Nevertheless, particular passages or words written with the Glagolitic alphabet appeared in Bulgarian Cyrillic manuscripts till the end of the 14th century.<ref>Велчева, Б. Късната българска глаголица. Кирило-Методиевски студии, кн. 12, София, 1999, 87–152.</ref> Some students of the Ohrid academy went to [[Bohemia]] where the alphabet was used in the 10th and 11th centuries, along with other scripts. It is not clear whether the Glagolitic alphabet was used in the [[Jaxa of Köpenick|Duchy of Kopnik]] before the [[Wendish Crusade]], but it was certainly used in [[Kievan Rus']]. Another use of Glagolitic is presumed in now southern Poland ([[Duchy of Vistula]]/[[White Croats]] state) and the [[Ruthenian Transcarpathia|Transcarpathia]] region.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3o5lrvuwOVwC&pg=PA146 |title=The Making of Central and Eastern Europe|first=Francis |last=Dvornik  |year=1994 |publisher=University of Washington Press |isbn=9780875690230 }}</ref>

===Survival and use in Croatia===

In Croatia, from the 12th century, Glagolitic inscriptions appeared mostly in littoral areas: [[Istria]], Primorje, [[Kvarner]], and Kvarner islands, notably [[Krk]], [[Cres]], and [[Lošinj]]; in Dalmatia, on the islands of Zadar, but there were also findings in inner [[Lika]] and [[Krbava]], reaching to [[Kupa]] river, and even as far as [[Međimurje]] and [[Slovenia]].
''[[Hrvoje's Missal]]'' from 1404 was illuminated in [[Split (city)|Split]], and it is considered one of the most beautiful Croatian Glagolitic books. The 1483 ''[[Missale Romanum Glagolitice]]'' was the first printed Croatian Glagolitic book.{{citation needed|date=February 2013}}

It was believed that Glagolitsa in Croatia was present only in those areas. But, in 1992, the discovery of Glagolitic inscriptions in churches along the [[Orljava]] river in [[Slavonia]] totally changed the picture (churches in [[Brodski Drenovac]], [[Lovčić]], and some others), showing that use of the Glagolitic alphabet was spread from Slavonia also.<ref>{{in lang|hr}} [http://www.sbtv.hr/Vijesti/2007%20vijesti/04%202007%20travanj/SB_INFO_2007-01%2003.htm ''"Glagoljaška baština u Slavonskom Kobašu"''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070614011227/https://www.sbtv.hr/Vijesti/2007%20vijesti/04%202007%20travanj/SB_INFO_2007-01%2003.htm |date=2007-06-14 }}, ''Slavonskobrodska televizija'', News from February 25, 2007.</ref>

Sporadic instances aside, Glagolitic survived beyond the 12th century as a primary script in Croatian lands alone, although from there a brief attempt at reintroduction was made in the [[West Slavs|West Slavic]] area in the 14th century through the [[Emmaus Monastery|Emmaus Benedictine Monastery]] in [[Prague]], where it survived well into the 15th century, the last manuscript with Glagolitic script dating to 1450–1452.<ref name="Pacnerova 2008">{{cite journal |first=Ludmila |last=Pacnerova |title=Staročeské literární památky a charvátská hranatá hlaholice |language=cs |trans-title=Old Czech Literary Monuments and Croatian Angular Glagolitic |journal=Slovo |doi=10.31745/s |issn=0583-6255 |date=2008 |location=Zagreb |url=https://hrcak.srce.hr/file/35204}}</ref><ref name="Šmahel 2016">{{cite book |first=František |last=Šmahel |title=Alma mater Pragensis. Studie k počátkům Univerzity Karlovy. |language=cs |isbn=978-80-246-3203-2 |location=Prague |date=2016}}</ref> Its use for special applications continued in some Cyrillic areas, for example in the Bologna Psalter (1230-1241), the Sinodalna 895 Menaion (1260), the RPK 312 Gospel (13th), the Karakallou Epistolary (13th), the NBKM 933 Triodion (13th), the Skopje 1511 Octoechos (13th), the BRAN 4.9.39 Miscellany (13th), the Hilandar Chrysorrhoas (13th/14th), the Mazurin 1698 Pandects (13th/14th), the Sofia Psalter (1337), the SANU 55 Epistolary (1366–1367), the RNB F.п.I.2 Psalter (14th), the Čajniče Gospel (late 14th), the Radosav Miscellany (1444–1461), the Prague NM IX.F.38 Psalter (18th) and in the initials of many manuscripts of the Prophets with Commentary dating to the late 15th and early 16th centuries from [[Grand Duchy of Moscow|Muscovy]] and [[Tsardom of Russia|Russia]]. Most later use in the Cyrillic world was for cryptographic purposes, such as in the Krushedol Miscellany (15th), the RNB F.п.I.48 Prologue (1456), the Piskarev 59 Isaac (1472), the Shchukin 511 Miscellany (1511) and the Hludov Gospel (17th/18th).<ref name="Miltenov 2009">{{cite journal |last=Miltenov |first=Yavor |date=2009 |title=Кирилски ръкописи с глаголически вписвания (Част пръва) |trans-title=Cyrillic Manuscripts with Glagolitic portions |language=bg |journal=Wiener Slavistisches Jahrbuch |volume=55 |pages=191–219 |location=Wien |publisher=Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften |url=https://www.academia.edu/download/7160023/WSJ_2009_2010_LAST.pdf}}{{dead link|date=September 2023}}</ref>

The early development of the Glagolitic minuscule script alongside the increasingly square majuscule is poorly documented, but a mutual relationship evolved between the two varieties; the majuscule being used primarily for inscriptions and higher liturgical uses, and the minuscule being used in both religious and secular documents. Ignoring the problematic early Slavonian inscriptions, the use of the Glagolitic script at its peak before the [[Croatian-Ottoman wars]] corresponded roughly to the area that spoke the [[Chakavian]] dialect at the time, in addition to some adjacent [[Kajkavian]] regions within the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Zagreb|Zagreb bishopric]]. As a result, vernacular impact on the liturgical language and script largely stems from Chakavian sub-dialects, although South Chakavian speakers mostly used Cyrillic, with Glagolitic only in certain parishes as a high liturgical script until a Glagolitic seminary was opened in Split in the 18th century, aside from a period of time in the parish of Kučiće-Vinišće.<ref name="Kovačić 2010">{{cite journal |first=Slavko |last=Kovačić |title=Knjiga Оpćena, matica crikvena – stara matična knjiga župe Kučiće-Vinišće, djelo župnika glagoljaša |journal=Slovo |doi=10.31745/s |issn=0583-6255 |number=60 |date=2010 |pages=477–504 |url=https://hrcak.srce.hr/en/clanak/98555}}</ref>

