Hazaras: Difference between revisions

Hazara
هزاره
	Hazara schoolgirls in Bamyan province
Regions with significant populations
Afghanistan	6,000,000
Pakistan	2,000,000
Iran	500,000
Europe	130,000
Australia	41,766
Turkey	26,000
Canada	10,300
Indonesia	3,800
Languages
	Persian; (Dari and Hazaragi);
Religion
	Islam; (Shia and Sunni);
Related ethnic groups
	Aimaqs, Uzbeks, Tajiks, Mongolic peoples, Turkic peoples;

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The Hazaras (Template:Lang-fa; Template:Lang-haz) are an ethnic group and a principal component of the population of Afghanistan. They are one of the largest ethnic groups in Afghanistan and primarily residing in the Hazaristan (Hazarajat) region in central Afghanistan. Hazaras are also as significant minority groups in Pakistan mainly in Quetta and Iran mainly in Mashhad. They speak the Dari and Hazaragi dialects of Persian. Dari, also known as Dari Persian, is one of two official languages of Afghanistan.

Hazaras are one of the most persecuted groups in Afghanistan.^[24] More than half of the Hazara population was massacred by the Emirate of Afghanistan between 1888 and 1893,^[25] and their persecution has occurred various times across previous decades.^[26]

Etymology

The etymology of the word "Hazara" remains disputed, but some have differing opinions on the term.

It is said that the name "Hazara" (Hazāra هزاره) derives from the Persian word "Hazar" (Hazār هزار) meaning "thousand". It may be the translation of the Mongolic word (mingghan), a military unit of 1,000 soldiers at the time of Genghis Khan.^[27]^[28]^[29] The term could have been substituted for the Mongolic word and stands for the group of people,^[30] while the Hazara people in their native language call themselves "Azra" (āzrə آزره) or (əzrə ازره).^[31]

Some believe that in ancient times, because of the Hazara people's high population, they were called "Hazara" (Hazāra هزاره), which the name "Hazara" derives from the Persian word "Hazar" (həzār هزار) meaning "thousand" and it is a metaphor for a population of over thousand.^[32]

Historian Abdul Hai Habibi considers the word "Hazara" (Hazāra هزاره) to be very old, and it is derived from "Hazala" (həzālə هزاله), which has changed to "Hazara" over time and has meant "good-hearted".^[33]^[34]

Origin

Despite being one of the principal population elements of Afghanistan,^[35] the origins of the Hazara people have not been fully reconstructed. However, due to genetic and linguistic analysis, Hazaras are described as an ethnically mixed ethnic group^[36] with Hazaras sharing varying degrees of ancestry with contemporary Mongolic,^[14]^[15]^[16] Turkic^[37]^[38]^[39]^[40]^[41] and Iranic populations.^[42]^[43] The external characteristics of some Hazaras and Char Aimaks are Mongolian, and they are probably a relic of the Mongol invasion.^[44] Additionally, overall Hazaras share a common racial structure and physical appearance with the Turkic people of Central Asia.^[45]^[46]^[47] Babur, the founder of the Mughal Empire in the early 16th century, recorded the name "Hazara" in the Baburnama and several times referred to a group of Hazaras as "Turkoman Hazaras".^[48]^[49]

Over the course of centuries, invading Mongol (Turco-Mongol) and Turkic invaders, notably, the Qara'unas, the Chagatai Turco-Mongols, the Ilkhanate, and the Timurids, merged with the local indigenous Turkic and Iranic populations. Academics agree that Hazaras are ultimately the result of a combination of several Turkic, Mongolic, and Iranic tribes.^[50]

Despite being a mix of multiple distinct ethnicities, a number of researchers in their works write focusing on the Mongolic component. Authors, along with the term Hazaras, use the name Hazara Mongols: such as Elizabeth Emaline Bacon,^[15]^[51] Barbara A. West,^[52] Yuri Averyanov,^[53] Elbrus Sattsayev^[54] and other. According to historian Lutfi Temirkhanov, the Mongolian detachments left in Afghanistan by Genghis Khan or his successors became the starting layer, the basis of the Hazara ethnogenesis.^[14] According to him, the Turkic elements compared to the Mongolian ones played a secondary role.^[55] The Hazaras in the Ghilji neighborhood are called Mongols.^[56] The participation of the Mongols in the ethnogenesis of the Hazaras is evidenced by linguistic data, historical sources, data on toponymy,^[57] as well as works on population genetics.^[58] Such scholars as Vasily Bartold,^[59] Ármin Vámbéry,^[60] Vadim Masson, Vadim Romodin,^[61] Ilya Petrushevsky,^[62] Allah Rakha, Fatima, Min-Sheng Peng, Atif Adan, Rui Bi, Memona Yasmin, Yong-Gang Yao wrote about the historical use of the Mongolian language by the Hazaras.^[63]

Genetics

Ethnic Hazara men in Behsud, Maidan Wardak

Hazaras on the anniversary of Abdul Ali Mazari's death in 2021 in Kabul

Genetically, the Hazara combine varying amounts of West Eurasian and East Eurasian derived components. Genetic data shows that the Hazaras of Afghanistan cluster closely with the Uzbek population of the country, while both groups are at a notable distance from Afghanistan's Tajik and Pashtun populations.^[64]^[65] There is evidence for both paternal and maternal relations to Turkic peoples, Mongolic peoples and Iranic peoples.^[66]

The frequency of ancestry components among the Hazaras vary according to tribal affiliation. They display high genetic affinity to present-day Turkic populations of Central Asia and East Asia, as well as Mongolic populations. In terms of their overall genetic makeup, around 49% of the Hazaras average gene pool is derived from East Asian-like sources, around 48% is derived from European-like sources, and around 0.17%, 0.47%, and 2.30% is derived from African, Oceanian, and Amerindian-like sources respectively. The Hazaras genetic makeup is similar to Uzbek, Uyghur, Kazakh, Kyrgyz and Mongol populations.^[67]^[68]^[69]^[70]^[71]^[72]

Some analysis argues that the Hazaras are closely related to the Turkic populations of Central Asia, rather than Mongolians and East Asians or Indo-Iranians.^[73]

In other study the results from pairwise genetic distances, MDS, PCA, and phylogenetic relationship reconstruction demonstrate that present-day Hazaras are genetically closer to the Turkic-speaking populations (Uyghur, Kazakh, and Kyrgyz) residing in northwest China than with other Central/South Asian populations and Mongolian. Outgroup and admixture f3, f4, f4-ratio, qpWave, and qpAdm results further demonstrate that Hazara shares more alleles with East Asians than with other Central Asians and carries 57.8% Mongolian-related ancestry. Hazaras have experienced genetic admixture with the local or neighboring populations and formed the current East-West Eurasian admixed genetic profile after their separation from the Mongolians.^[72]^[74]

Paternal haplogroups

The most common paternal DNA haplogroups of Hazaras from Afghanistan are the East Eurasian C-M217 (33,33%) and West Eurasian R1a1a-M17 (6.67%) clades, followed by West Eurasian J2-M172 and L-M20. Some Hazaras were also found to belong to the haplogroup E1b1b1-M35, L-M20 and H-M69, which are shared with Tajiks, Pashtuns as well as Indian populations. One individual with haplogroup B-M60, normally found in Eastern Africa, was found as well.^[75]^[76]

C2 (previously known as C3-Star cluster) was the most frequent haplogroup in Pakistani and Afghan Hazaras.^[74] Pakistani Hazara harbored high frequency of haplogroup C-M217 at c. 40% (10/25) and Haplogroup R1b at c. 32% (8/25). A relatively high frequency of R1b was also found in Eastern Russian Tatars and Bashkirs. All three groups are thought to be associated with the Golden Horde.^[77] Haplogroup C-M217, also known as C2, is the most frequent haplogroup in Mongol and Kazakh populations.^[74] According to studies, Y-DNA haplogroup C2 among Hazaras is associated with the expansion of the Mongols^[70] and with the Mongolian origin of the Hazaras.^[71]

Maternal haplogroups

The Hazara share c. 35% maternal haplogroups with contemporary East Asian populations, while c. 65% is shared with West Eurasian populations.^[78] The Hazaras as a whole have mostly West Eurasian mtDNA.^[79]^[80]^[81]

History

The first mention of Hazaras is made by Babur in Baburnama in the early 16th century, especially such tribes of Hazaras as Sultan Masaudi Hazaras,^[44] Turkoman Hazaras.^[82]^[83] and Kedi Hazaras.^[44] Later, Hazaras were mentioned by the court historians of Shah Abbas of the Safavid dynasty.

It is reported that Hazaras embraced Shia Islam between the end of the 16th and the beginning of the 17th century, during the Safavid periods.^[84]^[85] Hazara men, along with those of other ethnic groups, were recruited to the army of Ahmad Shah Durrani in the 18th century.^[86]

19th century

During the second reign of Dost Mohammad Khan in the 19th century, Hazaras from Hazarajat began to be taxed for the first time. However, for the most part, they still managed to keep their regional autonomy until the 1892 Battle of Uruzgan^[87] and subsequent subjugation of Abdur Rahman Khan began in the late 19th century.^[88]

When the Treaty of Gandomak was signed and the Second Anglo-Afghan War ended in 1880, Abdur Rahman Khan set out a goal to bring Hazaristan, Turkistan and Kafiristan under his control. He launched several campaigns in Hazarajat due to resistance from the Hazaras in which his forces committed atrocities. The southern part of Hazarajat was spared as they accepted his rule, while the other parts of Hazarajat rejected Abdur Rahman and instead supported his uncle, Sher Ali Khan. In response to this Abdur Rahman waged a war against tribal leaders who rejected his policies and rule.^[84] This is known as the Hazara Uprisings.

These campaigns had a catastrophic impact on the demographics of Hazaras causing over sixty percent of the total Hazara population to be massacred with some being displaced and exiled from their own lands. The Hazara lands was distributed among loyalist villagers of nearby non-Hazaras. The repression after the uprising has been called genocide or ethnic cleansing in the history of modern Afghanistan.^[89]^[90]^[91]

After these massacres, Abdul Rahman Khan forced many Hazara families from the Hazara areas of Uruzgan and other parts of Hazarajat to leave their hometowns and ancestral lands. causing some many Hazaras fled to neighboring countries such as Central Asia, Iran, British India, Iraq and Syria. Those Hazaras living in the northern Hindu Kush went to Tsarist Russia, mostly in the southern cities of Russia, and some of them went to Iran. Many Hazaras living in the Tsarist Russian regions lost their language, accent and ethnic identity over time due to the similarities between the racial building and the physical appearance of the people of those regions, and they settled and gravitated among them. These fleeing Hazaras settled in previous Tsarist Russia regions, including Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Kazakhstan and Dagestan. But the Hazaras in northwestern Afghanistan migrated to Iran and settled in neighborhoods in and around Mashhad. These Hazaras later became known as Khawari or Barbari. Another part of Hazaras from the southeast of the Hazara regions of Afghanistan has moved to British India, which resides in Quetta, present-day Pakistan. One of the most famous political and military figures of these Hazaras is Muhammad Musa Khan, who held the general's military rank in Pakistani system. Another group has settled in Syria, Iraq and British India. These Hazara people who migrated to Pakistan, Iran, Syria and Iraq were unable to settle with the people of these areas because of the differences in physical appearance, so they have not lost their language, culture and ethnic identity.^[92]

20th and 21st century

In 1901, Habibullah Khan, Abdur Rahman's eldest son and successor granted amnesty to Hazaras and asked them to return who were exiled by his predecessor. But few of them returned and settled in Afghan Turkestan and Balkh province because they had lost their previous lands. Hazara continued to face social, economic and political discrimination through most of the 20th century. In 1933 Mohammed Nadir Shah the King of Afghanistan was assassinated by Abdul Khaliq Hazara, a school student. The Afghan government captured and executed him later, along with several of his family members.^[93]

Mistrust of the central government by the Hazaras and local uprisings continued. In particular, from 1945 to 1946, during Zahir Shah's rule, a revolt took place by the leadership of Ibrahim Khan most known as "Ibrahim Gawsawar" against new taxes that were exclusively imposed on Hazaras. The Kuchis meanwhile not only were exempted from taxes but also received allowances from the Afghan government.^[84] The angry rebels began capturing and killing government officials. In response, the central government sent a force to subdue the region and later removed the taxes.^{[citation needed]}

Abdul Ali Mazari, a politician and the leader of Hazaras during and following the Soviet–Afghan War

The repressive policies^{[clarification needed]} of the People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan (PDPA) after the Saur Revolution in 1978 caused uprisings throughout the country. Fearing Iranian influence, the Hazaras were particularly persecuted. President Hafizullah Amin published in October 1979 a list of 12,000 victims of the Taraki government. Among them were 7,000 Hazaras who were shot in the notorious Pul-e-Charkhi prison.^[94]

During the Soviet-Afghan War, the Hazarajat region did not see as much heavy fighting as other regions of Afghanistan. Most of the Hazara mujahideen fought the Soviets in the regions which were on the periphery of the Hazarajat region. There was a division between the Tanzeem Nasle Nau Hazara, a party based in Quetta, of Hazara nationalists and secular intellectuals, and the Islamist parties in Hazarajat.^[84] By 1979, the Hazara-Islamist groups had already liberated Hazarajat from the central Soviet-backed Afghan government and later took entire control of Hazarajat away from the secularists. By 1984, the Islamist dominance of Hazarajat was complete. As the Soviets withdrew in 1989, the Islamist groups felt the need to broaden their political appeal and turned their focus to Hazara nationalism.^[84] This led to the establishment of the Hizbe-Wahdat, an alliance of all the Hazara resistance groups (except the Harakat-e Islami). In 1992 with the fall of Kabul, the Harakat-e Islami took sides with Burhanuddin Rabbani's government while the Hizbe-Wahdat took sides with the opposition. The Hizbe-Wahdat was eventually forced out of Kabul in 1995 when the Taliban movement captured and killed their leader Abdul Ali Mazari. With the Taliban's capture of Kabul in 1996, all the Hazara groups united with the new Northern Alliance against the common new enemy. However, despite fierce resistance Hazarajat fell to the Taliban in 1998. The Taliban had Hazarajat isolated from the rest of the world going as far as not allowing the United Nations to deliver food to the provinces of Bamyan, Ghor, Maidan Wardak and Daykundi.^[95]

In 1997, a revolt broke out among Hazaras in Mazar-e Sharif when they refused to be disarmed by the Taliban; 600 Taliban were killed in subsequent fighting.^[96] In retaliation, the genocidal policies of Abdur Rahman Khan's era was adopted by the Taliban. In 1998, six thousand Hazaras were killed in the north; the intention was ethnic cleansing of Hazaras.^[97] In March 2001, the two giant Buddhas of Bamiyan, were also destroyed even though there was a lot of condemnation.^[98]

Taller Buddha of Bamiyan, 55 metres (180 ft) before and after destruction

Smaller Buddha of Bamiyan, 38 metres (125 ft) before and after destruction

Hazaras have also played a significant role in the creation of Pakistan. One such Hazara was Qazi Muhammad Isa of the Sheikh Ali tribe, who had been close friends with Muhammad Ali Jinnah, having met each other for the first time while they were studying in London. He had been the first from his native province of Balochistan to obtain a Bar-at-Law degree and had helped set up the All-India Muslim League in Balochistan.^[99]^[100]

Though Hazaras played a role in the anti-Soviet movement, other Hazaras participated in the new communist government, which actively courted Afghan minorities. Sultan Ali Kishtmand, a Hazara, served as prime minister of Afghanistan from 1981 to 1990 (with one brief interruption in 1988).^[101] The Ismaili Hazara of Baghlan Province likewise supported the communists, and their pir (religious leader) Jaffar Naderi led a pro-Communist militia in the region.^[102]

During the years that followed, Hazara suffered severe oppression, and many ethnic massacres, genocides, and pogroms were carried out by the predominantly ethnic Pashtun Taliban and are documented by such groups as the Human Rights Watch.^[103]

Following the September 11, 2001 attacks in the United States, American and Coalition forces invaded Afghanistan. After the fall of the Taliban many Hazaras became important figures in Afghanistan.^[104] Hazara have also pursued higher education, enrolled in the army, and many have top government positions.^[105] For example, Some Vice Presidents, ministers and governors were Hazara, including Karim Khalili, Sarwar Danish, Sima Samar, Muhammad Mohaqiq, Habiba Sarābi, Abdul Haq Shafaq, Sayed Anwar Rahmati, Qurban Ali Urozgani, Muhammad Arif Shah Jahan, Mahmoud Baligh, Mohammad Eqbal Munib and Mohammad Asim Asim. The mayor of Nili, Daykundi was Azra Jafari, who became the first female mayor in Afghanistan. Some other notable Hazaras include Sultan Ali Keshtmand, Abdul Wahed Sarābi, Akram Yari, Ghulam Ali Wahdat, Sayed Mustafa Kazemi, Ghulam Husain Naseri, Abbas Noyan, Daoud Naji, Abbas Ibrahim Zada, Ramazan Bashardost, Ahmad Shah Ramazan, Ahmad Behzad, Nasrullah Sadiqi Zada Nili, Fahim Hashimy, Maryam Monsef and others.^[106]

Although Afghanistan has been historically one of the poorest countries in the world, the Hazarajat region has been kept less developed by past governments. Since the ousting of the Taliban in late 2001, billions of dollars poured into Afghanistan for reconstruction and several large-scale reconstruction projects took place in Afghanistan from August 2012. For example, there have been more than 5000 kilometers of road pavement completed across Afghanistan, of which little was done in central Afghanistan (Hazarajat). On the other hand, the Band-e Amir in Bamyan Province became the first national park in Afghanistan. A road from Kabul to Bamyan was also built, along with new police stations, government institutions, hospitals and schools in the provinces of Bamyan, Daykundi and others mostly Hazara-populated provinces. The first ski resort in Afghanistan was also established in Bamyan Province.^[107]^[108]

Discrimination indicates that Kuchis (Pashtun nomads who have historically been migrating from region to region depending on the season) are allowed to use Hazarajat pastures during the summer season. It is believed that allowing the Kuchis to use some of the grazing lands in Hazarajat began during the rule of Abdur Rahman Khan.^[109] Living in mountainous Hazarajat, where little farmland exists, Hazara people rely on these pasture lands for their livelihood during the long and harsh winters. In 2007 some Kuchi nomads entered into parts of Hazarajat to graze their livestock, and when the local Hazara resisted, a clash took place and several people on both sides died using assault rifles. Such events continue to occur, even after the central government was forced to intervene, including President Hamid Karzai. In late July 2012, a Hazara police commander in Uruzgan province reportedly rounded up and killed 9 Pashtun civilians in revenge for the death of two local Hazara. The matter is being investigated by the Afghan government.^[109]

The drive by President Hamid Karzai after the Peace Jirga to strike a deal with Taliban leaders caused deep unease in Afghanistan's minority communities, who fought the Taliban the longest and suffered the most during their rule. The leaders of the Tajik, Uzbek and Hazara communities, vowed to resist any return of the Taliban to power, referring to the large-scale massacres of Hazara civilians during the Taliban period.^[110]

Following the fall of Kabul to the Taliban in 2021, which ended the war in Afghanistan, concerns were raised as to whether the Taliban would reimpose the persecution of Hazaras as in the 1990s. An academic at Melbourne's La Trobe University said that "The Hazaras are very fearful that the Taliban will likely be reinstating the policies of the 1990s" despite Taliban reassurances that they will not revert to the bad old ways of the 1990s.^[111]^[112]

Karim Khalili, former 2nd Vice President of Afghanistan (with turban) is standing next to Mohammed Fahim, George W. Bush, facing Hamid Karzai.
Habiba Sarābi is a hematologist, politician, and former Governor of Bamyan province in Afghanistan.
Nasrullah Sadiqi Zada Nili is a politician and former representative of the people Daykundi province in the fifteenth and sixteenth parliamentary sessions of the Afghanistan Parliament.
Abbas Noyan is a politician, who served as a member of the Afghanistan Parliament, representative of the people of Kabul province from 2005 to 2010. He is the former Afghanistan's ambassador to Sweden.

Demographics

Some sources claim that Hazaras comprise about 20 to 30 percent of the total population of Afghanistan.^[10]^[30]^[104]^[113] They were by far the largest ethnic group in the past, in 1888–1893 Uprisings of Hazaras over sixty percent of them were massacred with some being displaced and meanwhile, they also lost a large part of their territory to non-Hazaras that could double their land size today.^[89]

Geographic distribution

Afghanistan

The Hazaras are one of the largest ethnic groups in Afghanistan, primarily residing in the Hazaristan region in central Afghanistan and generally scattered throughout Afghanistan.^[114]

Until the 1880s, the Hazaras were completely autonomous and controlled the entire Hazaristan region. Nowadays, the vast majority of Hazaras reside in Hazaristan and many others reside in the cities of the country.^{[citation needed]}

Central Asia

After the massacre and genocide of the Hazaras by Abdur Rahman in 1888–1893, many Hazaras migrated to Central Asia regions under the occupation of Tsarist Russia, such as Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Kazakhstan, and some of them settled mostly in Samarkand and Bukhara. Over time, a large number of Hazaras living in the regions of Tsarist Russia lost their accent, language and ethnic identity due to the similarities of their racial structure and appearance with the people of those regions and were assimilated among them.^[92]^[115]

Pakistan

During the period of British colonial rule on the Indian subcontinent in the 19th century, Hazaras worked during the winter months in coal mines, road construction, and other working-class jobs in some cities of what is now Pakistan. The earliest record of Hazara in the areas of Pakistan is found in Broadfoot's Sappers company from 1835 in Quetta. This company had also participated in the First Anglo-Afghan War. Some Hazara also worked on the agriculture farms in Sindh and the construction of the Sukkur barrage.^{[citation needed]} In 1962, the government of Pakistan recognized the Hazaras as one of the ethnic groups of Pakistan.^[116]

Most Pakistani Hazaras are native to Balochistan, Pakistan. Localities in the city of Quetta with prominent Hazara populations include Hazara Town and Mariabad. The literacy level among the Hazara community in Pakistan is relatively high compared to the Hazaras of Afghanistan, and they have integrated well into the social dynamics of the local society. Saira Batool, a Hazara woman, was one of the first female pilots in the Pakistan Air Force. Other notable Hazaras include Qazi Muhammad Isa, General Muhammad Musa Khan, who served as the 4th Commander-in-Chief of the Pakistan Army from 1958 to 1968, Air Marshal Sharbat Ali Changezi, whose years of service in the Pakistan Air Force were from 1949 to 1987, Hussain Ali Yousafi, the slain chairman of the Hazara Democratic Party,^[117] Sayed Nasir Ali Shah, MNA from Quetta and his father Haji Sayed Hussain Hazara who was a senator and member of Pakistan Parliament during the Zia-ul-Haq era.^{[citation needed]}

Despite all of this, Hazaras are often targeted by militant groups such as the Lashkar-e-Jhangvi and others. "Activists say at least 800-1,000 Hazaras have been killed since 1999 and the pace is quickening. More than one hundred have been murdered in and around Quetta since January, according to Human Rights Watch."^[118] The political representation of the community is served by Hazara Democratic Party, a secular liberal democratic party, headed by Abdul Khaliq Hazara.^[119]^[120]

Iran

The Hazara people in Iran are also referred to as Barbari (Template:Lang-fa),^[121] or Khāwari (خاوری).^[122] Over many years as a result of political unrest in Afghanistan, some Hazaras have migrated to Iran. The local Hazara population has been estimated at 500,000. At least one-third have spent more than half their life in Iran^[6] Before Iran was forced to relinquish the Herat region according to the Treaty of Paris in 1857 during the reign of Naser al-Din Shah, the country was in possession of a much greater part of Greater Khorasan. One of the tribes that roamed in this part prior to cession, were the Hazaras. The tribe settled on both sides of the border after the border between Iran and Afghanistan was drawn. The leadership of this tribe at the end of the Qajar period and also the Pahlavi period was with Muhammad Yusuf Khan Hazara known as "Sulat al-Sultanah Hazara", a Sunni Hazara who was a politician and the first Sunni representative member in the Iranian Parliament and the only Sunni Iranian who has represented Mashhad in the history of Iran's legislatures.^[123]^[124]

India

The Attarwala claim to be Hazara who mainly inhabitant in the state of Gujarat, India, descended from a group of Mughal soldiers who were initially settled in Agra, during the rule of the Mughal Emperor Jahangir.^[125] According to their recorded documents, they then migrated to Ahmedabad via Gwalior, Ratlam and Godhra. This migration followed their participation in the community in the 1857 Indian War Independence. Once settled in Gujarat, India, the community took up the occupation of manufacturing perfumes known as ittars.^[125] The word attarwala means the manufacturer of perfumes. A second migration took place in 1947 from Agra, after the partition of India, with some members immigrating to Pakistan, while others joining their co-ethnics in Ahmedabad.^[125]

Diaspora

Alessandro Monsutti argues, in his recent anthropological book,^[126] that migration is the traditional way of life of the Hazara people, referring to the seasonal and historical migrations which have never ceased and do not seem to be dictated only by emergencies such as war.^[127] Due to the decades of war in Afghanistan and the sectarian violence in Pakistan, many Hazaras left their communities and have settled in Australia, New Zealand, Canada, the United States, the United Kingdom and particularly the Northern European countries such as Sweden and Denmark. Some go to these countries as exchange students while others through human smuggling, which sometimes costs them their lives. Since 2001, about 1,000 people have died in the ocean while trying to reach Australia by boats from Indonesia.^[118] Many of these were Hazaras. The notable case was the Tampa affair in which a shipload of refugees, mostly Hazaras, was rescued by the Norwegian freighter MV Tampa and subsequently sent to Nauru.^[128]

Culture and society

Hazara girls in traditional clothing

Hazara culture is a combination of customs, traditions, behaviors, beliefs, and norms that have been formed in interaction and confrontation with the surrounding phenomena for many years and now it is displayed as a cultural identity. The Hazara culture is rich in heritage, with many unique cultures, and has common influences with various cultures of Central Asia and South Asia. The Hazaras, outside of Hazarajat, have adopted the cultures of the cities where they dwell, resembling the cultures and traditions of the Afghan Tajiks and Pashtuns. Traditionally the Hazara are highland farmers. In Hazarajat, they have retained many of their own cultures and traditions and many of their cultures and traditions are more closely related to those of Central Asians than to those of the Afghan Tajiks. Historically and traditionally, Hazaras live in houses, but some of them such as Aimaq Hazara and a few other are semi-nomadic and live mostly in felt yurts, rather than houses.^[129]^[130]^[131]

Attire

Hazara clothing have an important and special role in supporting the cultural, traditional and social identity of the Hazara ethnicity. Hazara clothes are produced manually and by machine; In Afghanistan these types of clothes are sewn in most parts of the country, especially in central provinces of Afghanistan.^[132]^[133]

Male clothing

Hazara men traditionally wear barak, also called barag, and hat. Barak is one of the important components of Hazara people's clothing. Barak is a kind of soft, sticky and thick piece made from the first wool of lambs of special sheep that are raised in Hazarajat, provided. In addition to being a very acceptable, stylish, and regal clothe, the Hazara barak is also a warm winter that is resistant to moisture and does not get wet easily in snow and rain. Also, barak has a special property and softness, it reduces muscle pains and is also healing for joint pains. Nowadays, the most common clothes among Hazara men is the perahan o tunban and sometimes with a hat or a turban.^[132]^[133]^[134]

Female clothing

The traditional clothing of Hazara women includes a pleated skirt with a tunban or undergarment. The lower tunbans are made of fabrics such as flowered chits and the upper skirts are made of better fabrics such as velvet or zari and net and have a border or decoration at the bottom. The women's shirt is calf-length, close-collared, and long-sleeved, and has slits on both sides that are placed on the skirts, which are admired for their completeness in the Islamic set. Hazara women's clothing has certain characteristics according to their social, economic, and age conditions. The clothes of young Hazara women are made of different fabrics in different colors and happy designs with beautiful and colorful chador, but older women prefer dark-colored fabrics with simple black and white designs. Hazara women's chador or head cover is often decorated with ornaments that is often silver or gold, and sometimes with a hat. The ornaments on the clothe is silver or gold necklace with colorful beads, buttons, bangles, and silver or gold bracelets.^[132]^[133]

Headgear

Hazaras traditionally wear headgear or hats, which are of different types for men and women. There are different types of Hazara hats and caps, some of which are made from animal skin and some from barak. Also some Hazara men wear the turban of Khorasan.^[135]^[136]

Cuisine

The Hazara cuisine is strongly influenced by Central Asian, South Asian, and Persian cuisines. However, there are special foods, cooking methods and different cooking styles that are specific to them. They have a hospitable dining etiquette. In their culture, it is customary to prepare special food for guests.^{[citation needed]}

Language

The Hazaras speak the Dari and Hazaragi dialects of the Persian language.^[137]^[138]^[139]^[140]

According to Encyclopaedia of Islam, Hazaragi is a Persian dialect, which is infused with many Turkic and a few Mongolic words or loanwords.^[141] According to Encyclopædia Britannica, the Hazara speak an eastern variety of Persian called Hazaragi with many Mongolian and Turkic words.^[142] According to Encyclopaedia Iranica, the Hazaras speak a Persian dialect with many Turkic and some Mongolic words.^[143]^[113]^[144]^[145] According other sources, the Hazara population speaks Persian with some Mongolian words.^[74]^[64] According to an Iranica article on the language of Hazaras, the present dialect to consist of three strata: (1) pre-Mongol Persian, with its own substratum; (2) the Mongolian language; and (3) modern tājiki, which preserves in it elements of (1) and (2).^[138] The primary differences between Persian and Hazaragi are the accent.^[138] Despite these differences, Hazaragi is mutually intelligible with Dari,^[137] the official language of Afghanistan.^[146]

According to Doctor of Sciences Lutfi Temirkhanov, the ancestors of the Hazaras were Mongol-speaking^[14]^[57] and only after the resettlement, they mixed with the Persian-speaking and Turkic-speaking population: "hordes of Mongol princes and feudal lords found themselves in a Persian-speaking encirclement; they mixed with them, were influenced by the Persian-Tajik culture and gradually adopted the Persian language".^[147] According to a number of sources, in the 16th century during the life of Babur some of them spoke a Mongolian language.^[61]^[59]^[25] According to the Great Russian Encyclopedia an other sources, until the 19th century some Hazaras spoke Mongolian.^[16]^[60]^[62]^[63] And according to Temirkhanov, the Mongolian elements make up 10% of the Hazara vocabulary.^[148] The Turkic and Mongolic words make up about 20% of the vocabulary of Hazaragi dialect.^[149]

Religion

Hazaras predominantly practice Islam, mostly the Shi'a, with a significant and almost a large Sunni, some Isma'ili and Non-denominational Islam.^[12]^[13] The majority of Afghanistan's population practices Sunni Islam; this may have contributed to the discrimination against them.^[30]

Shia Hazaras

There is no single theory about the acceptance of the Shi'a Islam by the majority of Hazaras. Probably most of them accepted Shi'a Islam during the first part of the 16th century, in the early days of the Safavid dynasty.^[150]^[12]^[13]

Sunni Hazaras

A significant and almost a large population of Hazara people are Sunni Muslims. Sunni Hazaras have been Sunni since long ago and before the occupation of Hazara lands by Abdul Rahman, but some of them were converted from Shia to Sunni Islam after the occupation of Hazara lands by Abdul Rahman and 1888–1893 Hazara uprisings. In Afghanistan, they inhabit mainly in provinces of Kabul, Baghlan, Badghis, Ghor, Kunduz, Panjshir, Bamyan, Badakhshan, and Parwan.^[151]^[152]

A Sunni Hazara, Sher Muhammad Khan Hazara, the chieftain of the Hazaras of Qala e Naw, Badghis province and a warlord who participant in the Sunni coalition that defended Herat in 1837. Also, one of the defeaters of British forces around Qandahar and Maiwand desert during the First Anglo-Afghan War in 1838–1842.^[153]

Isma'ili Hazaras

Isma'ili Hazaras mainly live in provinces of Kabul, Parwan, Baghlan, Bamyan, Maidan Wardak, Samangan, and Zabul. The Isma'ili Hazaras have always been kept separate from the rest of the Hazaras on account of religious beliefs and political purposes.^[154]

Hazara tribes

The Hazara people have been organized by various tribes. Some overarching Hazara tribes are Sheikh Ali, Jaghori, Jaghatu, Qara Baghi, Ghaznichi, Muhammad Khwaja, Behsudi, Daimirdadi, Turkmani, Uruzgani, Daikundi, Daizangi, Daichopan, Daizinyat, Naiman, Qarlugh, Aimaq Hazara, and others.^[155] The different tribes come from Hazaristan (Hazara regions), such as Parwan, Bamyan, Ghazni, Ghor, Uruzgan, Daikundi, Maidan Wardak, and... have spread outwards from Hazaristan (main region) in other parts of Afghanistan, and also in other Hazara-populated areas.^{[citation needed]}

Art

Writers and poets

Some well-known Hazara writers and poets include Faiz Muhammad Kateb, Amir Khosrow Dehlavi, Ismael Balkhi, Hassan Poladi, Kazim Yazdani, Ali Mohaqiq Nasab, Kamran Mir Hazar, Basir Ahang, Sayed Askar Mousavi, Ali Baba Taj, Sayed Abutalib Mozaffari, Rahnaward Zaryab, Aziz Royesh, and so on.

Music

Many Hazara musicians are widely hailed as being skilled in playing the dambura, a native, regional lute instrument similarly found in other Central Asian nations, such as Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, and Tajikistan. Some of the famous Hazara musician and dambura players are, such as Sarwar Sarkhosh, Dawood Sarkhosh, Safdar Tawakoli, Sayed Anwar Azad, and others.^[129] In Hazara dambura sometimes revolutionary hymns are very common. The first singer who started singing revolutionary hymns on dambura was Sarwar Sarkhosh, and his main message was the uprising of the young generation and the fight against oppression.^[156] Also Ghaychak a field instruments in music that is usually played like a fiddle. The resonance bowl is made of walnuts or berries and its wires are metal which is one of the stringed instruments in Hazara music.^[157]

Renowned Pakistani musician, Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan is also descent of Hazara from Behsudi tribe.

Cinema

Hazara cinema artists have no older background, but nowadays some of their famous actors and actresses include Hussain Sadiqi, Abid Ali Nazish, Shamila Shirzad, Nikbakht Noruz, and others.

Sports

Many Hazaras engaged in varieties of sports, including football, volleyball, wrestling, martial arts, boxing, karate, taekwondo, judo, wushu, Jujitsu, Cricket, Tennis, and more. Pahlawan Ebrahim Khedri, a 62 kg wrestler, was the national champion for two decades in Afghanistan. Another famous Hazara wrestler, Wakil Hussain Allahdad, was killed in the 22 April 2018 Kabul suicide bombing in Dashte Barchi, Kabul.^[158]^[159]

Rohullah Nikpai, won a bronze medal in Taekwondo at the Beijing Olympics 2008, beating world champion Juan Antonio Ramos of Spain 4–1 in a play-off final. It was Afghanistan's first-ever Olympic medal. He then won a second Olympic medal for Afghanistan in the London 2012 games.^{[citation needed]}

Another notable Hazara athlete Sayed Abdul Jalil Waiz was the first ever badminton player representing Afghanistan in the Asian Junior Championships in 2005, where he produced the first win for his country against Iraq, with 15–13, 15–1. He participated in several international championships since 2005 and achieved victories against Australia, the Philippines and Mongolia. Hamid Rahimi, a Hazara boxer from Afghanistan who lives in Germany. Hussain Sadiqi, a Hazara Australian martial artist who won an award for the best fight scene for an Australian made action movie.

Hazara football players are Zohib Islam Amiri, who is currently playing for the Afghanistan national football team, Moshtaq Yaqoubi an Afghan-Finnish footballer who plays for HIFK, Mustafa Amini, a Hazara Australian footballer who plays as a midfielder for Danish Superliga club AGF and the Australian national team, Rahmat Akbari an Australian footballer who plays as a midfielder for Brisbane Roar, and others like Rohullah Iqbalzada, Omran Haydary, Zelfy Nazary, Moshtaq Ahmadi, and Zahra Mahmoodi.^[160]

Some Hazara from Pakistan have also excelled in sports and have received numerous awards, particularly in boxing, football and field hockey.