===Decline in Croatia===

{{Pie chart
|caption = Bishoprics by size of 16th century Glagolitic inscriptional corpus (in letters). "Other" includes [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Gospić-Senj|Senj]], [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Koper|Koper]], [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Novigrad|Novigrad]], {{ill|Roman Catholic Diocese of Otočac|lt=Otočac|hr|Otočačka biskupija}}, [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Zagreb|Zagreb]], [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Osor|Osor]], [[Patriarchate of Aquileia|Aquileia]], [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Bosnia|Đakovo]], [[Diocese of Nin|Nin]], [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Assisi-Nocera Umbra-Gualdo Tadino|Assisi]], [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Knin|Cazin]], [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Arbe|Rab]]. See [[List of Glagolitic inscriptions (16th century)|list]].
|label1 = {{ill|Roman Catholic Diocese of Poreč|lt=Poreč|hr|Porečka biskupija}}
|value1 = 22.4
|color1 = sandybrown
|label2 = [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Trieste|Trieste]]
|value2 = 19.9
|color2 = coral
|label3 = [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Pula|Pula]]
|value3 = 18.9
|color3 = salmon
|label4 = [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Krk|Krk]]
|value4 = 14.9
|color4 = orchid
|label5 = [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Pedena|Pićan]]
|value5 = 6.0
|color5 = lightblue
|label6 = [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Zadar|Zadar]]
|value6 = 5.4
|color6 = skyblue
|label7 = {{ill|Diocese of Modruš|lt=Novi|hr|Krbavska biskupija}}
|value7 = 5.0
|color7 = cornflowerblue
|other = yes
|other-color = silver
}}

The [[Hundred Years' Croatian–Ottoman War|Ottoman Empire's repeated incursions]] into Croatia in the 15th and 16th centuries posed the first major existential threat to the script's survival. The Counter-Reformation, alongside other factors, led to the suppression of Glagolitic in Istria in the 16th–17th centuries as well as in the Zagreb archdiocese.<ref>{{cite book |last=Strohal |first=Rudolf |date=1915 |title=Hrvatska glagolska knjiga |trans-title=Croatian Glagolitic Book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AXg4AAAAYAAJ |language=hr |location=Zagreb |publisher=Merkur |access-date=2020-12-12 |archive-date=2021-04-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414152402/https://books.google.com/books?id=AXg4AAAAYAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref> The Latinisation of the coastal cities and islands took much longer, where the script continued to be used by the notaries of Krk into the first decade of the 19th century,<ref name="Štefanić 1960">{{cite book |last=Štefanić |first=Vjekoslav |date=1960 |title=Glagoljski rukopisi otoka Krka |trans-title=Glagolitic Manuscripts of the Island of Krk |language=hr |location=Zagreb |publisher=Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts}}</ref> with education by rural chapters on that island ensuring the survival of the script until well after their abolition by the Napoleon administration in the second decade of the 19th century.<ref name="Bolonić 1976">{{cite journal |first=Mihovil |last=Bolonić |title=Ekonomsko-socijalno stanje krčkih glagoljaša |pages=478–503 |url=https://hrcak.srce.hr/34961 |journal=Bogoslovska smotra |volume=46 |issue=4 |date=1976}}</ref> [[Novitiates]] continued to be educated primarily in the Glagolitic script as late as the third decade of the 19th century. But without centres of education, Latin script and Italian rapidly took over, so that very little was written in the script after the third quarter of the 19th century except for ceremonial purposes, and soon very few could read the cursive script apart from a few scholars.<ref name="Kero 2015">{{cite book |last=Kero |first=Pavao |date=2015 |title=ⰒⰑⰒⰋⰔ ⰃⰎⰀⰃⰑⰎⰌⰔⰍⰋⰘ ⰍⰑⰄⰅⰍⰔⰀ ⰈⰀⰄⰀⰓⰔⰍⰅ ⰐⰀⰄⰁⰋⰔⰍⰖⰒⰋⰌⰅ |language=cu |edition=2nd |location=Zagreb |isbn=978-953-331-073-2}}</ref>

===Academic debates===
{{main|Relationship of Cyrillic and Glagolitic scripts}}

The exact nature of relationship between the Glagolitic alphabet and the [[Early Cyrillic alphabet]], their order of development, and influence on each other has been a matter of great study, controversy, and dispute in [[Slavic studies]] since the 19th century.

==Versions of authorship and name==
A once common belief was that the Glagolitic was created or used in the 4th century by [[St. Jerome]], hence the alphabet was sometimes named "Hieronymian".{{citation needed|date=February 2013}}

It has also [[Acrophony|acrophonically]] been called ''azbuka'' from the names of its first two letters, on the same model as "alpha" + "beta" (the same name can also refer to [[Cyrillic script#Etymology|Cyrillic]] and in some modern languages it simply means "alphabet" in general). The Slavs of [[Great Moravia]] (present-day [[Slovakia]] and [[Moravia]]), [[Hungary]], [[Slovenia]] and [[Slavonia]] were called ''Slověne'' at that time, which gives rise to the name "Slovenish" for the alphabet. Some other, rarer, names for this alphabet are '''''Bukvitsa''''' (from common Slavic word "bukva" meaning "letter", and a suffix "-itsa") and "Illyrian" (presumably similar to using the same anachronistic name for the [[Illyrian (Slavic)]] language).{{citation needed|date=February 2013}}

In the Middle Ages, Glagolitsa was also known as "St. Jerome's script" due to a popular mediaeval legend (created by Croatian scribes in the 13th century) ascribing its invention to [[St. Jerome]] (342–429). The legend was partly based on the saint's place of birth on the border of [[Dalmatia (Roman province)|Dalmatia]] and [[Pannonia]]. He was viewed as a "compatriot" and anachronistically as belonging to the same ethnic group; this helped the spread of the cult of the saint in Dalmatia and was later used to support the idea of the presence of Slavic communities in the Eastern Adriatic Coast from ancient times, but the legend was probably firstly introduced for other reasons, like giving a more solid religious justification for the use of this script and Slavic liturgy.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ivić |first1=Ines |title=The "Making" of a National Saint: Reflections on the Formation of the Cult of Saint Jerome in the Eastern Adriatic |journal=Il Capitale Culturale: Studies on the Value of Cultural Heritage |date=2018 |volume=Supplementi 07/2018 |doi=10.13138/2039-2362/1795 |url=http://riviste.unimc.it/index.php/cap-cult/article/view/1795 |access-date=2021-01-20 |archive-date=2021-04-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414134438/http://riviste.unimc.it/index.php/cap-cult/article/view/1795 |url-status=live }}</ref> The theory nevertheless gained much popularity and spread to other countries before being resolutely{{clarify|date=February 2015}} disproven.{{citation needed|date=February 2013}}

{{blockquote|text=Until the end of the 18th century, a strange but widespread opinion dominated that the Glagolitic writing system, which was in use in Dalmatia and Istria along with neighboring islands, including the translation of the Holy Scripture, owe their existence to the famous church father St. Jerome. Knowing him as the author of the Latin [[Vulgate]], considering him – by his own words, born on the border between Dalmatia and Pannonia (remembering that the Dalmatian borders extended well into Istria at that time) – presumed to be an Illyrian, the self-styled Slavic intellectuals in Dalmatia very early began to ascribe to him the invention of ''glagolitsa'', possibly with the intention of more successfully defending both Slavic writing and the Slavic holy service against prosecutions and prohibitions from Rome's hierarchy, thus using the opinion of the famous Latin Father of the Church to protect their church rituals which were inherited not from the Greeks Cyril and Methodius but unknown. We do not know who was the first to put in motion this unscientifically-based tradition about Jerome's authorship of the Glagolitic script and translation of the Holy Scripture, but in 1248 this version came to the knowledge of Pope Innocent IV. <...> The belief in Jerome as an inventor of the Glagolitic lasted many centuries, not only in his homeland, i.e. in Dalmatia and Croatia, not only in Rome, due to Slavs living there... but also in the West. In the 14th century, Croatian monks brought the legend to the Czechs, and even the Emperor Charles IV believed them.<ref>До конца XVIII века господствовало странное, но широко распространенное мнение, что глаголическое письмо, бывшее в употреблении в Далмации и Истрии с прилегающими островами и в приморской Хорватии, вместе с переводом священного писания, обязано своим существованием знаменитому отцу церкви св. Иерониму. Зная о нем как авторе латинской «Вульгаты», считая его же как уроженца Далмации славянином, в частности хорватом, домашняя славянская интеллигенция Далмации стала очень рано присваивать ему изобретение глаголицы, быть может, нарочно, с тем умыслом, чтобы успешнее отстаивать и письмо, и богослужение славянское от преследований и запретов со стороны римской иерархии, прикрывая авторитетным именем знаменитого латинского отца церкви свой от греков Кирилла и Мефодия унаследованный обряд. Кем впервые пущено в ход это ни на чем не основанное ученое предание об авторстве св. Иеронима по части глаголического письма и перевода св. писания, мы не знаем, но в 1248 году оно дошло уже до сведения папы Иннокентия IV. <...> Много столетий продолжалась эта вера в Иеронима как изобретателя глаголического письма, не только дома, т. е. в Далмации и Хорватии, не только в Риме, через проживавших там славян... но также и на западе. В Чехию предание занесено в XIV столетии хорватскими монахами-глаголитами, которым поверил даже император Карл IV. (Jagić 1911, pp. 51–52)</ref>|author=Jagić, Vatroslav|source=Glagolitica. Würdigung neuentdeckter Fragmente. Wien, 1890}}

The epoch of traditional attribution of the script to Jerome ended probably in 1812.<ref>P. Solarić's "Букварь славенскiй трiазбучный" (''Three-alphabet Slavic Primer''), Venice, 1812 mentions the version as a fact of science (see Jagić 1911, p. 52; Vajs 1932, p. 23).</ref> In modern times, only certain marginal authors share this view, usually "re-discovering" one of the already-known mediaeval sources.<ref>For example, K. Šegvić in ''Nastavni vjesnik'', XXXIX, sv. 9–10, 1931, refers to a work of [[Rabanus Maurus]]. (see Vajs 1932, p. 23).</ref>

==Characteristics==
[[File:Vergleich Glagolitische Schrift.jpg|thumb|left|[[The Lord's Prayer]] shown in (from left) round, angular, and cursive versions of Glagolitic script]]
The phonetic values of many of the letters are thought to have been displaced under Cyrillic influence or to have become confused through the early spread to different dialects, so the original values are not always clear. For instance, the letter ''yu'' Ⱓ is thought to have perhaps originally had the sound /u/ but was displaced by the adoption of the ligature Ⱆ under the influence of later Cyrillic ''oѵ'', mirroring the Greek ''ου''. Other letters were late creations after a Cyrillic model. It should also be noted that Ⱑ corresponds to two different Cyrillic letters (Ѣ and Я), present even in older manuscripts, and not to different later variants of the same Cyrillic letter in different times or places.{{citation needed|date=February 2013}}

The following table lists each letter in its modern order, showing its Unicode representation, images of the letter in both the round and angular/squared variant forms, the corresponding modern Cyrillic letter, the approximate sound transcribed with the [[help:IPA|IPA]], the name, and suggestions for its origin. The Old Church Slavonic names follow the [[Scientific transliteration of Cyrillic|scientific transliteration]], while the mostly similar Church Slavonic ones follow an approach more familiar to a generic English speaking reader. Several letters have no modern counterpart. The column for the angular variant, sometimes referred to as [[Croatian Glagolitic]], is not complete as some of the letters were not used following the [[Croatian recension of Old Church Slavonic]].{{citation needed|date=February 2013}}