Pakistani Hazara Abrar Hussain, a former Olympic boxer served as deputy director-general of the Pakistan Sports Board. He represented Pakistan three times at the Olympics and won a gold medal at the 1990 Asian Games in Beijing. Another Hazara boxer from Pakistan is Haider Ali a Commonwealth Games gold medalist and Olympian who is currently retired.

Former captain of the Pakistan national football team Qayyum Changezi was the second Pakistani footballer to score a hat trick in an international game.^[161]^[162]^[163] New Hazara youngsters are seen to appear in football in Pakistan mostly from Quetta, such as Muhammad Ali and Rajab Ali Hazara.^[164]

Another is Kulsoom Hazara, a Pakistani female karate champion who has won several gold, silver and bronze medals on national and international stages, including Pride of Pakistan Award.^[165] Other karateka Hazaras include Nargis Hameedullah who became the first Pakistani woman to win an individual medal (a bronze) at the Asian Games karate championship, and Shahida Abbasi.^{[citation needed]}

Cultural sports

Cultural sports of Hazara people are those sports that have been inherited from their ancestors for generations.

Buzkashi

Buzkashi is a Central Asian sport in which horse-mounted players attempt to place a goat or calf carcass in a goal. It is the national sport in Afghanistan and is one of the cultural sports of the Hazara people and they still practice this sport in Afghanistan.^[166]

Tirandāzi

Tirandāzi is a kind of archery and an old cultural sport of Hazaras.^[167]

Pahlawani

Pahlawani or Kushti is a kind of cultural wrestling sport that is performed by Hazaras. Pahlawani has a long history in Afghanistan and among the Hazaras. In Afghanistan, on holidays, Pahlawani fields are set up. Pahlawani is held in different age groups. This cultural sport has its special techniques. Because this sport is very ancient and familiar, it has been continued from generation to generation among the Hazaras.^[168]

Notable people

Gallery

Flags
Flag of Hazaristan

Pictures
Hazara men in the uniform of the National Army of Afghanistan
Hazara young men in Kabul
An elderly Hazara man
Alauddini Hazaras in Ghazni province
Hazara men on the anniversary of the death of Abdul Ali Mazari in Kabul
Hazara schoolboys

Cultural
Hazara girls from Ghazni province
Hazara boy in cultural clothing with a dambura

Historical
An 1879 portrait of a Daizangi Hazara man
Hazara men from villages near Ghazni, c. 1840, painting by James Atkinson
Il-e Hazara (Template:Lang-fa) from Iran

References

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^ Garrison, V. David. "Global Peoples Profiles:: Hazara of Afghanistan and Deccanis of India". www.missionfrontiers.org. Retrieved 2024-01-08.
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^ Martínez-Cruz, Begoña; Vitalis, Renaud; Ségurel, Laure; Austerlitz, Frédéric; Georges, Myriam; Théry, Sylvain; Quintana-Murci, Lluis; Hegay, Tatyana; Aldashev, Almaz; Nasyrova, Firuza; Heyer, Evelyne (2011). "In the heartland of Eurasia: the multilocus genetic landscape of Central Asian populations". European Journal of Human Genetics. 19 (2): 216–223. doi:10.1038/ejhg.2010.153. ISSN 1476-5438. PMC 3025785. PMID 20823912. Our study confirms the results of Li et al's study that cluster the Hazara population with Central Asian populations, rather than Mongolian populations, which is consistent with ethnological studies. Our results further extend these findings, as we show that the Hazaras are closer to Turkic-speaking populations from Central Asia than to East-Asian or Indo-Iranian populations.
^ Chen, Pengyu; Adnan, Atif; Rakha, Allah; Wang, Mengge; Zou, Xing; Mo, Xiaodan; He, Guanglin (2019-08-18). "Population background exploration and genetic distribution analysis of Pakistan Hazara via 23 autosomal STRs". Annals of Human Biology. 46 (6): 514–518. doi:10.1080/03014460.2019.1673483. ISSN 0301-4460. PMID 31559868. S2CID 203569169. Overall, we genotyped 25 forensic-related markers in 261 Quetta Hazara individuals and provided the first batch of 23-autosomal STRs for forensic genetics and population genetics research. 23-autosomal STRs included in Huaxia Platinum were polymorphic in the Hazara population and could be used as powerful tool for forensic investigations. Population genetic comparisons based on two datasets via PCA, MDS and phylogenetic relationship reconstruction consistently indicated that the Quetta Hazara in Pakistan shared significant genetic components with Central Asians, especially for Turkic-speaking populations.
^ Emadi, Hafizullah (September 1997). "The Hazaras and their role in the process of political transformation in Afghanistan". Central Asian Survey. 16 (3): 363–387. doi:10.1080/02634939708400997. Hazaras are one of the oppressed and dispossessed national minority communities of the country.
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^ Martínez-Cruz, Begoña; Vitalis, Renaud; Ségurel, Laure; Austerlitz, Frédéric; Georges, Myriam; Théry, Sylvain; Quintana-Murci, Lluis; Hegay, Tatyana; Aldashev, Almaz; Nasyrova, Firuza; Heyer, Evelyne (2011). "In the heartland of Eurasia: the multilocus genetic landscape of Central Asian populations". European Journal of Human Genetics. 19 (2): 216–223. doi:10.1038/ejhg.2010.153. ISSN 1476-5438. PMC 3025785. PMID 20823912. Our study confirms the results of Li et al's study that cluster the Hazara population with Central Asian populations, rather than Mongolian populations, which is consistent with ethnological studies. Our results further extend these findings, as we show that the Hazaras are closer to Turkic-speaking populations from Central Asia than to East-Asian or Indo-Iranian populations.
^ Chen, Pengyu; Adnan, Atif; Rakha, Allah; Wang, Mengge; Zou, Xing; Mo, Xiaodan; He, Guanglin (2019-08-18). "Population background exploration and genetic distribution analysis of Pakistan Hazara via 23 autosomal STRs". Annals of Human Biology. 46 (6): 514–518. doi:10.1080/03014460.2019.1673483. ISSN 0301-4460. PMID 31559868. S2CID 203569169. Overall, we genotyped 25 forensic-related markers in 261 Quetta Hazara individuals and provided the first batch of 23-autosomal STRs for forensic genetics and population genetics research. 23-autosomal STRs included in Huaxia Platinum were polymorphic in the Hazara population and could be used as powerful tool for forensic investigations. Population genetic comparisons based on two datasets via PCA, MDS and phylogenetic relationship reconstruction consistently indicated that the Quetta Hazara in Pakistan shared significant genetic components with Central Asians, especially for Turkic-speaking populations.
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^ Martínez-Cruz, Begoña; Vitalis, Renaud; Ségurel, Laure; Austerlitz, Frédéric; Georges, Myriam; Théry, Sylvain; Quintana-Murci, Lluis; Hegay, Tatyana; Aldashev, Almaz; Nasyrova, Firuza; Heyer, Evelyne (2011). "In the heartland of Eurasia: the multilocus genetic landscape of Central Asian populations". European Journal of Human Genetics. 19 (2): 216–223. doi:10.1038/ejhg.2010.153. ISSN 1476-5438. PMC 3025785. PMID 20823912. Our study confirms the results of Li et al's study that cluster the Hazara population with Central Asian populations, rather than Mongolian populations, which is consistent with ethnological studies. Our results further extend these findings, as we show that the Hazaras are closer to Turkic-speaking populations from Central Asia than to East-Asian or Indo-Iranian populations.
^ Chen, Pengyu; Adnan, Atif; Rakha, Allah; Wang, Mengge; Zou, Xing; Mo, Xiaodan; He, Guanglin (2019-08-18). "Population background exploration and genetic distribution analysis of Pakistan Hazara via 23 autosomal STRs". Annals of Human Biology. 46 (6): 514–518. doi:10.1080/03014460.2019.1673483. ISSN 0301-4460. PMID 31559868. S2CID 203569169. Overall, we genotyped 25 forensic-related markers in 261 Quetta Hazara individuals and provided the first batch of 23-autosomal STRs for forensic genetics and population genetics research. 23-autosomal STRs included in Huaxia Platinum were polymorphic in the Hazara population and could be used as powerful tool for forensic investigations. Population genetic comparisons based on two datasets via PCA, MDS and phylogenetic relationship reconstruction consistently indicated that the Quetta Hazara in Pakistan shared significant genetic components with Central Asians, especially for Turkic-speaking populations.
^ دلجو, عباس (2018). تاریخ باستانی هزاره‌ها. کابل، افغانستان: موسسه انتشارات مقصوی، کابل. p. 257. ISBN 978-9936-624-00-9.
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^ B. Campbell, Disappearing people? Indigenous groups and ethnic minorities in South and Central Asia in Barbara Brower, Barbara Rose Johnston (Ed.) International Mountain Society, California, 2007
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^ Temirkhanov L. (1968). "О некоторых спорных вопросах этнической истории хазарейского народа". Советская этнография. 1. P. 94. In Russian: "тюркские элементы ... по сравнению с монгольскими ... играли второстепенную роль."
^ Temirkhanov L. (1968). "О некоторых спорных вопросах этнической истории хазарейского народа". Советская этнография. 1. P. 91. In Russian: "Ближайшие соседи хазарейцев – гильзаи – называли и называют их «монголы»."
^ ^a ^b Temirkhanov L. (1968). "О некоторых спорных вопросах этнической истории хазарейского народа". Советская этнография. 1. P. 91. In Russian: "Об участии монголов в этногенезе хазарейцев свидетельствуют и данные лингвистики... также исторические источники (например, «Записки Бабура») и данные топонимики"
^ Sabitov Zh. M. (2011)."Происхождение хазарейцев с точки зрения ДНК-генеалогии". The Russian Journal of Genetic Genealogy. 2 (1): pp. 37–40.
^ ^a ^b Бартольд. В. В. (2022). Ислам. Культура мусульманства. Москва: Litres. p. 162. In Russian: "...еще в XVI веке говорили хазарейцы по-монгольски в северной части Афганистана..."
^ ^a ^b Ármin Vámbéry (2003). Путешествие по Средней Азии. Москва: Восточная литература. In Russian: "Говорят, что хазарейцы ... были перевезены Чингисханом из Монголии, своей прародины, на юг Средней Азии и благодаря влиянию шаха Аббаса II обращены в шиизм. Поразительно, что они заменили свой родной язык персидским, который даже в населенных ими областях не повсеместно распространен, и лишь небольшая часть, оставшаяся изолированной в горах поблизости от Герата и уже несколько столетий занимающаяся выжиганием угля, говорит на некоем жаргоне монгольского языка."
^ ^a ^b Массон В. М., Ромодин В. А. (1964). История Афганистана. Том I. С древнейших времен до начала XVI века. Москва: Наука. pp. 289–290. In Russian: "Еще в XVI в., по сообщению Бабура, среди хазарейцев был распространен монгольский язык, а небольшая часть их, по-видимому, и в XIX в. говорила на языке, близком к монгольскому."
^ ^a ^b Петрушевский И. П. (1952). Рашид-ад-дин и его исторический труд. Москва/Ленинград: Издательство Академии Наук СССР. P. 29. In Russian: "Как известно, большой массив монгольского населения (хезарейцы), отчасти сохранявшего свой язык еще в XIX в., сложился на территории Афганистана..."
^ ^a ^b Allah Rakha, Fatima, Min-Sheng Peng, Atif Adan, Rui Bi, Memona Yasmin, Yong-Gang Yao (2017)."mtDNA sequence diversity of Hazara ethnic group from Pakistan". Forensic Science International: Genetics. Volume 30: Pages e1-e5. In English: "Moreover, there are also lines of evidence that some of the remote tribes of Hazaras spoke Mongol language till last century. Their central Asian facial features including sparse beards, high cheekbones and epicanthic eye folds further supports their Mongol origin."
^ ^a ^b Haber, M; Platt, DE; Ashrafian Bonab, M; et al. (2012). "Afghanistan's Ethnic Groups Share a Y-Chromosomal Heritage Structured by Historical Events". PLOS ONE. 7 (3): e34288. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...734288H. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0034288. PMC 3314501. PMID 22470552.
^ Martínez-Cruz, Begoña; Vitalis, Renaud; Ségurel, Laure; Austerlitz, Frédéric; Georges, Myriam; Théry, Sylvain; Quintana-Murci, Lluis; Hegay, Tatyana; Aldashev, Almaz; Nasyrova, Firuza; Heyer, Evelyne (2011). "In the heartland of Eurasia: the multilocus genetic landscape of Central Asian populations". European Journal of Human Genetics. 19 (2): 216–223. doi:10.1038/ejhg.2010.153. ISSN 1476-5438. PMC 3025785. PMID 20823912. Our study confirms the results of Li et al's study that cluster the Hazara population with Central Asian populations, rather than Mongolian populations, which is consistent with ethnological studies. Our results further extend these findings, as we show that the Hazaras are closer to Turkic-speaking populations from Central Asia than to East-Asian or Indo-Iranian populations.
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^ Martínez-Cruz, Begoña; Vitalis, Renaud; Ségurel, Laure; Austerlitz, Frédéric; Georges, Myriam; Théry, Sylvain; Quintana-Murci, Lluis; Hegay, Tatyana; Aldashev, Almaz; Nasyrova, Firuza; Heyer, Evelyne (2011). "In the heartland of Eurasia: the multilocus genetic landscape of Central Asian populations". European Journal of Human Genetics. 19 (2): 216–223. doi:10.1038/ejhg.2010.153. ISSN 1476-5438. PMC 3025785. PMID 20823912. Our study confirms the results of Li et al's study that cluster the Hazara population with Central Asian populations, rather than Mongolian populations, which is consistent with ethnological studies. Our results further extend these findings, as we show that the Hazaras are closer to Turkic-speaking populations from Central Asia than to East-Asian or Indo-Iranian populations.
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External links

"Hazaras" at Encyclopædia Iranica
Hazara tribal structure, Program for Culture and Conflict Studies, US Naval Postgraduate School
Peril and Persecution in Afghanistan

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[culturalorientation-12] The Afghans, Their History and Culture, Religion Archived 2010-12-28 at the Wayback Machine

[:2-13] "شناسنامه الکترونیکی،آخرین فرصت تثبیت هویت هزاره‌های سنی و اسماعیلی | سایت طرح نو، باشگاه اندیشه و گفتوگو". Retrieved 2021-02-02.

[Temirkhanov-14] Temirkhanov L. (1968). "О некоторых спорных вопросах этнической истории хазарейского народа". Советская этнография. 1. P. 86. In Russian: "...монгольские отряды, оставленные в Афганистане Чингиз-ханом или его преемниками, стали исходным пластом, основой хазарейского этногенеза. "

[Bacon-15] Bacon, Elizabeth Emaline (1951). The Hazara Mongols of Afghanistan: A Study in Social Organization. Berkeley: University of California.

[bigenc-16] "Хазарейцы • Большая российская энциклопедия - электронная версия". bigenc.ru. In Russian: "Упоминаются с 16 в. До 19 в. говорили на монг. языке."

[17] Brasher, Ryan (2011). "Ethnic Brother or Artificial Namesake? The Construction of Tajik Identity in Afghanistan and Tajikistan". Berkeley Journal of Sociology. 55: 97–120. JSTOR 23345249.

[18] B. Campbell, Disappearing people? Indigenous groups and ethnic minorities in South and Central Asia in: Barbara Brower, Barbara Rose Johnston (Ed.) International Mountain Society, California, 2007.

[19] "Sunni Hazaras of Afghanistan". September 17, 2020.

[20] دلجو, عباس (2018). تاریخ باستانی هزاره‌ها. کابل، افغانستان: موسسه انتشارات مقصوی، کابل. pp. 37, 167, 257. ISBN 978-9936-624-00-9.

[21] Babur, (Emperor of Hindustan) (1826). Memoirs of Zehir-Ed-Din Muhammed Baber: Emperor of Hindustan. Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown, and Green.

[22] Martínez-Cruz, Begoña; Vitalis, Renaud; Ségurel, Laure; Austerlitz, Frédéric; Georges, Myriam; Théry, Sylvain; Quintana-Murci, Lluis; Hegay, Tatyana; Aldashev, Almaz; Nasyrova, Firuza; Heyer, Evelyne (2011). "In the heartland of Eurasia: the multilocus genetic landscape of Central Asian populations". European Journal of Human Genetics. 19 (2): 216–223. doi:10.1038/ejhg.2010.153. ISSN 1476-5438. PMC 3025785. PMID 20823912. Our study confirms the results of Li et al's study that cluster the Hazara population with Central Asian populations, rather than Mongolian populations, which is consistent with ethnological studies. Our results further extend these findings, as we show that the Hazaras are closer to Turkic-speaking populations from Central Asia than to East-Asian or Indo-Iranian populations.

[23] Chen, Pengyu; Adnan, Atif; Rakha, Allah; Wang, Mengge; Zou, Xing; Mo, Xiaodan; He, Guanglin (2019-08-18). "Population background exploration and genetic distribution analysis of Pakistan Hazara via 23 autosomal STRs". Annals of Human Biology. 46 (6): 514–518. doi:10.1080/03014460.2019.1673483. ISSN 0301-4460. PMID 31559868. S2CID 203569169. Overall, we genotyped 25 forensic-related markers in 261 Quetta Hazara individuals and provided the first batch of 23-autosomal STRs for forensic genetics and population genetics research. 23-autosomal STRs included in Huaxia Platinum were polymorphic in the Hazara population and could be used as powerful tool for forensic investigations. Population genetic comparisons based on two datasets via PCA, MDS and phylogenetic relationship reconstruction consistently indicated that the Quetta Hazara in Pakistan shared significant genetic components with Central Asians, especially for Turkic-speaking populations.

[24] Emadi, Hafizullah (September 1997). "The Hazaras and their role in the process of political transformation in Afghanistan". Central Asian Survey. 16 (3): 363–387. doi:10.1080/02634939708400997. Hazaras are one of the oppressed and dispossessed national minority communities of the country.