{{clear}}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Unicode
! Round
! Angular
! Cyrillic
! Sound
! [[Old Church Slavonic|OCS]] name
! [[Church Slavonic language|CS]] name
! Meaning
! Origin proposals
|-
| style="text-align:center; font-size:xx-large;" class="Unicode" | {{Script|Glag|Ⰰ}}
| style="text-align:center;" | [[File:Glagolitic az.svg|25px|Azu]]
| style="text-align:center;" | [[File:Glagolitic Letter Square Azu.svg|33px|Azu]]
| style="text-align:center;" | [[A (Cyrillic)|А]]
| style="text-align:center;" | {{IPA|/ɑ/}}
| Azъ
| Az
| I
| [[Phoenician alphabet]] [[aleph]] {{Script|Phnx|𐤀}} or the [[sign of the cross]]<ref name=Schenker><br/>{{cite book |last=Schenker |first=Alexander M. |year=1995 |chapter=Early writing |title=The Dawn of Slavic: An introduction to Slavic philology |place=New Haven, CT/London, UK |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=978-0-300-05846-8 |pages=168–172}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center; font-size:xx-large;" class="Unicode" | {{Script|Glag|Ⰱ}}
| style="text-align:center;" | [[File:Glagolitic buky.svg|25px|Bouky]]
| style="text-align:center;" | [[File:Glagolitic Letter Square Buky.svg|33px|Bouky]]
| style="text-align:center;" | [[Be (Cyrillic)|Б]]
| style="text-align:center;" | {{IPA|/b/}}
| Buky
| Buky
| letters
| Unknown,<ref name=Schenker/> possibly Hebrew [[Bet (letter)|bet]] {{Script|Hebr|בּ}},<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ilievski |first=Petar H.R. |year=2002 |title=Glagolica: An iconic script for visual evangelic preaching |journal=Illinois Classical Studies |volume=27–28 |pages=153–164 |jstor=23065457 |issn=0363-1923 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23065457 |access-date=2020-08-26 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201003033849/https://www.jstor.org/stable/23065457 |archive-date=2020-10-03}}</ref> [[Aramaic alphabet|Aramaic]] bīt {{Script|Armi|ܒ}}<ref>{{cite journal |last=Jung |first=Hakyung |title=On the origin of the Glagolitic alphabet |journal=Scripta |date=January 2013 |volume=5 |pages=105–130 |language=en |url=https://www.academia.edu/24232159 |access-date=2020-08-26 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211007225107/https://www.academia.edu/24232159 |archive-date=2021-10-07}}</ref> or [[Samaritan script|Samaritan]] mem ࠌ
|-
| style="text-align:center; font-size:xx-large;" class="Unicode" | {{Script|Glag|Ⰲ}}
| style="text-align:center;" | [[File:Glagolitic vedi.svg|29px|Vede]]
| style="text-align:center;" | [[File:Glagolitic Letter Square Vede.svg|29px|Vede]]
| style="text-align:center;" | [[Ve (Cyrillic)|В]]
| style="text-align:center;" | {{IPA|/ʋ/}}
| Vědě
| Vedi
|(you/he/she/it) knew
| Possibly Latin [[V]],<ref name=Schenker/> cursive Greek upsilon [[Upsilon|υ]]<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Ikonomova |first=Zhivka |script-title=bg:Старобългарски език |date=1987 |publisher=Народна Просвета |location=Sofia, Bulgaria |pages=29, 30 |language=bg|trans-title=Old Bulgarian language}}</ref> or an inverted dobro {{Script|Glag|Ⰴ}}<ref>{{cite journal |last=Uspenskij |first=Boris |year=2013 |title=Glagolitic script as a manifestation of sacred knowledge |journal=Studi Slavistici |volume=10 |pages=7–27, 358 |language=en |publisher=Firenze University Press |issn=1824-7601 |edition=online |url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/1550519312 |id={{ProQuest|1550519312}}}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center; font-size:xx-large;" class="Unicode" | {{Script|Glag|Ⰳ}}
| style="text-align:center;" | [[File:Glagolitic glagoli.svg|23px|Glagolu]]
| style="text-align:center;" | [[File:Glagolitic Letter Square Glagoli.svg|33px|Glagolu]]
| style="text-align:center;" | [[Ge (Cyrillic)|Г]], [[Ghe with upturn|Ґ]]
| style="text-align:center;" | {{IPA|/ɡ/}}
| Glagoli
| Glagoli
| speak (past or imperative)
| Possibly cursive Greek [[gamma]] Γ<ref name=Schenker/>
|-
| style="text-align:center; font-size:xx-large;" class="Unicode" | {{Script|Glag|Ⰴ}}
| style="text-align:center;" | [[File:Glagolitic dobro.svg|29px|Dobro]]
| style="text-align:center;" | [[File:Glagolitic Letter Square Dobro.svg|29px|Dobro]]
| style="text-align:center;" | [[De (Cyrillic)|Д]]
| style="text-align:center;" | {{IPA|/d/}}
| Dobro
| Dobro
| kindness/good/well
| Greek [[Delta (letter)|delta]] {{Script|Grek|Δ}}<ref name=Schenker/>
|-
| style="text-align:center; font-size:xx-large;" class="Unicode" | {{Script|Glag|Ⰵ}}
| style="text-align:center;" | [[File:Glagolitic jest.svg|23px|Jestu]]
| style="text-align:center;" | [[File:Glagolitic Letter Square Yestu.svg|33px|Jestu]]
| style="text-align:center;" | [[Ukrainian Ye|Є]], [[Ye (Cyrillic)|Е]], [[E (Cyrillic)|Э]], [[Yo (Cyrillic)|Ё]]
| style="text-align:center;" | {{IPA|/ɛ/}}
| Jestъ
| Yest
| is/exists
| Possibly [[Samaritan script|Samaritan]] [[he (letter)|īy]] {{Script|Samr|ࠄ}} or Greek [[sampi]] {{Script|Grek|ϡ}}<ref name=Schenker/>
|-
| style="text-align:center; font-size:xx-large;" class="Unicode" | {{Script|Glag|Ⰶ}}
| style="text-align:center;" | [[File:Glagolitic zhivete.svg|29px|Zhivete]]
| style="text-align:center;" | [[File:Glagolitic Letter Square Zhivete.svg|29px|Zhivete]]
| style="text-align:center;" | [[Zhe (Cyrillic)|Ж]]
| style="text-align:center;" | {{IPA|/ʒ/}}
| Živěte
| Zhivete
| life/live<br/>(2nd plural imperative)
| Unknown,<ref name=Schenker/> possibly [[Coptic alphabet|Coptic janja]] {{Script|Copt|ϫ}}<ref name=":1" /> or [[astrological symbols|astrological symbol]] for [[Pisces (astrology)|Pisces]] {{Emoji presentation|♓️|text}}, [[Tifinagh]] {{Script|Tfng|ⵣ}}<ref>{{cite book |date=1990 |first=Martin |last=Bernal |title=Cadmean Letters: The Transmission of the Alphabet to the Aegean and Further West Before 1400 B.C. |isbn=0-931464-47-1 |page=119|publisher=Eisenbrauns }}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center; font-size:xx-large;" class="Unicode" | {{Script|Glag|Ⰷ}}
| style="text-align:center;" | [[File:Glagolitic dzelo.svg|29px|Dzelo]]
| style="text-align:center;" | [[File:Glagolitic Letter Square Dzelo.svg|29px|Dzelo]]
| style="text-align:center;" | [[Dze|Ѕ]]
| style="text-align:center;" | {{IPA|/d͡z/}}
| Dzělo
| Zelo
| very
| Unknown,<ref name=Schenker/> possibly Armenian ja {{script|Armn|Ձ}}<ref>{{Cite web|title=Wiener slawistischer Almanach|url=https://periodika.digitale-sammlungen.de/wsa/Blatt_bsb00000477,00291.html|access-date=2020-08-26|website=periodika.digitale-sammlungen.de|archive-date=2020-10-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201003050149/https://periodika.digitale-sammlungen.de/wsa/Blatt_bsb00000477,00291.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center; font-size:xx-large;" class="Unicode" | {{Script|Glag|Ⰸ}}
| style="text-align:center;" | [[File:Glagolitic zemlja.svg|29px|Zemlja]]
| style="text-align:center;" | [[File:Glagolitic Letter Square Zemlja.svg|29px|Zemlja]]
| style="text-align:center;" | [[Ze (Cyrillic)|З]]
| style="text-align:center;" | {{IPA|/z/}}
| Zemlja
| Zeml(j)a
| Earth/ground/soil
| Possibly a variant of Greek [[Theta (letter)|theta]] {{Script|Grek|θ}}<ref name=Schenker/>
|-
| style="text-align:center; font-size:xx-large;" class="Unicode" | {{Script|Glag|Ⰹ,&nbsp;Ⰺ}}
| style="text-align:center;" | {{nowrap|[[File:Glagolitic Iota.svg|29px|I]], [[File:Glagolitic izhe.svg|29px|Izhe]]}}
| style="text-align:center;" | [[File:Glagolitic Letter Square Izhe.svg|33px|Izhe]]
| style="text-align:center;" | [[Dotted I (Cyrillic)|Ι]], [[Yi (Cyrillic)|Ї]]
| style="text-align:center; white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPA|/i/}}, {{IPA|/j/}}
| Iže
| Izhe
| which is/the
|Possibly Greek [[upsilon]] {{Script|Grek|Y}}<ref name="Kuznetsov 2012 7–14">{{Cite journal |last=Kuznetsov |first=Anatoly Mikhailovich |date=2012 |title="Бывают странные сближенья…": греческий юпсилон и глаголица |journal=Slavistica Vilnensis |volume=57 |pages=7–14 |doi=10.15388/SlavViln.2012.2.1207 |issn=2351-6895 |language=ru |url=https://www.ceeol.com/search/article-detail?id=461622 |access-date=2020-08-26 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201003044051/https://www.ceeol.com/search/article-detail?id=461622 |archive-date=2020-10-03|doi-access=free }}</ref> or Greek [[Iota (letter)|iota]] with dieresis {{Script|Grek|ϊ}}<ref name=Schenker/>
|-
|-
| style="text-align:center; font-size:xx-large;" class="Unicode" | {{Script|Glag|Ⰻ}}
| style="text-align:center;" | [[File:Glagolitic i.svg|25px|I]]
| style="text-align:center;" | [[File:Glagolitic Letter Square I.svg|33px|I]]
| style="text-align:center;" |[[I (Cyrillic)|И]]
| style="text-align:center; white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPA|/i/}}, {{IPA|/j/}}
| I/ižei
| I/izhey
| and
| Possibly mimicking the shape of a [[Ichthys|fish]], [[File:Ichthys symbol (rotated).svg|baseline|4px]].<ref name="Kuznetsov 2012 7–14"/>
|-
| style="text-align:center; font-size:xx-large;" class="Unicode" | {{Script|Glag|Ⰼ}}
| style="text-align:center;" | [[File:Glagolitic djerv.svg|25px|Gjerv]]
| style="text-align:center;" | [[File:Glagolitic Letter Square Djervi.svg|25px|Gjerv]]
| style="text-align:center;" | [[Djerv|Ꙉ]], [[Tshe|Ћ]], [[Dje|Ђ]]
| style="text-align:center;" | {{IPA|/dʑ/}}, {{IPA|/tɕ/}}
| Djervь, ǵervь
| Cherv, Djerv 
| tree/wood
|
|-
| style="text-align:center; font-size:xx-large;" class="Unicode" | {{Script|Glag|Ⰽ}}
| style="text-align:center;" | [[File:Glagolitic kako.svg|50x50px|Kako|alt=]]
| style="text-align:center;" | [[File:Glagolitic Letter Square Kako.svg|50x50px|Kako|alt=]]
| style="text-align:center;" | [[Ka (Cyrillic)|К]]
| style="text-align:center;" | {{IPA|/k/}}
| Kako
| Kako
| how/as
| Hebrew [[qoph]] {{Script|Hebr|ק}}&lrm;<ref name=Schenker/>
|-
| style="text-align:center; font-size:xx-large;" class="Unicode" | {{Script|Glag|Ⰾ}}
| style="text-align:center; white-space:nowrap;" | [[File:Glagolitic Ljudьje.svg|x31px|Ljudie]], [[File:Glagolitic ljudi.svg|x28px|Ljudie]]
| style="text-align:center;" | [[File:Glagolitic Letter Square Ljudije.svg|33px|Ljudie]]
| style="text-align:center;" | [[El (Cyrillic)|Л]], [[Lje|Љ]]
| style="text-align:center; white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPA|/l/}}, {{IPA|/ʎ/}}
| Ljudie
| Lyudi
| people
| Possibly Greek [[lambda]] {{Script|Grek|λ}}<ref name=Schenker/>
|-
| style="text-align:center; font-size:xx-large;" class="Unicode" | {{Script|Glag|Ⰿ}}
| style="text-align:center;" | [[File:Glagolitic mislete.svg|33px|Myslite]]
| style="text-align:center;" | [[File:Glagolitic Letter Square Myslite.svg|33px|Myslite]]
| style="text-align:center;" | [[Em (Cyrillic)|М]]
| style="text-align:center;" | {{IPA|/m/}}
| Myslite
| Mislete
| think (2nd plural)
| Greek [[Mu (letter)|mu]] {{Script|Grek|μ}}.<ref name=Schenker/> In squared glagolitic it was eventually replaced by a Latin/Cyrillic like form, partly due to its complexity<ref>{{cite journal |last=Čunčić |first=Marica |date=1999 |title=Duktus tipaua glagoljskoga pisma |trans-title=Ductus of the types of Glagolitic script |language=Croatian |journal=Filologija |volume=32 |pages=33 |publisher=Staroslavenski institut |publication-place=Zagreb |url=https://hrcak.srce.hr/index.php?show=clanak&id_clanak_jezik=244114 |access-date=2021-02-27 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414105334/https://hrcak.srce.hr/index.php?show=clanak&id_clanak_jezik=244114 |archive-date=2021-04-14}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center; font-size:xx-large;" class="Unicode" | {{Script|Glag|Ⱀ}}
| style="text-align:center;" | [[File:Glagolitic Našь.svg|x29px|Našь]], [[File:Glagolitic nash.svg|x28px|Nashi]]
| style="text-align:center;" | [[File:Glagolitic Letter Square Nashi.svg|33px|Nashi]]
| style="text-align:center;" | [[En (Cyrillic)|Н]], [[Nje|Њ]]
| style="text-align:center; white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPA|/n/}}, {{IPA|/ɲ/}}
| Našь
| Nash
| ours
| Possibly [[Greek minuscule|minuscule Greek]] [[Nu (letter)|nu]] ν<ref name=":1" />
|-
| style="text-align:center; font-size:xx-large;" class="Unicode" | {{Script|Glag|Ⱁ}}
| style="text-align:center;" | [[File:Glagolitic on.svg|33px|Onu]]
| style="text-align:center;" | [[File:Glagolitic Letter Square Onu.svg|33px|Onu]]
| style="text-align:center;" | [[O (Cyrillic)|О]]
| style="text-align:center;" | {{IPA|/ɔ/}}
| Onъ
| On
| he, that
| Unknown, possibly half of Ot/Omega<ref name=":1" /> 
|-
| style="text-align:center; font-size:xx-large;" class="Unicode" | {{Script|Glag|Ⱂ}}
| style="text-align:center;" | [[File:Glagolitic pokoi.svg|33px|Pokoi]]
| style="text-align:center;" | [[File:Glagolitic Letter Square Pokoji.svg|33px|Pokoi]]
| style="text-align:center;" | [[Pe (Cyrillic)|П]]
| style="text-align:center;" | {{IPA|/p/}}
| Pokoj
| Pokoy
| calmness/peace
| Possibly a variant of early Greek [[Pi (letter)|pi]] {{GrGl|Pi archaic}}<ref name=Schenker/>
|-
| style="text-align:center; font-size:xx-large;" class="Unicode" | {{Script|Glag|Ⱃ}}
| style="text-align:center;" | [[File:Glagolitic rtsi.svg|33px|Rici]]
| style="text-align:center;" | [[File:Glagolitic Letter Square Ritsi.svg|33px|Rici]]
| style="text-align:center;" | [[Er (Cyrillic)|Р]]
| style="text-align:center;" | {{IPA|/r/}}
| Rьci
| Rtsi
| speak!/pronounce!
| Possibly Greek [[Rho (letter)|rho]] {{Script|Grek|ρ}}<ref name=Schenker/>
|-
| style="text-align:center; font-size:xx-large;" class="Unicode" | {{Script|Glag|Ⱄ}}
| style="text-align:center;" | [[File:Glagolitic slovo.svg|33px|Slovo]]
| style="text-align:center;" | [[File:Glagolitic Letter Square Slovo.svg|33px|Slovo]]
| style="text-align:center;" | [[Es (Cyrillic)|С]]
| style="text-align:center;" | {{IPA|/s/}}
| Slovo
| Slovo
| word/speech
| Inverse of I/Izhey, possibly for cemetery in the abbreviation of "Ἰησοῦς" "Jesus"- "ΙΣ"<ref name=":1" />
|-
| style="text-align:center; font-size:xx-large;" class="Unicode" | {{Script|Glag|Ⱅ}}
| style="text-align:center;" | [[File:Glagolitic tverdo.svg|33px|Tvrido]]
| style="text-align:center;" | [[File:Glagolitic Letter Square Tvrido.svg|33px|Tvrido]]
| style="text-align:center;" | [[Te (Cyrillic)|Т]]
| style="text-align:center;" | {{IPA|/t/}}
| Tvrьdo
| Tverdo
| solid/hard/surely
| Perhaps from crossbar of Greek [[tau]] {{Script|Grek|τ}}<ref name=Schenker/>
|-
| style="text-align:center; font-size:xx-large;" class="Unicode" | {{Script|Glag|Ⱆ}}
| style="text-align:center;" | [[File:Glagolitic uk.svg|33px|Uku]]
| style="text-align:center;" | [[File:Glagolitic Letter Square Uku.svg|33px|Uku]]
| style="text-align:center;" | [[U (Cyrillic)|У]], [[Uk (Cyrillic)|ОУ]]
| style="text-align:center;" | {{IPA|/u/}}
| Ukъ
| Uk
| teaching
| Ligature of ''onъ'' {{script|Glag|Ⱁ}} and ''izhitsa'' {{script|Glag|Ⱛ}}<ref name=Schenker/>
|-
| style="text-align:center; font-size:xx-large;" class="Unicode" | {{Script|Glag|Ⱇ}}
| style="text-align:center;" | [[File:Glagolitic capital letter Fritu.svg|39px|Fritu]]
| style="text-align:center;" | [[File:Glagolitic Letter Square Fritu.svg|32px|Fritu]]
| style="text-align:center;" | [[Ef (Cyrillic)|Ф]]
| style="text-align:center;" | {{IPA|/f/}}
| Frьtъ
| Fert
|
| Variant of Greek [[Phi (letter)|phi]] {{Script|Grek|φ}}<ref name=Schenker/>
|-
| style="text-align:center; font-size:xx-large;" class="Unicode" | {{Script|Glag|Ⱈ}}
| style="text-align:center;" | [[File:Glagolitic kher.svg|33px|Heru]]
| style="text-align:center;" | [[File:Glagolitic Letter Square Heru.svg|33px|Heru]]
| style="text-align:center;" | [[Ha (Cyrillic)|Х]]
| style="text-align:center;" | {{IPA|/x/}}
| Xěrъ
| Kher
|
| [unknown] (similar to ''glagoli'' {{script|Glag|Ⰳ}} and Latin [[h]])<ref name=Schenker/>
|-
| style="text-align:center; font-size:xx-large;" class="Unicode" | {{Script|Glag|Ⱉ}}
| style="text-align:center;" | [[File:Glagolitic ot.svg|33px|Out]]