[Iranica-25] Alessandro Monsutti (15 December 2003). "HAZĀRA ii. HISTORY". Encyclopædia Iranica. Retrieved 16 December 2012.

[26] Mousavi, S. A. (2018). The Hazaras of Afghanistan. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-136-80016-0.

[27] Schurmann, H. F. (1962). The Mon-gols of Afghanistan: An Ethnography of the Moghôls and Related Peoples of Afghanistan. La Haye. p. 115.

[28] Poladi, Hassan (1989). The Hazâras. Stockton. p. 22.

[29] Mousavi, Sayed Askar (1998). The Hazaras of Afghanistan [An Historical, Cultural, Economic and Political Study]. Richmond. pp. 23–25.

[hazara-1-30] Khazeni, Arash; Monsutti, Alessandro; Kieffer, Charles M. (December 15, 2003). "HAZĀRA". Encyclopædia Iranica. Retrieved December 23, 2007.

[31] دلجو, عباس (2018). تاریخ باستانی هزاره‌ها. کابل، افغانستان: موسسه انتشارات مقصوی، کابل. p. 199. ISBN 978-9936-624-00-9.

[32] "هزاره".

[33] یزدانی، حسینعلی. پژوهشی در تاریخ هزاره‌ها. چاپخانه مهتاب. ص 96

[34] "هزاله – لغت‌نامهٔ دهخدا" [Dehkhoda Dictionary]. abadis.ir. Retrieved 2022-01-07.

[35] Monsutti, Alessandro (2017-07-01), "Hazāras", Encyclopaedia of Islam, THREE, Brill, retrieved 2022-05-07, The Hazāras are a principal component of the population of Afghanistan.

[36] Bosworth, C. E. (2012-04-24), "Hazāras", Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition, Brill, retrieved 2022-05-08, The Hazāras are almost certainly an Ethnically mixed group, whose components may or may not be related to each other.

[37] دلجو, عباس (2018). تاریخ باستانی هزاره‌ها. کابل، افغانستان: موسسه انتشارات مقصوی، کابل. pp. 37, 167, 257. ISBN 978-9936-624-00-9.

[38] Babur, (Emperor of Hindustan) (1826). Memoirs of Zehir-Ed-Din Muhammed Baber: Emperor of Hindustan. Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown, and Green.

[39] Hartl, Daniel L.; Jones, Elizabeth W. (2009). Genetics: Analysis of Genes and Genomes. Jones & Bartlett Learning. p. 262. ISBN 978-0-7637-5868-4.

[40] Martínez-Cruz, Begoña; Vitalis, Renaud; Ségurel, Laure; Austerlitz, Frédéric; Georges, Myriam; Théry, Sylvain; Quintana-Murci, Lluis; Hegay, Tatyana; Aldashev, Almaz; Nasyrova, Firuza; Heyer, Evelyne (2011). "In the heartland of Eurasia: the multilocus genetic landscape of Central Asian populations". European Journal of Human Genetics. 19 (2): 216–223. doi:10.1038/ejhg.2010.153. ISSN 1476-5438. PMC 3025785. PMID 20823912. Our study confirms the results of Li et al's study that cluster the Hazara population with Central Asian populations, rather than Mongolian populations, which is consistent with ethnological studies. Our results further extend these findings, as we show that the Hazaras are closer to Turkic-speaking populations from Central Asia than to East-Asian or Indo-Iranian populations.

[41] Chen, Pengyu; Adnan, Atif; Rakha, Allah; Wang, Mengge; Zou, Xing; Mo, Xiaodan; He, Guanglin (2019-08-18). "Population background exploration and genetic distribution analysis of Pakistan Hazara via 23 autosomal STRs". Annals of Human Biology. 46 (6): 514–518. doi:10.1080/03014460.2019.1673483. ISSN 0301-4460. PMID 31559868. S2CID 203569169. Overall, we genotyped 25 forensic-related markers in 261 Quetta Hazara individuals and provided the first batch of 23-autosomal STRs for forensic genetics and population genetics research. 23-autosomal STRs included in Huaxia Platinum were polymorphic in the Hazara population and could be used as powerful tool for forensic investigations. Population genetic comparisons based on two datasets via PCA, MDS and phylogenetic relationship reconstruction consistently indicated that the Quetta Hazara in Pakistan shared significant genetic components with Central Asians, especially for Turkic-speaking populations.

[42] Bosworth, C. E. (2012-04-24), "Hazāras", Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition, Brill, retrieved 2022-05-08

[:9-43] "HAZĀRA ii. HISTORY – Encyclopaedia Iranica". Iranicaonline.org. Retrieved 2021-03-12.

[Babur-44] Zahīr ud-Dīn Muhammad Babur (1921)."Memoirs Of Zehir-Ed-Din Muhammed Babur. Volume 1.". Oxford University Press. Pages 44, 243, 279."

[45] Martínez-Cruz, Begoña; Vitalis, Renaud; Ségurel, Laure; Austerlitz, Frédéric; Georges, Myriam; Théry, Sylvain; Quintana-Murci, Lluis; Hegay, Tatyana; Aldashev, Almaz; Nasyrova, Firuza; Heyer, Evelyne (2011). "In the heartland of Eurasia: the multilocus genetic landscape of Central Asian populations". European Journal of Human Genetics. 19 (2): 216–223. doi:10.1038/ejhg.2010.153. ISSN 1476-5438. PMC 3025785. PMID 20823912. Our study confirms the results of Li et al's study that cluster the Hazara population with Central Asian populations, rather than Mongolian populations, which is consistent with ethnological studies. Our results further extend these findings, as we show that the Hazaras are closer to Turkic-speaking populations from Central Asia than to East-Asian or Indo-Iranian populations.

[Pengyu_Chen2-46] Chen, Pengyu; Adnan, Atif; Rakha, Allah; Wang, Mengge; Zou, Xing; Mo, Xiaodan; He, Guanglin (2019-08-18). "Population background exploration and genetic distribution analysis of Pakistan Hazara via 23 autosomal STRs". Annals of Human Biology. 46 (6): 514–518. doi:10.1080/03014460.2019.1673483. ISSN 0301-4460. PMID 31559868. S2CID 203569169. Overall, we genotyped 25 forensic-related markers in 261 Quetta Hazara individuals and provided the first batch of 23-autosomal STRs for forensic genetics and population genetics research. 23-autosomal STRs included in Huaxia Platinum were polymorphic in the Hazara population and could be used as powerful tool for forensic investigations. Population genetic comparisons based on two datasets via PCA, MDS and phylogenetic relationship reconstruction consistently indicated that the Quetta Hazara in Pakistan shared significant genetic components with Central Asians, especially for Turkic-speaking populations.

[47] دلجو, عباس (2018). تاریخ باستانی هزاره‌ها. کابل، افغانستان: موسسه انتشارات مقصوی، کابل. p. 257. ISBN 978-9936-624-00-9.

[48] Babur, Z. M. (1987). Babur-nama. Lahore. pp. 300, 207, 214, 218, 221, 251–53.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)

[49] Babur, Zahīr ud-Dīn Muhammad (1826). Memoirs of Zehir-Ed-Din Muhammed Baber: Emperor of Hindustan. Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown, and Green.

[50] B. Campbell, Disappearing people? Indigenous groups and ethnic minorities in South and Central Asia in Barbara Brower, Barbara Rose Johnston (Ed.) International Mountain Society, California, 2007

[BaconSWJA-51] Elizabeth E. Bacon. (1951). "The Inquiry into the History of the Hazara Mongols of Afghanistan". Southwestern Journal of Anthropology. Vol. 7. No. 3. pp. 230–247.

[Barbara_A._West-52] West, Barbara A. West (2010). Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Asia and Oceania. New York: Infobase Publishing. p. 272. ISBN 978-1-4381-1913-7.

[Averyanov-53] Аверьянов Ю. А. (2017). "Хазарейцы - ираноязычные монголы Афганистана"". Мир Центральной Азии. pp. 110–117.

[Sattsayev-54] Сатцаев Э. Б. (2009). "Монголы-хазарейцы Афганистана и аспекты "народного шиизма"". Единая Калмыкия в единой России: через века в будущее. pp. 413–415.

[Temirkhanov1968-55] Temirkhanov L. (1968). "О некоторых спорных вопросах этнической истории хазарейского народа". Советская этнография. 1. P. 94. In Russian: "тюркские элементы ... по сравнению с монгольскими ... играли второстепенную роль."

[TemirkhanovL-56] Temirkhanov L. (1968). "О некоторых спорных вопросах этнической истории хазарейского народа". Советская этнография. 1. P. 91. In Russian: "Ближайшие соседи хазарейцев – гильзаи – называли и называют их «монголы»."

[TemirkhanovLutfi-57] Temirkhanov L. (1968). "О некоторых спорных вопросах этнической истории хазарейского народа". Советская этнография. 1. P. 91. In Russian: "Об участии монголов в этногенезе хазарейцев свидетельствуют и данные лингвистики... также исторические источники (например, «Записки Бабура») и данные топонимики"

[Sabitov-58] Sabitov Zh. M. (2011)."Происхождение хазарейцев с точки зрения ДНК-генеалогии". The Russian Journal of Genetic Genealogy. 2 (1): pp. 37–40.

[Bartold-59] Бартольд. В. В. (2022). Ислам. Культура мусульманства. Москва: Litres. p. 162. In Russian: "...еще в XVI веке говорили хазарейцы по-монгольски в северной части Афганистана..."

[Vámbéry-60] Ármin Vámbéry (2003). Путешествие по Средней Азии. Москва: Восточная литература. In Russian: "Говорят, что хазарейцы ... были перевезены Чингисханом из Монголии, своей прародины, на юг Средней Азии и благодаря влиянию шаха Аббаса II обращены в шиизм. Поразительно, что они заменили свой родной язык персидским, который даже в населенных ими областях не повсеместно распространен, и лишь небольшая часть, оставшаяся изолированной в горах поблизости от Герата и уже несколько столетий занимающаяся выжиганием угля, говорит на некоем жаргоне монгольского языка."

[Массон,_Ромодин-61] Массон В. М., Ромодин В. А. (1964). История Афганистана. Том I. С древнейших времен до начала XVI века. Москва: Наука. pp. 289–290. In Russian: "Еще в XVI в., по сообщению Бабура, среди хазарейцев был распространен монгольский язык, а небольшая часть их, по-видимому, и в XIX в. говорила на языке, близком к монгольскому."

[Petrushevsky-62] Петрушевский И. П. (1952). Рашид-ад-дин и его исторический труд. Москва/Ленинград: Издательство Академии Наук СССР. P. 29. In Russian: "Как известно, большой массив монгольского населения (хезарейцы), отчасти сохранявшего свой язык еще в XIX в., сложился на территории Афганистана..."

[Forensic_Science_International-63] Allah Rakha, Fatima, Min-Sheng Peng, Atif Adan, Rui Bi, Memona Yasmin, Yong-Gang Yao (2017)."mtDNA sequence diversity of Hazara ethnic group from Pakistan". Forensic Science International: Genetics. Volume 30: Pages e1-e5. In English: "Moreover, there are also lines of evidence that some of the remote tribes of Hazaras spoke Mongol language till last century. Their central Asian facial features including sparse beards, high cheekbones and epicanthic eye folds further supports their Mongol origin."

[ncbi.nlm.nih.gov-64] Haber, M; Platt, DE; Ashrafian Bonab, M; et al. (2012). "Afghanistan's Ethnic Groups Share a Y-Chromosomal Heritage Structured by Historical Events". PLOS ONE. 7 (3): e34288. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...734288H. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0034288. PMC 3314501. PMID 22470552.

[65] Martínez-Cruz, Begoña; Vitalis, Renaud; Ségurel, Laure; Austerlitz, Frédéric; Georges, Myriam; Théry, Sylvain; Quintana-Murci, Lluis; Hegay, Tatyana; Aldashev, Almaz; Nasyrova, Firuza; Heyer, Evelyne (2011). "In the heartland of Eurasia: the multilocus genetic landscape of Central Asian populations". European Journal of Human Genetics. 19 (2): 216–223. doi:10.1038/ejhg.2010.153. ISSN 1476-5438. PMC 3025785. PMID 20823912. Our study confirms the results of Li et al's study that cluster the Hazara population with Central Asian populations, rather than Mongolian populations, which is consistent with ethnological studies. Our results further extend these findings, as we show that the Hazaras are closer to Turkic-speaking populations from Central Asia than to East-Asian or Indo-Iranian populations.

[66] Rosenberg, Noah A.; et al. (December 2002). "Genetic Structure of Human Populations". Science. New Series. 298 (5602): 2381–85. Bibcode:2002Sci...298.2381R. doi:10.1126/science.1078311. PMID 12493913. S2CID 8127224.

[67] Martínez-Cruz, Begoña; Vitalis, Renaud; Ségurel, Laure; Austerlitz, Frédéric; Georges, Myriam; Théry, Sylvain; Quintana-Murci, Lluis; Hegay, Tatyana; Aldashev, Almaz; Nasyrova, Firuza; Heyer, Evelyne (2011). "In the heartland of Eurasia: the multilocus genetic landscape of Central Asian populations". European Journal of Human Genetics. 19 (2): 216–223. doi:10.1038/ejhg.2010.153. ISSN 1476-5438. PMC 3025785. PMID 20823912. Our study confirms the results of Li et al's study that cluster the Hazara population with Central Asian populations, rather than Mongolian populations, which is consistent with ethnological studies. Our results further extend these findings, as we show that the Hazaras are closer to Turkic-speaking populations from Central Asia than to East-Asian or Indo-Iranian populations.

[Pengyu_Chen-68] Chen, Pengyu; Adnan, Atif; Rakha, Allah; Wang, Mengge; Zou, Xing; Mo, Xiaodan; He, Guanglin (2019-08-18). "Population background exploration and genetic distribution analysis of Pakistan Hazara via 23 autosomal STRs". Annals of Human Biology. 46 (6): 514–518. doi:10.1080/03014460.2019.1673483. ISSN 0301-4460. PMID 31559868. S2CID 203569169. Overall, we genotyped 25 forensic-related markers in 261 Quetta Hazara individuals and provided the first batch of 23-autosomal STRs for forensic genetics and population genetics research. 23-autosomal STRs included in Huaxia Platinum were polymorphic in the Hazara population and could be used as powerful tool for forensic investigations. Population genetic comparisons based on two datasets via PCA, MDS and phylogenetic relationship reconstruction consistently indicated that the Quetta Hazara in Pakistan shared significant genetic components with Central Asians, especially for Turkic-speaking populations.

[69] Xu, Shuhua; Wang, Sijia; Tang, Kun; Guan, Yaqun; Khan, Asifullah; Li, Jing; Zhang, Xi; Wang, Xiaoji; Tian, Lei (2017-10-01). "Genetic History of Xinjiang's Uyghurs Suggests Bronze Age Multiple-Way Contacts in Eurasia". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 34 (10): 2572–2582. doi:10.1093/molbev/msx177. ISSN 0737-4038. PMID 28595347.

[SabitovZh.-70] Sabitov Zh. M. (2011)."Происхождение хазарейцев с точки зрения ДНК-генеалогии". The Russian Journal of Genetic Genealogy. 2 (1): pp. 37–40. In Russian: "Гаплогруппа СЗ безусловно связана с экспансией монголов..."

[Жабагин-71] Жабагин М. К. (2017). Анализ связи полиморфизма Y-хромосомы и родоплеменной структуры в казахской популяции Москва. p. 71. In Russian: "...за счет высокой частоты гаплогруппы С2-М217, что согласуется с монгольским происхождением хазарейцев."

[Guanglin_He-72] He, Guanglin; Adnan, Atif; Rakha, Allah; Yeh, Hui-Yuan; Wang, Mengge; Zou, Xing; Guo, Jianxin; Rehman, Muhammad; Fawad, Abulhasan; Chen, Pengyu; Wang, Chuan-Chao (September 2019). "A comprehensive exploration of the genetic legacy and forensic features of Afghanistan and Pakistan Mongolian-descent Hazara". Forensic Science International: Genetics. 42: e1–e12. doi:10.1016/j.fsigen.2019.06.018. ISSN 1872-4973. PMID 31257046. S2CID 195761020. The results from pairwise genetic distances, MDS, PCA, and phylogenetic relationship reconstruction demonstrate that present-day Hazaras are genetically closer to the Turkic-speaking populations (Uyghur, Kazakh, and Kyrgyz) residing in northwest China than with other Central/South Asian populations and Mongolian. Outgroup and admixture f3, f4, f4-ratio, qpWave, and qpAdm results further demonstrate that Hazara shares more alleles with East Asians than with other Central Asians and carries 57.8% Mongolian-related ancestry. Overall, our findings suggest that Hazaras have experienced genetic admixture with the local or neighboring populations and formed the current East-West Eurasian admixed genetic profile after their separation from the Mongolians.

[73] Martínez-Cruz, Begoña; Vitalis, Renaud; Ségurel, Laure; Austerlitz, Frédéric; Georges, Myriam; Théry, Sylvain; Quintana-Murci, Lluis; Hegay, Tatyana; Aldashev, Almaz; Nasyrova, Firuza; Heyer, Evelyne (2011). "In the heartland of Eurasia: the multilocus genetic landscape of Central Asian populations". European Journal of Human Genetics. 19 (2): 216–223. doi:10.1038/ejhg.2010.153. ISSN 1476-5438. PMC 3025785. PMID 20823912. Our study confirms the results of Li et al's study that cluster the Hazara population with Central Asian populations, rather than Mongolian populations, which is consistent with ethnological studies. Our results further extend these findings, as we show that the Hazaras are closer to Turkic-speaking populations from Central Asia than to East-Asian or Indo-Iranian populations.

[Atif_Adnan-74] Adnan, Atif; Rakha, Allah; Nazir, Shahid; Alghafri, Rashed; Hassan, Qudsia; Wang, Chuan-Chao; Lu, Jie (2021). "Forensic features and genetic legacy of the Baloch population of Pakistan and the Hazara population across Durand line revealed by Y-chromosomal STRs". International Journal of Legal Medicine. 135 (5): 1777–1784. bioRxiv 10.1101/2020.11.21.392456. doi:10.1007/s00414-021-02591-2. ISSN 0937-9827.