| style="text-align:center;" | [[File:Glagolitic Letter Square Otu.svg|33px|Out]]
| style="text-align:center;" | [[Omega (Cyrillic)|Ѡ]]
| style="text-align:center;" | {{IPA|/ɔ/}}
| Otъ
| Ot, Omega
| from
| Ligature of ''onъ'' {{script|Glag|Ⱁ}} and its mirror image<ref name=Schenker/> or Greek [[omicron]] Οο<ref name=":1" />
|-
| style="text-align:center; font-size:xx-large;" class="Unicode" | {{Script|Glag|Ⱋ}}
| style="text-align:center;" | [[File:Glagolitic shta.svg|33px|Shta]]
| style="text-align:center;" | [[File:Glagolitic Letter Square Shta.svg|33px|Shta]]
| style="text-align:center;" | [[Shcha (Cyrillic)|Щ]]
| style="text-align:center; white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPA|/tʲ/}}, {{IPA|/ʃ͡t/}}
| Šta/Šča
| Shta/Shcha
|
| Ligature of ''sha'' {{Script|Glag|Ⱎ}} over ''tvrьdo'' {{Script|Glag|Ⱅ}}<ref name=Schenker/>
|-
| style="text-align:center; font-size:xx-large;" class="Unicode" | {{Script|Glag|Ⱌ}}
| style="text-align:center;" | [[File:Glagolitic tsi.svg|33px|Ci]]
| style="text-align:center;" | [[File:Glagolitic Letter Square Tsi.svg|33px|Ci]]
| style="text-align:center;" | [[Tse (Cyrillic)|Ц]]
| style="text-align:center;" | {{IPA|/t͡s/}}
| Ci
| Tsi
|
| Final form of Hebrew [[tsade]] {{Script|Hebr|ץ}}<ref name=Schenker/>
|-
| style="text-align:center; font-size:xx-large;" class="Unicode" | {{Script|Glag|Ⱍ}}
| style="text-align:center;" | [[File:Glagolitic cherv.svg|33px|Chrivi]]
| style="text-align:center;" | [[File:Glagolitic Letter Square Chrivi.svg|33px|Chrivi]]
| style="text-align:center;" | [[Che (Cyrillic)|Ч]], [[Dzhe|Џ]]
| style="text-align:center;" | {{IPA|/t͡ʃ/}}
| Črьvъ
| Cherv
| worm
| [unknown] (similar to ''shta'' {{Script|Glag|Ⱋ}};<ref name=Schenker/> perhaps non-final form of Hebrew {{Script|Hebr|צ}}); possibly from [[Gothic alphabet|Gothic]] {{Script|Goth|𐍁}}<ref>{{cite book |date=1994-11-13 |first=Aurora |last=Peţan |title=Plăcile de plumb de la Sinaia |page=46 |url=https://archive.org/details/colectia-carti-istorice/Aurora%20Petan%20-%20Placile%20de%20plumb/page/46}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center; font-size:xx-large;" class="Unicode" | {{Script|Glag|Ⱎ}}
| style="text-align:center;" | [[File:Glagolitic sha.svg|33px|Sha]]
| style="text-align:center;" | [[File:Glagolitic Letter Square Sha.svg|33px|Sha]]
| style="text-align:center;" | [[Sha (Cyrillic)|Ш]]
| style="text-align:center;" | {{IPA|/ʃ/}}
| Ša
| Sha
| silence/quiet
| Hebrew [[Shin (letter)|shin]] {{Script|Hebr|ש}}&lrm;<ref name=Schenker/>
|-
| style="text-align:center; font-size:xx-large;" class="Unicode" | {{Script|Glag|Ⱏ}}, {{Script|Glag|Ⱜ}}
| style="text-align:center;" | {{nowrap|[[File:Glagolitic yer.svg|33px|Jeru]], [[File:Glagolitic Jerъ.svg|x33px|Jerъ]]}}
| style="text-align:center;" | {{nowrap|[[File:Glagolitic Letter Square Yeru.svg|33px|Jeru]], [[File:Glagolitic_capital_letter_Shtapic.svg|33px|Štapić]]}}
| style="text-align:center;" | [[hard sign|Ъ]]
| style="text-align:center;" | {{IPA|/ŭ/, /ʊ/}}
| Jerъ
| Yer, Yor
|
| Possibly modification of ''onъ'' {{script|Glag|Ⱁ}}.<ref name=Schenker/> The rod-shaped "štapić" variant is probably derived from the apostrophe character.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Žagar |first1=Mateo |editor1-last=Božilova |editor1-first=Rumjana |title=B'lgari i H'rvati prez vekovete |date=2003 |location=Sofija |pages=31–42 |chapter-url=https://www.academia.edu/31710109 |access-date=3 January 2024 |chapter=Osnovni procesi konstituiranja ustavne glagoljice}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center; font-size:xx-large;" class="Unicode" | {{Script|Glag|ⰟⰊ}}
| style="text-align:center;" | [[File:Glagolitic yeri.svg|40px|Jery]]
| 
| style="text-align:center;" | [[Yery|Ы]]
| style="text-align:center;" | {{IPA|/ɯ/}}
| Jery
| Yerɨ
|
| Ligature; [[digraph (orthography)|digraph]] of either ''yer'' ({{Script|Glag|Ⱏ}}) or ''yerь'' ({{Script|Glag|Ⱐ}}), followed by either ''izhe'' ({{Script|Glag|Ⰹ, Ⰺ}}) or ''i'' (Ⰻ).<ref name=Schenker/>
|-
| style="text-align:center; font-size:xx-large;" class="Unicode" | {{Script|Glag|Ⱐ}}
| style="text-align:center;" | {{nowrap|[[File:Glagolitic yerj.svg|39px|Jeri]], [[File:Glagolitic Jerь.svg|x33px|Jerь]]}}
| style="text-align:center;" | [[File:Glagolitic Letter Square Yeri.svg|39px|Jeri]]
| style="text-align:center;" | [[soft sign|Ь]]
| style="text-align:center;" | {{IPA|/ĭ/, /ɪ/}}
| Jerь
| Yer`
|
| Possibly modification of ''onъ'' {{script|Glag|Ⱁ}}<ref name=Schenker/>
|-
| style="text-align:center; font-size:xx-large;" class="Unicode" | {{Script|Glag|Ⱑ}}
| style="text-align:center;" | [[File:Glagolitic yat.svg|36px|Jati]]
| style="text-align:center;" | [[File:Glagolitic Letter Square Yati.svg|36px|Jati]]
| style="text-align:center;" | [[Yat|Ѣ]], [[Ya (Cyrillic)|Я]]
| style="text-align:center; white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPA|/æ/}}, {{IPA|/jɑ/}}
| Jatь
| Yat, Ya
|
| Possibly epigraphic Greek [[alpha]] {{Script|Grek|Α}}<ref name=Schenker/>
|-
| style="text-align:center; font-size:xx-large;" class="Unicode" | {{Script|Glag|Ⱖ}}
| style="text-align:center;" | [[File:Glagolitic capital letter Yo.svg|40px]]
| 
| style="text-align:center;" | [[Ё]]
| style="text-align:center;" | {{IPA|/jo/}}
|
|
|
| Unknown:<ref name=Schenker/> Hypothetical component of ''jonsь'' {{script|Glag|Ⱙ}} below; /jo/ was not possible at the time
|-
| style="text-align:center; font-size:xx-large;" class="Unicode" | {{Script|Glag|Ⱓ}}
| style="text-align:center;" | [[File:Glagolitic yu.svg|30px|Jou]]
| 
| style="text-align:center;" | [[Yu (Cyrillic)|Ю]]
| style="text-align:center;" | {{IPA|/ju/}}
| Ju
| Yu
|
| Unknown<ref name=Schenker/>
|-
| style="text-align:center; font-size:xx-large;" class="Unicode" | {{Script|Glag|Ⱔ}}
| style="text-align:center;" | [[File:Glagolitic ens.svg|30px|Ensu (small jousu)]]
| 
| style="text-align:center;" | [[Yus|Ѧ]]
| style="text-align:center;" | {{IPA|/ɛ̃/}}
| [Ensь]
| [small yus]
|
| Greek [[epsilon]] {{Script|Grek|ε}}, also used to denote nasality<ref name=Schenker/>
|-
| style="text-align:center; font-size:xx-large;" class="Unicode" | {{Script|Glag|Ⱗ}}
| style="text-align:center;" | [[File:Glagolitic yens.svg|35px|Jensu (small jousu)]]
| 
| style="text-align:center;" | [[Yus|Ѩ]]
| style="text-align:center;" | {{IPA|/jɛ̃/}}
| [Jensь]
| [small iotated yus]
|
| Ligature of ''jestъ'' {{script|Glag|Ⰵ}} and ''ensь'' {{script|Glag|Ⱔ}} for nasality<ref name=Schenker/>
|-
| style="text-align:center; font-size:xx-large;" class="Unicode" | {{Script|Glag|Ⱘ}}
| style="text-align:center;" | [[File:Glagolitic ons.svg|35px|Onsu (big jousu)]]
| 
| style="text-align:center;" | [[Yus|Ѫ]]
| style="text-align:center;" | {{IPA|/ɔ̃/}}
| [Onsь]
| [big yus]
|
| Ligature of ''onъ'' {{script|Glag|Ⱁ}} and ''ensь'' {{script|Glag|Ⱔ}} for nasality<ref name=Schenker/>
|-
| style="text-align:center; font-size:xx-large;" class="Unicode" | {{Script|Glag|Ⱙ}}
| style="text-align:center;" | [[File:Glagolitic yons.svg|35px|Jonsu (big jousu)]]
| 
| style="text-align:center;" | [[Yus|Ѭ]]
| style="text-align:center;" | {{IPA|/jɔ̃/}}
| [Jonsь]
| [big iotated yus]
|
| Ligature of unknown letter and ''ensь'' {{Script|Glag|Ⱔ}} for nasality<ref name=Schenker/>
|-
| style="text-align:center; font-size:xx-large;" class="Unicode" | {{Script|Glag|Ⱚ}}
| style="text-align:center;" | [[File:Glagolitic fita.svg|30px|Thita]]
| 
| style="text-align:center;" | [[Fita|Ѳ]]
| style="text-align:center;" | {{IPA|/θ/}}
| [Thita]
| Fita
| Theta   
| Greek [[theta]] {{Script|Grek|θ}}<ref name=Schenker/>
|-
| style="text-align:center; font-size:xx-large;" class="Unicode" | {{Script|Glag|Ⱛ}}
| style="text-align:center;" | [[File:Glagolitic izhitsa.svg|27px|Yzhica]]
| 
| style="text-align:center;" | [[Izhitsa|Ѵ]]
| style="text-align:center; white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPA|/ʏ/}}, {{IPA|/i/}}
| Ižica 
| Izhitsa
|
|
|}

In older texts, ''uk'' ({{Script|Glag|Ⱆ}}) and three out of four ''yus''es ({{Script|Glag|Ⱗ, Ⱘ, Ⱙ}}) also can be written as digraphs, in two separate parts.{{citation needed|date=February 2013}}

The order of ''izhe'' ({{Script|Glag|Ⰹ, Ⰺ}}) and ''i'' ({{Script|Glag|Ⰻ}}) varies from source to source, as does the order of the various forms of ''yus'' ({{Script|Glag|Ⱔ, Ⱗ, Ⱘ, Ⱙ}}).<ref>Examples of glagolitic abecedaria, numeraria and alphabet acrostics with some considerations about the original order of letters can be found in {{cite conference |url=https://www.academia.edu/8615898 |title=The glagolitic alphabet as a text |first=William R. |last=Veder |book-title=Glagoljica I Hrvatski Glagolizam: Zbornik Radova S Meunarodnoga Znanstvenog Skupa Povodom 100 Obljetnice Staroslavenske Akademije I 50 Obljetnice Staroslavenskog Instituta, Zagreb-krk, 2.-6 Listopada 2002 |publisher=Staroslavenski Institut |year=2004 |isbn=9789536080052 |conference= |access-date=2021-03-22 |archive-date=2021-08-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210817120258/https://www.academia.edu/8615898 |url-status=live }}</ref> Correspondence between Glagolitic ''izhe'' ({{Script|Glag|Ⰹ, Ⰺ}}) and ''i'' ({{Script|Glag|Ⰻ}}) with Cyrillic ''И'' and ''І'' is unknown.{{citation needed|date=February 2013}}