[75] Haber, Marc; Platt, Daniel E.; Bonab, Maziar Ashrafian; Youhanna, Sonia C.; Soria-Hernanz, David F.; Martínez-Cruz, Begoña; Douaihy, Bouchra; Ghassibe-Sabbagh, Michella; Rafatpanah, Hoshang; Ghanbari, Mohsen; Whale, John; Balanovsky, Oleg; Wells, R. Spencer; Comas, David; Tyler-Smith, Chris; Zalloua, Pierre A.; Consortium, The Genographic (28 March 2012). "Afghanistan's Ethnic Groups Share a Y-Chromosomal Heritage Structured by Historical Events". PLOS ONE. 7 (3): e34288. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...734288H. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0034288. PMC 3314501. PMID 22470552.

[76] John William Whale. Mitochondrial DNA Analysis of Four Ethnic Groups of Afghanistan. http://eprints.port.ac.uk/9862/1/John_Whale_MPhil_Thesis_2012.pdf Archived 2017-08-02 at the Wayback Machine

[77] Lkhagvasuren, Gavaachimed; Shin, Heejin; Lee, Si Eun; Tumen, Dashtseveg; Kim, Jae-Hyun; Kim, Kyung-Yong; Kim, Kijeong; Park, Ae Ja; Lee, Ho Woon; Kim, Mi Jin; Choi, Jaesung; Choi, Jee-Hye; Min, Na Young; Lee, Kwang-Ho (14 September 2016). "Molecular Genealogy of a Mongol Queen's Family and Her Possible Kinship with Genghis Khan". PLOS ONE. 11 (9): e0161622. Bibcode:2016PLoSO..1161622L. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0161622. PMC 5023095. PMID 27627454. "Eastern Russian Tatars, Bashkirs, and Pakistani Hazara were found to carry R1b-M343 at unusually high frequencies of 12.65%, 46.07%, and 32%, respectively, compared to other regions of Eastern Asia, which rarely have this haplotype"

[Allah_Rakha-78] Allah Rakha, Fatima, Min-Sheng Peng, Atif Adan, Rui Bi, Memona Yasmin, Yong-Gang Yao (2017)."mtDNA sequence diversity of Hazara ethnic group from Pakistan". Forensic Science International: Genetics. Volume 30: Page 3.

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@@ Line 8: / Line 8: @@
 {{Infobox ethnic group
 | group            = Hazara<br />{{nq|هزاره}}
-| image            = Hazara schoolboys in Afghanistan.jpg
+| image            = Hazara schoolgirls in Bamyan, Afghanistan.jpg
-| caption          = Hazara schoolboys
+| caption          = Hazara schoolgirls in [[Bamyan province]]
 | population       =
 | region1          = {{flag|Afghanistan}}
@@ Line 35: / Line 35: @@
 | pop8             = 3,800
 | ref8             = <ref>{{citation |title=Afghan Hazaras' new life in Indonesia: Asylum-seeker community in West Java is large enough to easily man an eight-team Afghan football league |date=21 March 2014 |publisher=Al Jazeera |access-date=5 August 2016 |url=http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2014/03/afghan-hazaras-new-life-indonesia-201436121639956520.html}}</ref>
-| languages        = {{hlist|'''[[Persian languages|Persian]]'''<br />([[Dari]], [[Hazaragi]])}}
+| languages        = {{hlist|'''[[Persian languages|Persian]]'''<br />([[Dari]] and [[Hazaragi]])}}
-| religions        = {{hlist|'''[[Islam]]'''<br />([[Shia Islam|Shia]], [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]])}}<ref name="culturalorientation" /><ref name=":2" />
+| religions        = {{hlist|'''[[Islam]]'''<br />([[Shia Islam|Shia]] and [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]])}}<ref name="culturalorientation" /><ref name=":2" />
-| related          = {{hlist|[[Aimaqs]], [[Uzbeks]], [[Tajiks]], [[Turkic peoples]], [[Mongolic peoples]]}}<ref>{{Cite journal|jstor = 23345249|title = Ethnic Brother or Artificial Namesake? The Construction of Tajik Identity in Afghanistan and Tajikistan|last1 = Brasher|first1 = Ryan|journal = Berkeley Journal of Sociology|year = 2011|volume = 55|pages = 97–120}}</ref><ref>B. Campbell, Disappearing people? Indigenous groups and ethnic minorities in South and Central Asia in: Barbara Brower, Barbara Rose Johnston (Ed.) International Mountain Society, California, 2007.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bolaq.org/2020/09/sunni-hazaras-of-afghanistan/|title=Sunni Hazaras of Afghanistan|date=September 17, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=دلجو |first=عباس |title=تاریخ باستانی هزاره‌ها |date=2018 |publisher=موسسه انتشارات مقصوی، کابل |isbn=978-9936-624-00-9 |location=کابل، افغانستان |pages=37, 167, 257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Babur |first=(Emperor of Hindustan) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9ztbAAAAQAAJ&q=turkoman+hazaras&pg=PA173 |title=Memoirs of Zehir-Ed-Din Muhammed Baber: Emperor of Hindustan |date=1826 |publisher=Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown, and Green |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Martínez-Cruz |first1=Begoña |last2=Vitalis |first2=Renaud |last3=Ségurel |first3=Laure |last4=Austerlitz |first4=Frédéric |last5=Georges |first5=Myriam |last6=Théry |first6=Sylvain |last7=Quintana-Murci |first7=Lluis |last8=Hegay |first8=Tatyana |last9=Aldashev |first9=Almaz |last10=Nasyrova |first10=Firuza |last11=Heyer |first11=Evelyne |date=2011 |title=In the heartland of Eurasia: the multilocus genetic landscape of Central Asian populations |journal=European Journal of Human Genetics |language=en |volume=19 |issue=2 |pages=216–223 |doi=10.1038/ejhg.2010.153 |pmid=20823912 |pmc=3025785 |issn=1476-5438|quote=Our study confirms the results of Li et al's study that cluster the Hazara population with Central Asian populations, rather than Mongolian populations, which is consistent with ethnological studies. Our results further extend these findings, as we show that the Hazaras are closer to Turkic-speaking populations from Central Asia than to East-Asian or Indo-Iranian populations.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Chen |first1=Pengyu |last2=Adnan |first2=Atif |last3=Rakha |first3=Allah |last4=Wang |first4=Mengge |last5=Zou |first5=Xing |last6=Mo |first6=Xiaodan |last7=He |first7=Guanglin |date=2019-08-18 |title=Population background exploration and genetic distribution analysis of Pakistan Hazara via 23 autosomal STRs |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/03014460.2019.1673483 |journal=Annals of Human Biology |language=en |volume=46 |issue=6 |pages=514–518 |doi=10.1080/03014460.2019.1673483 |issn=0301-4460 |pmid=31559868 |s2cid=203569169 |quote=Overall, we genotyped 25 forensic-related markers in 261 Quetta Hazara individuals and provided the first batch of 23-autosomal STRs for forensic genetics and population genetics research. 23-autosomal STRs included in Huaxia Platinum were polymorphic in the Hazara population and could be used as powerful tool for forensic investigations. Population genetic comparisons based on two datasets via PCA, MDS and phylogenetic relationship reconstruction consistently indicated that the Quetta Hazara in Pakistan shared significant genetic components with Central Asians, especially for Turkic-speaking populations.}}</ref><ref name="Temirkhanov"/><ref name="Bacon"/><ref name="bigenc">[https://old.bigenc.ru/ethnology/text/4727612 "Хазарейцы • Большая российская энциклопедия - электронная версия"]. bigenc.ru. In Russian: ''"Упоминаются с 16 в. До 19 в. говорили на монг. языке."''</ref>
+| related          = {{hlist|[[Aimaqs]], [[Uzbeks]], [[Tajiks]], [[Mongolic peoples]],<ref name="Temirkhanov"/><ref name="Bacon"/><ref name="bigenc">[https://old.bigenc.ru/ethnology/text/4727612 "Хазарейцы • Большая российская энциклопедия - электронная версия"]. bigenc.ru. In Russian: ''"Упоминаются с 16 в. До 19 в. говорили на монг. языке."''</ref> [[Turkic peoples]]}}<ref>{{Cite journal|jstor = 23345249|title = Ethnic Brother or Artificial Namesake? The Construction of Tajik Identity in Afghanistan and Tajikistan|last1 = Brasher|first1 = Ryan|journal = Berkeley Journal of Sociology|year = 2011|volume = 55|pages = 97–120}}</ref><ref>B. Campbell, Disappearing people? Indigenous groups and ethnic minorities in South and Central Asia in: Barbara Brower, Barbara Rose Johnston (Ed.) International Mountain Society, California, 2007.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bolaq.org/2020/09/sunni-hazaras-of-afghanistan/|title=Sunni Hazaras of Afghanistan|date=September 17, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=دلجو |first=عباس |title=تاریخ باستانی هزاره‌ها |date=2018 |publisher=موسسه انتشارات مقصوی، کابل |isbn=978-9936-624-00-9 |location=کابل، افغانستان |pages=37, 167, 257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Babur |first=(Emperor of Hindustan) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9ztbAAAAQAAJ&q=turkoman+hazaras&pg=PA173 |title=Memoirs of Zehir-Ed-Din Muhammed Baber: Emperor of Hindustan |date=1826 |publisher=Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown, and Green |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Martínez-Cruz |first1=Begoña |last2=Vitalis |first2=Renaud |last3=Ségurel |first3=Laure |last4=Austerlitz |first4=Frédéric |last5=Georges |first5=Myriam |last6=Théry |first6=Sylvain |last7=Quintana-Murci |first7=Lluis |last8=Hegay |first8=Tatyana |last9=Aldashev |first9=Almaz |last10=Nasyrova |first10=Firuza |last11=Heyer |first11=Evelyne |date=2011 |title=In the heartland of Eurasia: the multilocus genetic landscape of Central Asian populations |journal=European Journal of Human Genetics |language=en |volume=19 |issue=2 |pages=216–223 |doi=10.1038/ejhg.2010.153 |pmid=20823912 |pmc=3025785 |issn=1476-5438|quote=Our study confirms the results of Li et al's study that cluster the Hazara population with Central Asian populations, rather than Mongolian populations, which is consistent with ethnological studies. Our results further extend these findings, as we show that the Hazaras are closer to Turkic-speaking populations from Central Asia than to East-Asian or Indo-Iranian populations.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Chen |first1=Pengyu |last2=Adnan |first2=Atif |last3=Rakha |first3=Allah |last4=Wang |first4=Mengge |last5=Zou |first5=Xing |last6=Mo |first6=Xiaodan |last7=He |first7=Guanglin |date=2019-08-18 |title=Population background exploration and genetic distribution analysis of Pakistan Hazara via 23 autosomal STRs |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/03014460.2019.1673483 |journal=Annals of Human Biology |language=en |volume=46 |issue=6 |pages=514–518 |doi=10.1080/03014460.2019.1673483 |issn=0301-4460 |pmid=31559868 |s2cid=203569169 |quote=Overall, we genotyped 25 forensic-related markers in 261 Quetta Hazara individuals and provided the first batch of 23-autosomal STRs for forensic genetics and population genetics research. 23-autosomal STRs included in Huaxia Platinum were polymorphic in the Hazara population and could be used as powerful tool for forensic investigations. Population genetic comparisons based on two datasets via PCA, MDS and phylogenetic relationship reconstruction consistently indicated that the Quetta Hazara in Pakistan shared significant genetic components with Central Asians, especially for Turkic-speaking populations.}}</ref>
 | footnotes        =
 }}
@@ Line 48: / Line 48: @@
 The etymology of the word "Hazara" remains disputed, but some have differing opinions on the term.
-*Historian [[Abdul Hai Habibi]] considers the word "Hazara" ({{transliteration|fa|Hazāra}} {{lang|fa|هزاره}}) to be very old, and it is derived from "Hazala" ({{transliteration|fa|həzālə}} {{lang|fa|هزاله}}), which has changed to "Hazara" over time and has meant "good-hearted".<ref>یزدانی، حسینعلی. پژوهشی در تاریخ هزاره‌ها. چاپخانه مهتاب. ص 96</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=هزاله – لغت‌نامهٔ دهخدا |trans-title=Dehkhoda Dictionary |url=https://abadis.ir/fatofa/%D9%87%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%87/<!--&#124;url-status=live--> |access-date=2022-01-07 |website=abadis.ir}}</ref>
-*Some believe that in ancient times, because of the Hazara people's high population, they were called "Hazara" ({{transliteration|fa|Hazāra}} {{lang|fa|هزاره}}), which the name "Hazara" derives from the [[Persian language|Persian]] word "Hazar" ({{transliteration|fa|həzār}} {{lang|fa|هزار}}) meaning "thousand" and it is a metaphor for a population of over thousand.<ref>{{Cite web |title=هزاره |url=https://abadis.ir/translator/fa-en/ |website=}}</ref>
 *It is said that the name "Hazara" ({{transliteration|fa|Hazāra}} {{lang|fa|هزاره}}) derives from the Persian word "Hazar" ({{transliteration|fa|Hazār}} {{lang|fa|هزار}}) meaning "thousand". It may be the translation of the [[Mongolic languages|Mongolic]] word ({{transliteration|mn|[[mingghan]]}}), a military unit of 1,000 soldiers at the time of [[Genghis Khan]].<ref>{{cite book |first=H. F. |last=Schurmann |title=The Mon-gols of Afghanistan: An Ethnography of the Moghôls and Related Peoples of Afghanistan |publisher=La Haye |year=1962 |page=115}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Poladi, Hassan |title=The Hazâras |publisher=Stockton |year=1989 |page=22|title-link=The Hazaras (book) |author-link=Hassan Poladi }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Mousavi, Sayed Askar |title=The Hazaras of Afghanistan |trans-title=An Historical, Cultural, Economic and Political Study |publisher=Richmond |year=1998 |pages=23–25|title-link=The Hazaras of Afghanistan |author-link=Syed Askar Mousavi }}</ref> The term could have been substituted for the Mongolic word and stands for the group of people,<ref name="hazara-1">{{cite encyclopedia |first1=Arash |last1=Khazeni |first2=Alessandro |last2=Monsutti |first3=Charles M. |last3=Kieffer |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Iranica |title=HAZĀRA |url=http://iranicaonline.org/articles/hazara-1 |date=December 15, 2003 |access-date=December 23, 2007}}</ref> while the Hazara people in their [[Hazaragi|native language]] call themselves '''"Azra"''' ({{transliteration|haz|āzrə}} {{lang|haz|آزره}}) or ({{transliteration|haz|əzrə}} {{lang|haz|ازره}}).<ref>{{Cite book|last=دلجو|first=عباس|script-title=fa:تاریخ باستانی هزاره‌ها|date=2018 |publisher=موسسه انتشارات مقصوی، کابل|isbn=978-9936-624-00-9|location=کابل، افغانستان|page=199}}</ref>
+*Some believe that in ancient times, because of the Hazara people's high population, they were called "Hazara" ({{transliteration|fa|Hazāra}} {{lang|fa|هزاره}}), which the name "Hazara" derives from the [[Persian language|Persian]] word "Hazar" ({{transliteration|fa|həzār}} {{lang|fa|هزار}}) meaning "thousand" and it is a metaphor for a population of over thousand.<ref>{{Cite web|title=هزاره|url=https://abadis.ir/translator/fa-en/|website=}}</ref>
+*Historian [[Abdul Hai Habibi]] considers the word "Hazara" ({{transliteration|fa|Hazāra}} {{lang|fa|هزاره}}) to be very old, and it is derived from "Hazala" ({{transliteration|fa|həzālə}} {{lang|fa|هزاله}}), which has changed to "Hazara" over time and has meant "good-hearted".<ref>یزدانی، حسینعلی. پژوهشی در تاریخ هزاره‌ها. چاپخانه مهتاب. ص 96</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=هزاله – لغت‌نامهٔ دهخدا |trans-title=Dehkhoda Dictionary |url=https://abadis.ir/fatofa/%D9%87%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%87/<!--|url-status=live-->|access-date=2022-01-07|website=abadis.ir}}</ref>
 ==Origin==
 [[File:Emir Khwaja.gif|thumb|200px|A miniature of [[Muhammad Khwaja|Emir Muhammad Khwaja]]]]
-Despite being one of the principal population elements of Afghanistan,<ref>{{Citation |last=Monsutti |first=Alessandro |title=Hazāras |date=2017-07-01 |url=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-3/hazaras-COM_30419 |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopaedia of Islam]], THREE |publisher=Brill |language=en |quote=The Hazāras are a principal component of the population of Afghanistan. |access-date=2022-05-07}}</ref> the origins of the Hazara people have not been fully reconstructed. However, due to genetic and linguistic analysis, Hazaras are described as an ethnically [[Mixed ethnicity|mixed ethnic group]]<ref>{{Citation |last=Bosworth |first=C. E. |title=Hazāras |date=2012-04-24 |url=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/hazaras-SIM_8617?s.num=0&s.f.s2_parent=s.f.cluster.Encyclopaedia+of+Islam&s.q=Hazaras |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopaedia of Islam]], Second Edition |publisher=Brill |language=en |quote=The Hazāras are almost certainly an Ethnically mixed group, whose components may or may not be related to each other. |access-date=2022-05-08}}</ref> with Hazaras sharing varying degrees of ancestry with contemporary [[Turkic peoples|Turkic]], [[Mongolic peoples|Mongolic]], and [[Iranian peoples|Iranic]] populations.<ref>{{Cite book |last=دلجو |first=عباس |title=تاریخ باستانی هزاره‌ها |date=2018 |publisher=موسسه انتشارات مقصوی، کابل |isbn=978-9936-624-00-9 |location=کابل، افغانستان |pages=37, 167, 257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Babur |first=(Emperor of Hindustan) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9ztbAAAAQAAJ&q=turkoman+hazaras&pg=PA173 |title=Memoirs of Zehir-Ed-Din Muhammed Baber: Emperor of Hindustan |date=1826 |publisher=Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown, and Green |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Hartl |first1=Daniel L. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cfvILxY9tCIC |title=Genetics: Analysis of Genes and Genomes |last2=Jones |first2=Elizabeth W. |publisher=Jones & Bartlett Learning |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-7637-5868-4 |page=262}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Martínez-Cruz |first1=Begoña |last2=Vitalis |first2=Renaud |last3=Ségurel |first3=Laure |last4=Austerlitz |first4=Frédéric |last5=Georges |first5=Myriam |last6=Théry |first6=Sylvain |last7=Quintana-Murci |first7=Lluis |last8=Hegay |first8=Tatyana |last9=Aldashev |first9=Almaz |last10=Nasyrova |first10=Firuza |last11=Heyer |first11=Evelyne |date=2011 |title=In the heartland of Eurasia: the multilocus genetic landscape of Central Asian populations |journal=European Journal of Human Genetics |language=en |volume=19 |issue=2 |pages=216–223 |doi=10.1038/ejhg.2010.153 |issn=1476-5438 |pmc=3025785 |pmid=20823912 |quote=Our study confirms the results of Li et al's study that cluster the Hazara population with Central Asian populations, rather than Mongolian populations, which is consistent with ethnological studies. Our results further extend these findings, as we show that the Hazaras are closer to Turkic-speaking populations from Central Asia than to East-Asian or Indo-Iranian populations.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Chen |first1=Pengyu |last2=Adnan |first2=Atif |last3=Rakha |first3=Allah |last4=Wang |first4=Mengge |last5=Zou |first5=Xing |last6=Mo |first6=Xiaodan |last7=He |first7=Guanglin |date=2019-08-18 |title=Population background exploration and genetic distribution analysis of Pakistan Hazara via 23 autosomal STRs |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/03014460.2019.1673483 |journal=Annals of Human Biology |language=en |volume=46 |issue=6 |pages=514–518 |doi=10.1080/03014460.2019.1673483 |issn=0301-4460 |pmid=31559868 |s2cid=203569169 |quote=Overall, we genotyped 25 forensic-related markers in 261 Quetta Hazara individuals and provided the first batch of 23-autosomal STRs for forensic genetics and population genetics research. 23-autosomal STRs included in Huaxia Platinum were polymorphic in the Hazara population and could be used as powerful tool for forensic investigations. Population genetic comparisons based on two datasets via PCA, MDS and phylogenetic relationship reconstruction consistently indicated that the Quetta Hazara in Pakistan shared significant genetic components with Central Asians, especially for Turkic-speaking populations.}}</ref><ref name="Temirkhanov">Temirkhanov L. (1968). [https://www.booksite.ru/etnogr/1968/1968_1.pdf "О некоторых спорных вопросах этнической истории хазарейского народа"]. Советская этнография. 1. P. 86. In Russian: ''"...монгольские отряды, оставленные в Афганистане Чингиз-ханом или его преемниками, стали исходным пластом, основой хазарейского этногенеза. "''</ref><ref name="Bacon">{{cite book |last=Bacon |first=Elizabeth Emaline |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lkVIAQAAMAAJ |title=The Hazara Mongols of Afghanistan: A Study in Social Organization |date=1951 |publisher=University of California |location=Berkeley}}</ref><ref name="bigenc"/><ref>{{Citation |last=Bosworth |first=C. E. |title=Hazāras |date=2012-04-24 |url=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/hazaras-SIM_8617?s.num=0&s.f.s2_parent=s.f.cluster.Encyclopaedia+of+Islam&s.q=Hazaras |access-date=2022-05-08 |publisher=Brill |language=en |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopaedia of Islam]], Second Edition}}</ref><ref name=":9">{{cite web |title=HAZĀRA ii. HISTORY – Encyclopaedia Iranica |url=https://iranicaonline.org/articles/hazara-2 |access-date=2021-03-12 |publisher=Iranicaonline.org}}</ref> [[Babur]], the founder of the [[Mughal Empire]] in the early 16th century, recorded the name "Hazara" in the ''[[Baburnama]]'' and referred to almost a large population of Hazaras as "[[First Campaign against Turkoman Hazaras|Turkoman Hazaras]]"<ref>{{cite book |last=Babur |first=Z. M. |title=Babur-nama |year=1987 |location=Lahore |publisher=Sang-e-Meel Publications |pages=300, 207, 214, 218, 221, 251–53}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Babur |first=Zahīr ud-Dīn Muhammad |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9ztbAAAAQAAJ&q=turkoman+hazaras&pg=PA173 |title=Memoirs of Zehir-Ed-Din Muhammed Baber: Emperor of Hindustan |publisher=Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown, and Green |year=1826 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Babur" /> Additionally, overall Hazaras share a common [[Heritability|racial structure]] and [[physical appearance]] with the Turkic people of [[Central Asia]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Martínez-Cruz |first1=Begoña |last2=Vitalis |first2=Renaud |last3=Ségurel |first3=Laure |last4=Austerlitz |first4=Frédéric |last5=Georges |first5=Myriam |last6=Théry |first6=Sylvain |last7=Quintana-Murci |first7=Lluis |last8=Hegay |first8=Tatyana |last9=Aldashev |first9=Almaz |last10=Nasyrova |first10=Firuza |last11=Heyer |first11=Evelyne |date=2011 |title=In the heartland of Eurasia: the multilocus genetic landscape of Central Asian populations |journal=European Journal of Human Genetics |language=en |volume=19 |issue=2 |pages=216–223 |doi=10.1038/ejhg.2010.153 |issn=1476-5438 |pmc=3025785 |pmid=20823912 |quote=Our study confirms the results of Li et al's study that cluster the Hazara population with Central Asian populations, rather than Mongolian populations, which is consistent with ethnological studies. Our results further extend these findings, as we show that the Hazaras are closer to Turkic-speaking populations from Central Asia than to East-Asian or Indo-Iranian populations.}}</ref><ref name="Pengyu Chen2">{{Cite journal |last1=Chen |first1=Pengyu |last2=Adnan |first2=Atif |last3=Rakha |first3=Allah |last4=Wang |first4=Mengge |last5=Zou |first5=Xing |last6=Mo |first6=Xiaodan |last7=He |first7=Guanglin |date=2019-08-18 |title=Population background exploration and genetic distribution analysis of Pakistan Hazara via 23 autosomal STRs |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/03014460.2019.1673483 |journal=Annals of Human Biology |language=en |volume=46 |issue=6 |pages=514–518 |doi=10.1080/03014460.2019.1673483 |issn=0301-4460 |pmid=31559868 |s2cid=203569169 |quote=Overall, we genotyped 25 forensic-related markers in 261 Quetta Hazara individuals and provided the first batch of 23-autosomal STRs for forensic genetics and population genetics research. 23-autosomal STRs included in Huaxia Platinum were polymorphic in the Hazara population and could be used as powerful tool for forensic investigations. Population genetic comparisons based on two datasets via PCA, MDS and phylogenetic relationship reconstruction consistently indicated that the Quetta Hazara in Pakistan shared significant genetic components with Central Asians, especially for Turkic-speaking populations.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=دلجو |first=عباس |title=تاریخ باستانی هزاره‌ها |date=2018 |publisher=موسسه انتشارات مقصوی، کابل |isbn=978-9936-624-00-9 |location=کابل، افغانستان |page=257}}</ref>