The Proto-Slavic language did not have the phoneme /f/, and the letters ''fert'' ({{Script|Glag|Ⱇ}}) and ''fita'' ({{Script|Glag|Ⱚ}}) were used for transcribing words of Greek origin, and so was ''izhitsa'' ({{Script|Glag|Ⱛ}}) for the Greek upsilon.{{citation needed|date=February 2013}}

==Unicode==
{{Main | Glagolitic (Unicode block) | Glagolitic Supplement | l2 = Glagolitic Supplement (Unicode block)}}

The Glagolitic alphabet was added to the [[Unicode]] Standard in March 2005 with the release of version 4.1.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Unicode 4.1.0 |url=https://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode4.1.0/ |access-date=2024-01-02 |website=www.unicode.org}}</ref>

The Unicode block for Glagolitic is U+2C00–U+2C5F.<ref name=":0" />

{{Unicode chart Glagolitic}}

The Glagolitic combining letters for Glagolitic Supplement block (U+1E000–U+1E02F) was added to the Unicode Standard in June, 2016 with the release of version 9.0:<ref>{{cite web |author1=<!--not stated--> |title=Unicode® 9.0 Versioned Charts Index |url=https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/Unicode-9.0/ |website=Unicode |access-date=1 June 2024}}</ref>

{{Unicode chart Glagolitic Supplement}}

==Pre-Glagolitic Slavic writing systems==
{{main|Pre-Christian Slavic writing}}
A hypothetical pre-Glagolitic writing system is typically referred to as ''[[cherty i rezy]]'' (strokes and incisions)<ref>[[Chernorizets Hrabar]] ''An Account of Letters''; Preslav 895, Bulgaria; Oldest manuscript 1348</ref> – but no material evidence of the existence of any pre-Glagolitic Slavic writing system has been found, except for a few brief and vague references in old chronicles and "lives of the saints". All artifacts presented as evidence of pre-Glagolitic Slavic inscriptions have later been identified as texts in known scripts and in known non-Slavic languages, or as fakes.<ref>L. Niederle, "Slovanské starožitnosti" (Slavic antiquities), III 2, 735; citation can be found in Vajs 1932, p. 4.</ref> The well-known [[Chernorizets Hrabar]]'s ''strokes and incisions'' are usually considered to be a reference to a kind of property mark or alternatively fortune-telling signs. Some "Ruthenian letters" found in one version of St. Cyril's life are explainable as misspelled "Syrian letters" (in Slavic, the roots are very similar: ''rus-'' vs. ''sur-'' or ''syr-''), etc.{{citation needed|date=February 2013}}

==In popular culture==
Glagolitic script is the writing system used in the world of ''[[The Witcher]]'' books and video game series.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.grynieznane.pl/2016/04/wiedzminski-alfabet-co-napisane-jest-na.html|title=Wiedźmiński alfabet – o czym informują nas plakaty w grze Wiedźmin 3: Dziki Gon?|website=www.grynieznane.pl|access-date=2018-08-26|archive-date=2018-08-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180827075318/http://www.grynieznane.pl/2016/04/wiedzminski-alfabet-co-napisane-jest-na.html|url-status=live}}</ref> It is also featured, in various uses, in several of the point and click adventure games made by Cateia Games, a Croatian game studio.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cateia.com/games/about.php#top|title=About Us – Cateia Games|website=www.cateia.com|access-date=2020-03-10|archive-date=2020-08-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801013518/https://www.cateia.com/games/about.php#top|url-status=live}}</ref>

In the 2023 [[PS5]] game ''[[Forspoken]]'', Athian script, the written language of the Athian [[continent]] and cultures, seems to be based upon Glagolitic script.{{citation needed|date=September 2023}}

It is also featured on [[Croatia and the euro#Croatian euro design|1 euro cent, 2 euro cent and 5 euro cent coins]] minted in Croatia.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.croatiaweek.com/designs-of-croatian-national-sides-of-euro-and-cent-coins-presented/|title=Designs of Croatian national sides of euro and cent coins presented|date=4 February 2022 |access-date=2022-09-02}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Commons|Glagolitic alphabet}}
* [[List of Glagolitic books (disambiguation)]]
* [[Glagolitic numerals]]
* [[Glagolitic Mass]] (by Janáček)
* [[George of Slavonia]]
* [[Vrbnik Statute]]
* [[Istrian Demarcation]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Literature==

* {{ill|Branko Franolić|hr|Branko Franolić|lt=Franolić, Branko}}, and [http://kroat.ffzg.unizg.hr/index.php/staroslavenski1/96-mateo-zagar Mateo Žagar]: ''A Historical Outline of Literary Croatian and The Glagolitic Heritage of Croatian Culture''. Erasmus, Zagreb 2008. {{ISBN|978-953-6132-80-5}}
*[[Branko Fučić|Fučić, Branko]]: ''Glagoljski natpisi''. [[Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts]], Zagreb 1982.
* Fullerton, Sharon Golke: ''Paleographic Methods Used in Dating Cyrillic and Glagolitic Manuscripts''. [[Ohio State University]], Columbus 1971.
* [[Vatroslav Jagić|Jagić, Vatroslav]]: ''[https://archive.org/details/gramatikajezika00jagigoog Gramatika jezika hèrvatskoga]''. A. Jakić, Zagreb 1864.
* {{ill|Marko Japundžić|hr|Marko Japundžić|lt=Japundžić, Marko}}: ''Hrvatska glagoljica''. [[:hr:Hrvatska uzdanica Uskoplje|Hrvatska uzdanica]], Zagreb 1998.
* {{ill|Marko Japundžić|hr|Marko Japundžić|lt=Japundžić, Marko}}: ''Tragom hrvatskog glagolizma''. [[:hr:Kršćanska sadašnjost|Kršćanska sadašnjost]], Zagreb 1995.
* {{ill|Heinz Miklas|bg|Хайнц Миклас|lt=Miklas, Heinz}}, Sylvia Richter, and [http://www.oeaw.ac.at/iran/german/sadovski_pub.html Velizar Sadovski] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171004035803/https://www.oeaw.ac.at/iran/german/sadovski_pub.html |date=2017-10-04 }}: ''Glagolitica''. [[Austrian Academy of Sciences|Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften]], Vienna 2000. {{ISBN|3700128959}}
* {{ill|Josef Vajs|cs|Josef Vajs|lt=Vajs, Josef}}: ''Abecedarium palaeoslovenicum in usum glagolitarum''. [[Old Church Slavonic Institute|Staroslavenska akademija]], Krk 1917.
* {{ill|Josef Vajs|cs|Josef Vajs|lt=Vajs, Josef}}: ''Rukověť hlaholské paleografie''. [[:cs:Orbis|Orbis]], Prague 1932.
* {{ill|Darko Žubrinić|hr|Darko Žubrinić|lt=Žubrinić, Darko}}: ''Crtice iz povijesti glagoljice''. Hrvatsko književno društvo sv. Jeronima, Zagreb 1994. {{ISBN|953-6111-15-2}}

==External links==
{{Americana Poster|Glagolitic Alphabet}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140222042759/http://andregarzia.on-rev.com/richmond/LANGTOOLS.html Glagolitic text entry application]
* [https://localfonts.eu/typography-basics/a-history-of-type/glagolitic/ Glagolitic manuscripts]
* [http://www.hr/darko/etf/et03.html Croatian Glagolitic Script]
* [http://www.hr/darko/etf/novi.html Croatian Glagolitic Script]
* [http://forum.textualheritage.org/viewtopic.php?t=60 Glagolitic alphabet. Alternative encoding.] – Proposals.
* [http://www.omniglot.com/writing/glagolitic.htm The Glagolitic alphabet] at omniglot.com
* [http://www.obshtezhitie.net/texts/bgf/introd.html The Budapest Glagolitic Fragments] – links to a Unicode Glagolitic font, Dilyana
* [http://www.hr/darko/glagoljica/gl-font.html Glagolitic Fonts]
* [http://www.ancientscripts.com/glagolitic.html Ancient Scripts: Glagolitic]
* [https://www.gnu.org/software/freefont/ GNU FreeFont]
* [http://grgur.irb.hr/Hrvatsko.mislilisxte/uglglag6.ttf A simple 7-bit Squared Glagolitic font (.ttf)]

{{European calligraphy}}
{{list of writing systems}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Church Slavonic language]]
[[Category:Glagolitic script| ]]
[[Category:Alphabets]]
[[Category:Medieval scripts]]
[[Category:Slavic culture]]
[[Category:Great Moravia]]
[[Category:Medieval history of Bulgaria]]
[[Category:Obsolete writing systems]]
[[Category:Western calligraphy]]
[[Category:Old Church Slavonic language]]
[[Category:9th century in Bulgaria]]
[[Category:Cultural history of Croatia]]
[[Category:History of Dalmatia]]
[[Category:History of Macedonia (region)]]