+Despite being one of the principal population elements of Afghanistan,<ref>{{Citation |last=Monsutti |first=Alessandro |title=Hazāras |date=2017-07-01 |url=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-3/hazaras-COM_30419 |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopaedia of Islam]], THREE |publisher=Brill |language=en |quote=The Hazāras are a principal component of the population of Afghanistan. |access-date=2022-05-07}}</ref> the origins of the Hazara people have not been fully reconstructed. However, due to genetic and linguistic analysis, Hazaras are described as an ethnically [[Mixed ethnicity|mixed ethnic group]]<ref>{{Citation |last=Bosworth |first=C. E. |title=Hazāras |date=2012-04-24 |url=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/hazaras-SIM_8617?s.num=0&s.f.s2_parent=s.f.cluster.Encyclopaedia+of+Islam&s.q=Hazaras |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopaedia of Islam]], Second Edition |publisher=Brill |language=en |quote=The Hazāras are almost certainly an Ethnically mixed group, whose components may or may not be related to each other. |access-date=2022-05-08}}</ref> with Hazaras sharing varying degrees of ancestry with contemporary [[Mongolic peoples|Mongolic]],<ref name="Temirkhanov">Temirkhanov L. (1968). [https://www.booksite.ru/etnogr/1968/1968_1.pdf "О некоторых спорных вопросах этнической истории хазарейского народа"]. Советская этнография. 1. P. 86. In Russian: ''"...монгольские отряды, оставленные в Афганистане Чингиз-ханом или его преемниками, стали исходным пластом, основой хазарейского этногенеза. "''</ref><ref name="Bacon">{{cite book |last=Bacon |first=Elizabeth Emaline |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lkVIAQAAMAAJ |title=The Hazara Mongols of Afghanistan: A Study in Social Organization |date=1951 |publisher=University of California |location=Berkeley}}</ref><ref name="bigenc"/> [[Turkic peoples|Turkic]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=دلجو |first=عباس |title=تاریخ باستانی هزاره‌ها |date=2018 |publisher=موسسه انتشارات مقصوی، کابل |isbn=978-9936-624-00-9 |location=کابل، افغانستان |pages=37, 167, 257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Babur |first=(Emperor of Hindustan) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9ztbAAAAQAAJ&q=turkoman+hazaras&pg=PA173 |title=Memoirs of Zehir-Ed-Din Muhammed Baber: Emperor of Hindustan |date=1826 |publisher=Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown, and Green |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Hartl |first1=Daniel L. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cfvILxY9tCIC |title=Genetics: Analysis of Genes and Genomes |last2=Jones |first2=Elizabeth W. |publisher=Jones & Bartlett Learning |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-7637-5868-4 |page=262}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Martínez-Cruz |first1=Begoña |last2=Vitalis |first2=Renaud |last3=Ségurel |first3=Laure |last4=Austerlitz |first4=Frédéric |last5=Georges |first5=Myriam |last6=Théry |first6=Sylvain |last7=Quintana-Murci |first7=Lluis |last8=Hegay |first8=Tatyana |last9=Aldashev |first9=Almaz |last10=Nasyrova |first10=Firuza |last11=Heyer |first11=Evelyne |date=2011 |title=In the heartland of Eurasia: the multilocus genetic landscape of Central Asian populations |journal=European Journal of Human Genetics |language=en |volume=19 |issue=2 |pages=216–223 |doi=10.1038/ejhg.2010.153 |issn=1476-5438 |pmc=3025785 |pmid=20823912 |quote=Our study confirms the results of Li et al's study that cluster the Hazara population with Central Asian populations, rather than Mongolian populations, which is consistent with ethnological studies. Our results further extend these findings, as we show that the Hazaras are closer to Turkic-speaking populations from Central Asia than to East-Asian or Indo-Iranian populations.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Chen |first1=Pengyu |last2=Adnan |first2=Atif |last3=Rakha |first3=Allah |last4=Wang |first4=Mengge |last5=Zou |first5=Xing |last6=Mo |first6=Xiaodan |last7=He |first7=Guanglin |date=2019-08-18 |title=Population background exploration and genetic distribution analysis of Pakistan Hazara via 23 autosomal STRs |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/03014460.2019.1673483 |journal=Annals of Human Biology |language=en |volume=46 |issue=6 |pages=514–518 |doi=10.1080/03014460.2019.1673483 |issn=0301-4460 |pmid=31559868 |s2cid=203569169 |quote=Overall, we genotyped 25 forensic-related markers in 261 Quetta Hazara individuals and provided the first batch of 23-autosomal STRs for forensic genetics and population genetics research. 23-autosomal STRs included in Huaxia Platinum were polymorphic in the Hazara population and could be used as powerful tool for forensic investigations. Population genetic comparisons based on two datasets via PCA, MDS and phylogenetic relationship reconstruction consistently indicated that the Quetta Hazara in Pakistan shared significant genetic components with Central Asians, especially for Turkic-speaking populations.}}</ref> and [[Iranian peoples|Iranic]] populations.<ref>{{Citation |last=Bosworth |first=C. E. |title=Hazāras |date=2012-04-24 |url=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/hazaras-SIM_8617?s.num=0&s.f.s2_parent=s.f.cluster.Encyclopaedia+of+Islam&s.q=Hazaras |access-date=2022-05-08 |publisher=Brill |language=en |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopaedia of Islam]], Second Edition}}</ref><ref name=":9">{{cite web |title=HAZĀRA ii. HISTORY – Encyclopaedia Iranica |url=https://iranicaonline.org/articles/hazara-2 |access-date=2021-03-12 |publisher=Iranicaonline.org}}</ref> The external characteristics of some Hazaras and [[Aimaq people|Char Aimaks]] are Mongolian, and they are probably a relic of the [[Mongol invasion]].<ref name="Babur"/> Additionally, overall Hazaras share a common racial structure and physical appearance with the Turkic people of [[Central Asia]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Martínez-Cruz |first1=Begoña |last2=Vitalis |first2=Renaud |last3=Ségurel |first3=Laure |last4=Austerlitz |first4=Frédéric |last5=Georges |first5=Myriam |last6=Théry |first6=Sylvain |last7=Quintana-Murci |first7=Lluis |last8=Hegay |first8=Tatyana |last9=Aldashev |first9=Almaz |last10=Nasyrova |first10=Firuza |last11=Heyer |first11=Evelyne |date=2011 |title=In the heartland of Eurasia: the multilocus genetic landscape of Central Asian populations |journal=European Journal of Human Genetics |language=en |volume=19 |issue=2 |pages=216–223 |doi=10.1038/ejhg.2010.153 |issn=1476-5438 |pmc=3025785 |pmid=20823912 |quote=Our study confirms the results of Li et al's study that cluster the Hazara population with Central Asian populations, rather than Mongolian populations, which is consistent with ethnological studies. Our results further extend these findings, as we show that the Hazaras are closer to Turkic-speaking populations from Central Asia than to East-Asian or Indo-Iranian populations.}}</ref><ref name="Pengyu Chen2">{{Cite journal |last1=Chen |first1=Pengyu |last2=Adnan |first2=Atif |last3=Rakha |first3=Allah |last4=Wang |first4=Mengge |last5=Zou |first5=Xing |last6=Mo |first6=Xiaodan |last7=He |first7=Guanglin |date=2019-08-18 |title=Population background exploration and genetic distribution analysis of Pakistan Hazara via 23 autosomal STRs |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/03014460.2019.1673483 |journal=Annals of Human Biology |language=en |volume=46 |issue=6 |pages=514–518 |doi=10.1080/03014460.2019.1673483 |issn=0301-4460 |pmid=31559868 |s2cid=203569169 |quote=Overall, we genotyped 25 forensic-related markers in 261 Quetta Hazara individuals and provided the first batch of 23-autosomal STRs for forensic genetics and population genetics research. 23-autosomal STRs included in Huaxia Platinum were polymorphic in the Hazara population and could be used as powerful tool for forensic investigations. Population genetic comparisons based on two datasets via PCA, MDS and phylogenetic relationship reconstruction consistently indicated that the Quetta Hazara in Pakistan shared significant genetic components with Central Asians, especially for Turkic-speaking populations.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=دلجو |first=عباس |title=تاریخ باستانی هزاره‌ها |date=2018 |publisher=موسسه انتشارات مقصوی، کابل |isbn=978-9936-624-00-9 |location=کابل، افغانستان |page=257}}</ref> [[Babur]], the founder of the [[Mughal Empire]] in the early 16th century, recorded the name "Hazara" in the ''[[Baburnama]]'' and several times referred to a group of Hazaras as "[[First Campaign against Turkoman Hazaras|Turkoman Hazaras]]".<ref>{{cite book |last=Babur |first=Z. M. |title=Babur-nama |year=1987 |location=Lahore |pages=300, 207, 214, 218, 221, 251–53}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Babur |first=Zahīr ud-Dīn Muhammad |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9ztbAAAAQAAJ&q=turkoman+hazaras&pg=PA173 |title=Memoirs of Zehir-Ed-Din Muhammed Baber: Emperor of Hindustan |publisher=Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown, and Green |year=1826 |language=en}}</ref>
 Over the course of centuries, invading [[Mongols|Mongol]] ([[Turco-Mongols|Turco-Mongol]]) and [[Turkic peoples|Turkic]] invaders, notably, the [[Qara'unas]], the [[Chagatai Khanate|Chagatai Turco-Mongols]], the [[Ilkhanate]], and the [[Timurid dynasty|Timurids]], merged with the local [[Indigenous peoples|indigenous]] Turkic and Iranic populations. Academics agree that Hazaras are ultimately the result of a combination of several Turkic, Mongolic, and Iranic tribes.<ref>B. Campbell, Disappearing people? Indigenous groups and ethnic minorities in South and Central Asia in Barbara Brower, Barbara Rose Johnston (Ed.) International Mountain Society, California, 2007</ref>
@@ Line 73: / Line 75: @@
 | caption2          = Hazaras on the anniversary of [[Abdul Ali Mazari]]'s death in 2021 in Kabul
 }}
-Genetically, the Hazara combine varying amounts of [[West Eurasian]] and [[Ancient East Eurasian|East Eurasian]] derived components. Genetic data shows that the Hazaras of Afghanistan cluster closely with the [[Uzbeks|Uzbek]] population of the country, while both groups are at a notable distance from Afghanistan's [[Tajiks|Tajik]] and [[Pashtuns|Pashtun]] populations.<ref name="ncbi.nlm.nih.gov">{{Cite journal |last1=Haber |first1=M |last2=Platt |first2=DE |last3=Ashrafian Bonab |first3=M |display-authors=etal |year=2012 |title=Afghanistan's Ethnic Groups Share a Y-Chromosomal Heritage Structured by Historical Events |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=7 |issue=3 |pages=e34288 |bibcode=2012PLoSO...734288H |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0034288 |pmc=3314501 |pmid=22470552 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Martínez-Cruz |first1=Begoña |last2=Vitalis |first2=Renaud |last3=Ségurel |first3=Laure |last4=Austerlitz |first4=Frédéric |last5=Georges |first5=Myriam |last6=Théry |first6=Sylvain |last7=Quintana-Murci |first7=Lluis |last8=Hegay |first8=Tatyana |last9=Aldashev |first9=Almaz |last10=Nasyrova |first10=Firuza |last11=Heyer |first11=Evelyne |date=2011 |title=In the heartland of Eurasia: the multilocus genetic landscape of Central Asian populations |journal=European Journal of Human Genetics |language=en |volume=19 |issue=2 |pages=216–223 |doi=10.1038/ejhg.2010.153 |issn=1476-5438 |pmc=3025785 |pmid=20823912 |quote=Our study confirms the results of Li et al's study that cluster the Hazara population with Central Asian populations, rather than Mongolian populations, which is consistent with ethnological studies. Our results further extend these findings, as we show that the Hazaras are closer to Turkic-speaking populations from Central Asia than to East-Asian or Indo-Iranian populations.}}</ref> There is evidence for both paternal and maternal relations to [[Turkic peoples]], [[Mongolic peoples]], and [[Iranic peoples]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Rosenberg |first1=Noah A. |display-authors=etal |date=December 2002 |title=Genetic Structure of Human Populations |journal=Science |series=New Series |volume=298 |issue=5602 |pages=2381–85 |bibcode=2002Sci...298.2381R |doi=10.1126/science.1078311 |pmid=12493913 |s2cid=8127224}}</ref>
+Genetically, the Hazara combine varying amounts of [[West Eurasian]] and [[Ancient East Eurasian|East Eurasian]] derived components. Genetic data shows that the Hazaras of Afghanistan cluster closely with the [[Uzbeks|Uzbek]] population of the country, while both groups are at a notable distance from Afghanistan's [[Tajiks|Tajik]] and [[Pashtuns|Pashtun]] populations.<ref name="ncbi.nlm.nih.gov">{{Cite journal |last1=Haber |first1=M |last2=Platt |first2=DE |last3=Ashrafian Bonab |first3=M |display-authors=etal |year=2012 |title=Afghanistan's Ethnic Groups Share a Y-Chromosomal Heritage Structured by Historical Events |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=7 |issue=3 |pages=e34288 |bibcode=2012PLoSO...734288H |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0034288 |pmc=3314501 |pmid=22470552 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Martínez-Cruz |first1=Begoña |last2=Vitalis |first2=Renaud |last3=Ségurel |first3=Laure |last4=Austerlitz |first4=Frédéric |last5=Georges |first5=Myriam |last6=Théry |first6=Sylvain |last7=Quintana-Murci |first7=Lluis |last8=Hegay |first8=Tatyana |last9=Aldashev |first9=Almaz |last10=Nasyrova |first10=Firuza |last11=Heyer |first11=Evelyne |date=2011 |title=In the heartland of Eurasia: the multilocus genetic landscape of Central Asian populations |journal=European Journal of Human Genetics |language=en |volume=19 |issue=2 |pages=216–223 |doi=10.1038/ejhg.2010.153 |issn=1476-5438 |pmc=3025785 |pmid=20823912 |quote=Our study confirms the results of Li et al's study that cluster the Hazara population with Central Asian populations, rather than Mongolian populations, which is consistent with ethnological studies. Our results further extend these findings, as we show that the Hazaras are closer to Turkic-speaking populations from Central Asia than to East-Asian or Indo-Iranian populations.}}</ref> There is evidence for both paternal and maternal relations to [[Turkic peoples]], [[Mongolic peoples]] and [[Iranic peoples]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Rosenberg |first1=Noah A. |display-authors=etal |date=December 2002 |title=Genetic Structure of Human Populations |journal=Science |series=New Series |volume=298 |issue=5602 |pages=2381–85 |bibcode=2002Sci...298.2381R |doi=10.1126/science.1078311 |pmid=12493913 |s2cid=8127224}}</ref>
-The frequency of ancestry components among the Hazaras vary according to tribal affiliation. They display high genetic affinity to present-day [[Turkic peoples|Turkic]] populations of [[Central Asia]] and [[East Asia]], as well as [[Mongolic peoples|Mongolic]] populations. In terms of their overall genetic makeup, around 49% of the Hazaras average gene pool is derived from East Asian-like sources, around 48% is derived from European-like sources, and around 0.17%, 0.47%, and 2.30% is derived from African, Oceanian, and Amerindian-like sources respectively. The Hazaras [[genetic makeup]] is similar to [[Uzbeks]], [[Uyghurs]], [[Kazakhs]], [[Kyrgyzs]], and [[Mongols]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Martínez-Cruz |first1=Begoña |last2=Vitalis |first2=Renaud |last3=Ségurel |first3=Laure |last4=Austerlitz |first4=Frédéric |last5=Georges |first5=Myriam |last6=Théry |first6=Sylvain |last7=Quintana-Murci |first7=Lluis |last8=Hegay |first8=Tatyana |last9=Aldashev |first9=Almaz |last10=Nasyrova |first10=Firuza |last11=Heyer |first11=Evelyne |date=2011 |title=In the heartland of Eurasia: the multilocus genetic landscape of Central Asian populations |journal=European Journal of Human Genetics |language=en |volume=19 |issue=2 |pages=216–223 |doi=10.1038/ejhg.2010.153 |issn=1476-5438 |pmc=3025785 |pmid=20823912 |quote=Our study confirms the results of Li et al's study that cluster the Hazara population with Central Asian populations, rather than Mongolian populations, which is consistent with ethnological studies. Our results further extend these findings, as we show that the Hazaras are closer to Turkic-speaking populations from Central Asia than to East-Asian or Indo-Iranian populations.}}</ref><ref name="Pengyu Chen">{{Cite journal |last1=Chen |first1=Pengyu |last2=Adnan |first2=Atif |last3=Rakha |first3=Allah |last4=Wang |first4=Mengge |last5=Zou |first5=Xing |last6=Mo |first6=Xiaodan |last7=He |first7=Guanglin |date=2019-08-18 |title=Population background exploration and genetic distribution analysis of Pakistan Hazara via 23 autosomal STRs |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/03014460.2019.1673483 |journal=Annals of Human Biology |language=en |volume=46 |issue=6 |pages=514–518 |doi=10.1080/03014460.2019.1673483 |issn=0301-4460 |pmid=31559868 |s2cid=203569169 |quote=Overall, we genotyped 25 forensic-related markers in 261 Quetta Hazara individuals and provided the first batch of 23-autosomal STRs for forensic genetics and population genetics research. 23-autosomal STRs included in Huaxia Platinum were polymorphic in the Hazara population and could be used as powerful tool for forensic investigations. Population genetic comparisons based on two datasets via PCA, MDS and phylogenetic relationship reconstruction consistently indicated that the Quetta Hazara in Pakistan shared significant genetic components with Central Asians, especially for Turkic-speaking populations.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Xu |first1=Shuhua |last2=Wang |first2=Sijia |last3=Tang |first3=Kun |last4=Guan |first4=Yaqun |last5=Khan |first5=Asifullah |last6=Li |first6=Jing |last7=Zhang |first7=Xi |last8=Wang |first8=Xiaoji |last9=Tian |first9=Lei |date=2017-10-01 |title=Genetic History of Xinjiang's Uyghurs Suggests Bronze Age Multiple-Way Contacts in Eurasia |journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution |volume=34 |issue=10 |pages=2572–2582 |doi=10.1093/molbev/msx177 |issn=0737-4038 |pmid=28595347 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="SabitovZh."/><ref name="Жабагин"/><ref name="Guanglin He">{{Cite journal |last1=He |first1=Guanglin |last2=Adnan |first2=Atif |last3=Rakha |first3=Allah |last4=Yeh |first4=Hui-Yuan |last5=Wang |first5=Mengge |last6=Zou |first6=Xing |last7=Guo |first7=Jianxin |last8=Rehman |first8=Muhammad |last9=Fawad |first9=Abulhasan |last10=Chen |first10=Pengyu |last11=Wang |first11=Chuan-Chao |date=September 2019 |title=A comprehensive exploration of the genetic legacy and forensic features of Afghanistan and Pakistan Mongolian-descent Hazara |journal=Forensic Science International: Genetics |volume=42 |pages=e1–e12 |doi=10.1016/j.fsigen.2019.06.018 |issn=1872-4973 |pmid=31257046 |s2cid=195761020 |quote=The results from pairwise genetic distances, MDS, PCA, and phylogenetic relationship reconstruction demonstrate that present-day Hazaras are genetically closer to the Turkic-speaking populations (Uyghur, Kazakh, and Kyrgyz) residing in northwest China than with other Central/South Asian populations and Mongolian. Outgroup and admixture f3, f4, f4-ratio, qpWave, and qpAdm results further demonstrate that Hazara shares more alleles with East Asians than with other Central Asians and carries 57.8% Mongolian-related ancestry. Overall, our findings suggest that Hazaras have experienced genetic admixture with the local or neighboring populations and formed the current East-West Eurasian admixed genetic profile after their separation from the Mongolians.}}</ref>
+The frequency of ancestry components among the Hazaras vary according to tribal affiliation. They display high genetic affinity to present-day [[Turkic peoples|Turkic]] populations of [[Central Asia]] and [[East Asia]], as well as [[Mongolic peoples|Mongolic]] populations. In terms of their overall genetic makeup, around 49% of the Hazaras average gene pool is derived from East Asian-like sources, around 48% is derived from European-like sources, and around 0.17%, 0.47%, and 2.30% is derived from African, Oceanian, and Amerindian-like sources respectively. The Hazaras [[genetic makeup]] is similar to [[Uzbeks|Uzbek]], [[Uyghurs|Uyghur]], [[Kazakhs|Kazakh]], [[Kyrgyz people|Kyrgyz]] and [[Mongols|Mongol]] populations.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Martínez-Cruz |first1=Begoña |last2=Vitalis |first2=Renaud |last3=Ségurel |first3=Laure |last4=Austerlitz |first4=Frédéric |last5=Georges |first5=Myriam |last6=Théry |first6=Sylvain |last7=Quintana-Murci |first7=Lluis |last8=Hegay |first8=Tatyana |last9=Aldashev |first9=Almaz |last10=Nasyrova |first10=Firuza |last11=Heyer |first11=Evelyne |date=2011 |title=In the heartland of Eurasia: the multilocus genetic landscape of Central Asian populations |journal=European Journal of Human Genetics |language=en |volume=19 |issue=2 |pages=216–223 |doi=10.1038/ejhg.2010.153 |issn=1476-5438 |pmc=3025785 |pmid=20823912 |quote=Our study confirms the results of Li et al's study that cluster the Hazara population with Central Asian populations, rather than Mongolian populations, which is consistent with ethnological studies. Our results further extend these findings, as we show that the Hazaras are closer to Turkic-speaking populations from Central Asia than to East-Asian or Indo-Iranian populations.}}</ref><ref name="Pengyu Chen">{{Cite journal |last1=Chen |first1=Pengyu |last2=Adnan |first2=Atif |last3=Rakha |first3=Allah |last4=Wang |first4=Mengge |last5=Zou |first5=Xing |last6=Mo |first6=Xiaodan |last7=He |first7=Guanglin |date=2019-08-18 |title=Population background exploration and genetic distribution analysis of Pakistan Hazara via 23 autosomal STRs |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/03014460.2019.1673483 |journal=Annals of Human Biology |language=en |volume=46 |issue=6 |pages=514–518 |doi=10.1080/03014460.2019.1673483 |issn=0301-4460 |pmid=31559868 |s2cid=203569169 |quote=Overall, we genotyped 25 forensic-related markers in 261 Quetta Hazara individuals and provided the first batch of 23-autosomal STRs for forensic genetics and population genetics research. 23-autosomal STRs included in Huaxia Platinum were polymorphic in the Hazara population and could be used as powerful tool for forensic investigations. Population genetic comparisons based on two datasets via PCA, MDS and phylogenetic relationship reconstruction consistently indicated that the Quetta Hazara in Pakistan shared significant genetic components with Central Asians, especially for Turkic-speaking populations.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Xu |first1=Shuhua |last2=Wang |first2=Sijia |last3=Tang |first3=Kun |last4=Guan |first4=Yaqun |last5=Khan |first5=Asifullah |last6=Li |first6=Jing |last7=Zhang |first7=Xi |last8=Wang |first8=Xiaoji |last9=Tian |first9=Lei |date=2017-10-01 |title=Genetic History of Xinjiang's Uyghurs Suggests Bronze Age Multiple-Way Contacts in Eurasia |journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution |volume=34 |issue=10 |pages=2572–2582 |doi=10.1093/molbev/msx177 |issn=0737-4038 |pmid=28595347 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="SabitovZh."/><ref name="Жабагин"/><ref name="Guanglin He">{{Cite journal |last1=He |first1=Guanglin |last2=Adnan |first2=Atif |last3=Rakha |first3=Allah |last4=Yeh |first4=Hui-Yuan |last5=Wang |first5=Mengge |last6=Zou |first6=Xing |last7=Guo |first7=Jianxin |last8=Rehman |first8=Muhammad |last9=Fawad |first9=Abulhasan |last10=Chen |first10=Pengyu |last11=Wang |first11=Chuan-Chao |date=September 2019 |title=A comprehensive exploration of the genetic legacy and forensic features of Afghanistan and Pakistan Mongolian-descent Hazara |journal=Forensic Science International: Genetics |volume=42 |pages=e1–e12 |doi=10.1016/j.fsigen.2019.06.018 |issn=1872-4973 |pmid=31257046 |s2cid=195761020 |quote=The results from pairwise genetic distances, MDS, PCA, and phylogenetic relationship reconstruction demonstrate that present-day Hazaras are genetically closer to the Turkic-speaking populations (Uyghur, Kazakh, and Kyrgyz) residing in northwest China than with other Central/South Asian populations and Mongolian. Outgroup and admixture f3, f4, f4-ratio, qpWave, and qpAdm results further demonstrate that Hazara shares more alleles with East Asians than with other Central Asians and carries 57.8% Mongolian-related ancestry. Overall, our findings suggest that Hazaras have experienced genetic admixture with the local or neighboring populations and formed the current East-West Eurasian admixed genetic profile after their separation from the Mongolians.}}</ref>
 Some analysis argues that the Hazaras are closely related to the Turkic populations of Central Asia, rather than [[Mongolians]] and [[East Asians]] or [[Indo-Iranians]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Martínez-Cruz |first1=Begoña |last2=Vitalis |first2=Renaud |last3=Ségurel |first3=Laure |last4=Austerlitz |first4=Frédéric |last5=Georges |first5=Myriam |last6=Théry |first6=Sylvain |last7=Quintana-Murci |first7=Lluis |last8=Hegay |first8=Tatyana |last9=Aldashev |first9=Almaz |last10=Nasyrova |first10=Firuza |last11=Heyer |first11=Evelyne |date=2011 |title=In the heartland of Eurasia: the multilocus genetic landscape of Central Asian populations |journal=European Journal of Human Genetics |language=en |volume=19 |issue=2 |pages=216–223 |doi=10.1038/ejhg.2010.153 |issn=1476-5438 |pmc=3025785 |pmid=20823912 |quote=Our study confirms the results of Li et al's study that cluster the Hazara population with Central Asian populations, rather than Mongolian populations, which is consistent with ethnological studies. Our results further extend these findings, as we show that the Hazaras are closer to Turkic-speaking populations from Central Asia than to East-Asian or Indo-Iranian populations.}}</ref>
-In other study the results from pairwise genetic distances, MDS, PCA, and phylogenetic relationship reconstruction demonstrate that present-day Hazaras are genetically closer to the Turkic populations such as [[Uyghurs]], [[Kazakhs]], and [[Kyrgyz people]] residing mainly in [[Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region]]. Outgroup and admixture f3, f4, f4-ratio, qpWave, and qpAdm results further demonstrate that Hazara shares more alleles with East Asians than with other Central Asians and carries 57.8% Mongolian-related ancestry. Hazaras have experienced genetic admixture with the local or neighboring populations and formed the current East-West Eurasian admixed genetic profile after their separation from the Mongolians.<ref name="Guanglin He" /><ref name="Atif Adnan">{{cite journal | last=Adnan | first=Atif | last2=Rakha | first2=Allah | last3=Nazir | first3=Shahid | last4=Alghafri | first4=Rashed | last5=Hassan | first5=Qudsia | last6=Wang | first6=Chuan-Chao | last7=Lu | first7=Jie | title=Forensic features and genetic legacy of the Baloch population of Pakistan and the Hazara population across Durand line revealed by Y-chromosomal STRs | journal=International Journal of Legal Medicine | volume=135 | issue=5 | date=2021 | issn=0937-9827 | doi=10.1007/s00414-021-02591-2 | pages=1777–1784|biorxiv=10.1101/2020.11.21.392456}}</ref>
+In other study the results from pairwise genetic distances, MDS, PCA, and phylogenetic relationship reconstruction demonstrate that present-day Hazaras are genetically closer to the Turkic-speaking populations (Uyghur, Kazakh, and Kyrgyz) residing in northwest China than with other Central/South Asian populations and Mongolian. Outgroup and admixture f3, f4, f4-ratio, qpWave, and qpAdm results further demonstrate that Hazara shares more alleles with East Asians than with other Central Asians and carries 57.8% Mongolian-related ancestry. Hazaras have experienced genetic admixture with the local or neighboring populations and formed the current East-West Eurasian admixed genetic profile after their separation from the Mongolians.<ref name="Guanglin He" /><ref name="Atif Adnan">{{cite journal | last=Adnan | first=Atif | last2=Rakha | first2=Allah | last3=Nazir | first3=Shahid | last4=Alghafri | first4=Rashed | last5=Hassan | first5=Qudsia | last6=Wang | first6=Chuan-Chao | last7=Lu | first7=Jie | title=Forensic features and genetic legacy of the Baloch population of Pakistan and the Hazara population across Durand line revealed by Y-chromosomal STRs | journal=International Journal of Legal Medicine | volume=135 | issue=5 | date=2021 | issn=0937-9827 | doi=10.1007/s00414-021-02591-2 | pages=1777–1784|biorxiv=10.1101/2020.11.21.392456}}</ref>
 === Paternal haplogroups ===
@@ Line 85: / Line 87: @@
 C2 (previously known as C3-Star cluster) was the most frequent haplogroup in Pakistani and Afghan Hazaras.<ref name="Atif Adnan" /> Pakistani Hazara harbored high frequency of [[Haplogroup C-M217 (Y-DNA)|haplogroup C-M217]] at c. 40% (10/25) and [[Haplogroup R1b (Y-DNA)|Haplogroup R1b]] at c. 32% (8/25). A relatively high frequency of R1b was also found in Eastern Russian [[Tatars]] and [[Bashkirs]]. All three groups are thought to be associated with the [[Golden Horde]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Lkhagvasuren |first1=Gavaachimed |last2=Shin |first2=Heejin |last3=Lee |first3=Si Eun |last4=Tumen |first4=Dashtseveg |last5=Kim |first5=Jae-Hyun |last6=Kim |first6=Kyung-Yong |last7=Kim |first7=Kijeong |last8=Park |first8=Ae Ja |last9=Lee |first9=Ho Woon |last10=Kim |first10=Mi Jin |last11=Choi |first11=Jaesung |date=14 September 2016 |title=Molecular Genealogy of a Mongol Queen's Family and Her Possible Kinship with Genghis Khan |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=11 |issue=9 |pages=e0161622 |bibcode=2016PLoSO..1161622L |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0161622 |pmc=5023095 |pmid=27627454 |doi-access=free |last12=Choi |first12=Jee-Hye |last13=Min |first13=Na Young |last14=Lee |first14=Kwang-Ho}}
-"Eastern Russian Tatars, Bashkirs, and Pakistani Hazara were found to carry R1b-M343 at unusually high frequencies of 12.65%, 46.07%, and 32%, respectively, compared to other regions of Eastern Asia, which rarely have this haplotype"</ref> Haplogroup C-M217, also known as C2, is the most frequent haplogroup in Mongol and Kazakh populations.<ref name="Atif Adnan" /> According to studies, Y-DNA haplogroup C2 among Hazaras is associated with the expansion of the Mongols<ref name="SabitovZh.">Sabitov Zh. M. (2011).[https://www.academia.edu/13606642/Происхождение_хазарейцев_с_точки_зрения_ДНК-генеалогии_Russian_Journal_of_Genetic_Genealogy._Русская_версия_2010._Том_2._1._С.37-40 "Происхождение хазарейцев с точки зрения ДНК-генеалогии"]. The Russian Journal of Genetic Genealogy. 2 (1): pp. 37–40. In Russian: ''"Гаплогруппа СЗ безусловно связана с экспансией монголов..."''</ref> and with the Mongolian origin of the Hazaras.<ref name="Жабагин"> Жабагин М. К. (2017). [https://disk.yandex.ru/i/-B69hFsjOyNOJA Анализ связи полиморфизма Y-хромосомы и родоплеменной структуры в казахской популяции] Москва. p. 71. In Russian: ''"...за счет высокой частоты гаплогруппы С2-М217, что согласуется с монгольским происхождением хазарейцев."''</ref>
+"Eastern Russian Tatars, Bashkirs, and Pakistani Hazara were found to carry R1b-M343 at unusually high frequencies of 12.65%, 46.07%, and 32%, respectively, compared to other regions of Eastern Asia, which rarely have this haplotype"</ref> Haplogroup C-M217, also known as C2, is the most frequent haplogroup in Mongol and Kazakh  populations.<ref name="Atif Adnan" /> According to studies, Y-DNA haplogroup C2 among Hazaras is associated with the expansion of the Mongols<ref name="SabitovZh.">Sabitov Zh. M. (2011).[https://www.academia.edu/13606642/Происхождение_хазарейцев_с_точки_зрения_ДНК-генеалогии_Russian_Journal_of_Genetic_Genealogy._Русская_версия_2010._Том_2._1._С.37-40 "Происхождение хазарейцев с точки зрения ДНК-генеалогии"]. The Russian Journal of Genetic Genealogy. 2 (1): pp. 37–40. In Russian: ''"Гаплогруппа СЗ безусловно связана с экспансией монголов..."''</ref> and with the Mongolian origin of the Hazaras.<ref name="Жабагин"> Жабагин М. К. (2017). [https://disk.yandex.ru/i/-B69hFsjOyNOJA Анализ связи полиморфизма Y-хромосомы и родоплеменной структуры в казахской популяции] Москва. p. 71. In Russian: ''"...за счет высокой частоты гаплогруппы С2-М217, что согласуется с монгольским происхождением хазарейцев."''</ref>
 === Maternal haplogroups ===
@@ Line 91: / Line 93: @@
 == History ==
-The first mention of Hazaras is made by [[Babur]] in ''[[Baburnama]]'' in the early 16th century,<ref>{{cite book |last=Babur |first=Z. M. |title=Babur-nama |year=1987 |location=Lahore |publisher=Sang-e-Meel Publications |pages=300, 207, 214, 218, 221, 251–53}}</ref> especially such [[List of Hazara tribes|tribes]] of Hazaras as [[Campaign against Sultan Masudi Hazaras|Sultan Masaudi Hazaras]],<ref name="Babur">Zahīr ud-Dīn Muhammad Babur (1921).[https://www.rarebooksocietyofindia.org/book_archive/196174216674_10156335502831675.pdf "Memoirs Of Zehir-Ed-Din Muhammed Babur. Volume 1."]. Oxford University Press. Pages 44, 243, 279."''</ref> [[First Campaign against Turkoman Hazaras|Turkoman Hazaras]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Babur |first=Zahīr ud-Dīn Muhammad |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9ztbAAAAQAAJ&q=turkoman+hazaras&pg=PA173 |title=Memoirs of Zehir-Ed-Din Muhammed Baber: Emperor of Hindustan |year=1826 |publisher=Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown, and Green |language=en}}</ref> and Kedi Hazaras.<ref name="Babur"/> Later, Hazaras were mentioned by the court historians of [[Abbas I of Persia|Shah Abbas]] of the [[Safavid dynasty]].{{cn|date=April 2024}}
+The first mention of Hazaras is made by [[Babur]] in ''[[Baburnama]]'' in the early 16th century, especially such [[List of Hazara tribes|tribes]] of Hazaras as [[Campaign against Sultan Masudi Hazaras|Sultan Masaudi Hazaras]],<ref name="Babur">Zahīr ud-Dīn Muhammad Babur (1921).[https://www.rarebooksocietyofindia.org/book_archive/196174216674_10156335502831675.pdf "Memoirs Of Zehir-Ed-Din Muhammed Babur. Volume 1."]. Oxford University Press. Pages 44, 243, 279."''</ref> [[First Campaign against Turkoman Hazaras|Turkoman Hazaras]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Babur |first=Z. M. |title=Babur-nama |year=1987 |location=Lahore |pages=300, 207, 214, 218, 221, 251–53}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Babur |first=Zahīr ud-Dīn Muhammad |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9ztbAAAAQAAJ&q=turkoman+hazaras&pg=PA173 |title=Memoirs of Zehir-Ed-Din Muhammed Baber: Emperor of Hindustan |year=1826 |publisher=Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown, and Green |language=en}}</ref> and Kedi Hazaras.<ref name="Babur"/> Later, Hazaras were mentioned by the court historians of [[Abbas I of Persia|Shah Abbas]] of the [[Safavid dynasty]].
 It is reported that Hazaras embraced [[Shia Islam]] between the end of the 16th and the beginning of the 17th century, during the Safavid periods.<ref name="Monsutti">{{cite web |work=Alessandro Monsutti |date=December 15, 2003 |publisher=[[Encyclopædia Iranica]] |title=HAZĀRA: ii. HISTORY |url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/hazara-2 |edition=Online |access-date=9 August 2012 |location=United States}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Politics and Modern History of Hazara |trans-title=Sectarian Politics in Afghanistan |first=Humayun |last=Sarabi |date=2005 |url=http://fletcher.tufts.edu/Congratulations/faces/~/media/Fletcher/Microsites/congratulations/PDFs/Sarabi.ashx |publisher=[[Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy]] |access-date=2011-11-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110918105254/http://fletcher.tufts.edu/Congratulations/faces/~/media/Fletcher/Microsites/congratulations/PDFs/Sarabi.ashx |archive-date=2011-09-18}}</ref> Hazara men, along with those of other ethnic groups, were recruited to the army of [[Ahmad Shah Durrani]] in the 18th century.<ref name="LoC">{{cite web |url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+af0010) |title=Ahmad Shah and the Durrani Empire |access-date=2010-08-25 |publisher=[[Library of Congress Country Studies]] on Afghanistan |year=1997}}</ref>
@@ Line 99: / Line 101: @@
 During the second reign of [[Dost Mohammad Khan]] in the 19th century, Hazaras from Hazarajat began to be taxed for the first time. However, for the most part, they still managed to keep their regional [[autonomy]] until the 1892 [[Battle of Uruzgan]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=1892-10-02 |title=THE AMEER CAPTURES URZAGHAN. |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1892/10/02/archives/the-ameer-captures-urzaghan.html |access-date=2022-08-21 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> and subsequent subjugation of [[Abdur Rahman Khan]] began in the late 19th century.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mousavi |first=Sayed Askar |title=The Hazaras of Afghanistan: an historical, cultural, economic and political study |date=1998 |publisher=Curzon |isbn=978-1-315-02693-0 |location=Richmond, Surrey |oclc=1100424512}}</ref>
-When the [[Treaty of Gandomak]] was signed and the [[Second Anglo-Afghan War]] ended in 1880, Abdur Rahman Khan set out a goal to bring [[Hazaristan]], [[Turkistan]], and [[Kafiristan]] under his control. He launched several campaigns in Hazarajat due to resistance from the Hazaras in which his forces committed atrocities. The southern part of Hazarajat was spared as they accepted his rule, while the other parts of Hazarajat rejected Abdur Rahman and instead supported his uncle, [[Sher Ali Khan]]. In response to this Abdur Rahman waged a war against tribal leaders who rejected his policies and rule. This is known as the [[Hazara Uprisings]].<ref name="Monsutti" />
+When the [[Treaty of Gandomak]] was signed and the [[Second Anglo-Afghan War]] ended in 1880, Abdur Rahman Khan set out a goal to bring [[Hazaristan]], [[Turkistan]] and [[Kafiristan]] under his control. He launched several campaigns in Hazarajat due to resistance from the Hazaras in which his forces committed atrocities. The southern part of Hazarajat was spared as they accepted his rule, while the other parts of Hazarajat rejected Abdur Rahman and instead supported his uncle, [[Sher Ali Khan]]. In response to this Abdur Rahman waged a war against tribal leaders who rejected his policies and rule.<ref name="Monsutti" /> This is known as the [[Hazara Uprisings]].
 These campaigns had a catastrophic impact on the demographics of Hazaras causing over sixty percent of the total Hazara population to be [[List of genocides by death toll|massacred]] with some being displaced and exiled from their own lands. The Hazara lands was distributed among loyalist villagers of nearby non-Hazaras. The repression after the uprising has been called [[genocide]] or [[ethnic cleansing]] in the history of modern Afghanistan.<ref name=":0">{{cite book|title = تاریخ باستانی هزاره‌ها|last = دلجو|first = عباس| date=2013 |publisher = انتشارات امیری|isbn = 978-9936-8015-0-9|location = کابل}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=کاتب |first=فیض‌محمد |title=سراج‌التواریخ |publisher=مطبعه دارالسلطنته |year=1913 |location=کابل}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Zamani |first1=Ezzatullah |date=September 2019 |title=The 'Genocide of the Hazaras' in Afghanistan from 1884 to 1905 and subsequent genocidal campaigns and target killings against them in the 21st century |journal=Genocide of the Hazaras of Afghanistan |url=https://www.academia.edu/40786500}}</ref>
-After these massacres, Abdul Rahman Khan forced many Hazara families from the Hazara areas of [[Uruzgan]] and other parts of Hazarajat to leave their hometowns and ancestral lands. causing some many Hazaras fled to neighboring countries such as Central Asia, [[Iran]], [[British India]], [[Iraq]], and [[Syria]]. Those Hazaras living in the northern [[Hindu Kush]] went to [[Tsarist|Tsarist Russia]], mostly in the southern cities of [[Soviet Union|Russia]], and some of them went to Iran. Many Hazaras living in the Tsarist Russian regions lost their [[Hazaragi|language]], [[Hazara culture|culture]], and [[ethnic identity]]. over time due to the similarities between the [[Heritability|racial building]] and the [[physical appearance]] of the people of those regions, and they settled and gravitated among them. These fleeing Hazaras settled in previous Tsarist Russia regions, including [[Uzbekistan]], [[Tajikistan]], [[Turkmenistan]], [[Kazakhstan]], and [[Dagestan]]. But the Hazaras in northwestern Afghanistan migrated to Iran and settled in neighborhoods in and around [[Mashhad]]. These Hazaras later became known as "Khawari" and "Barbari". Another part of Hazaras from the southeast of the Hazara regions of Afghanistan has moved to British India, which resides in [[Quetta]], present-day [[Pakistan]]. Another group has settled in Syria, Iraq and British India. These Hazara people who migrated to Pakistan, Iran, Syria, and Iraq were unable to settle with the people of these areas because of the differences in [[physical appearance]], so they have not lost their language, culture, and ethnic identity.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=کوچ اجباری و اثرات فرهنگی واجتماعی آن بر جامعه هزاره |url=http://archive.mashal.org/content.php?c=hejtemahi&id=00115 |access-date=2022-08-31 |website=archive.mashal.org}}</ref>
+After these massacres, Abdul Rahman Khan forced many Hazara families from the Hazara areas of [[Uruzgan]] and other parts of Hazarajat to leave their hometowns and ancestral lands. causing some many Hazaras fled to neighboring countries such as Central Asia, [[Iran]], [[British India]], [[Iraq]] and [[Syria]]. Those Hazaras living in the northern [[Hindu Kush]] went to [[Tsarist|Tsarist Russia]], mostly in the southern cities of [[Soviet Union|Russia]], and some of them went to Iran. Many Hazaras living in the Tsarist Russian regions lost their language, accent and ethnic identity over time due to the similarities between the racial building and the physical appearance of the people of those regions, and they settled and gravitated among them. These fleeing Hazaras settled in previous Tsarist Russia regions, including [[Uzbekistan]], [[Tajikistan]], [[Turkmenistan]], [[Kazakhstan]] and [[Dagestan]]. But the Hazaras in northwestern Afghanistan migrated to Iran and settled in neighborhoods in  and around [[Mashhad]]. These Hazaras later became known as Khawari or Barbari. Another part of Hazaras from the southeast of the Hazara regions of Afghanistan has moved to British India, which resides in [[Quetta]], present-day [[Pakistan]]. One of the most famous political and military figures of these Hazaras is [[Musa Khan (general)|Muhammad Musa Khan]], who held the general's military rank in [[Pakistan Army|Pakistani system]]. Another group has settled in Syria, Iraq and British India. These Hazara people who migrated to Pakistan, Iran, Syria and Iraq were unable to settle with the people of these areas because of the differences in physical appearance, so they have not lost their language, culture and ethnic identity.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=کوچ اجباری و اثرات فرهنگی واجتماعی آن بر جامعه هزاره |url=http://archive.mashal.org/content.php?c=hejtemahi&id=00115 |access-date=2022-08-31 |website=archive.mashal.org}}</ref>
 === 20th and 21st century ===
 {{Tone|section|date=October 2018}}
-[[File:Abdul Khaliq.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Abdul Khaliq Hazara (assassin)|Abdul Khaliq]], a Hazara school student who assassinated [[Muhammad Nadir Shah]], the king of Afghanistan]]
+[[File:Abdul Khaliq.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Abdul Khaliq Hazara (assassin)|Abdul Khaliq]], a Hazara school student who assassinated the king of Afghanistan, [[Mohammad Nadir Shah]]]]
 In 1901, [[Habibullah Khan]], Abdur Rahman's eldest son and successor granted amnesty to Hazaras and asked them to return who were exiled by his predecessor. But few of them returned and settled in [[Afghan Turkestan]] and [[Balkh province]] because they had lost their previous lands. Hazara continued to face social, economic and political [[discrimination]] through most of the 20th century. In 1933 [[Mohammed Nadir Shah]] the [[King of Afghanistan]] was assassinated by [[Abdul Khaliq Hazara (assassin)|Abdul Khaliq Hazara]], a [[school student]]. The [[Afghan government]] captured and executed him later, along with several of his family members.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The History of Afghanistan, 2nd edition|last=Runion|first=Meredith L.|publisher=ABC-CLIO-LLC|year=2017|isbn=978-1-61069-778-1|page=124}}</ref>
 Mistrust of the central government by the Hazaras and local uprisings continued. In particular, from 1945 to 1946, during [[Zahir Shah]]'s rule, a [[1945 Hazara Rebellion|revolt took place]] by the leadership of [[Muhammad Ibrahim Khan (Hazara leader)|Ibrahim Khan]] most known as "Ibrahim Gawsawar" against new taxes that were exclusively imposed on Hazaras. The [[Kuchis]] meanwhile not only were exempted from taxes but also received allowances from the Afghan government.<ref name="Monsutti" /> The angry rebels began capturing and killing government officials. In response, the central government sent a force to subdue the region and later removed the taxes.{{citation needed|date=November 2019}}
 [[File:ابراهیم گاوسوار.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Muhammad Ibrahim Khan (Hazara leader)|Ibrahim Khan]] known as "Ibrahim Gawsawar", The leader of the armed uprising of the Hazara people in protest against taxes during [[Zahir Shah]]'s rule]]
-[[File:Mazari.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Abdul Ali Mazari]], the leader of Hazaras during and following the [[Soviet–Afghan War]]]]
+[[File:Mazari.jpg|left|thumb|200px|[[Abdul Ali Mazari]], a politician and the leader of Hazaras during and following the [[Soviet–Afghan War]]]]
 The repressive policies{{clarify|date=April 2022}} of the [[People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan]] (PDPA) after the [[Saur Revolution]] in 1978 caused uprisings throughout the country. Fearing Iranian influence, the Hazaras were particularly persecuted. President [[Hafizullah Amin]] published in October 1979 a list of 12,000 victims of the [[Nur Muhammad Taraki|Taraki government]]. Among them were 7,000 Hazaras who were shot in the notorious [[Pul-e-Charkhi prison]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Dorronsoro |first=Gilles |date=2005 |title=Revolution Unending: Afghanistan, 1979 to the Present |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FApipiENsgwC&pg=PA104 |location=London |publisher=Hurst & Company |isbn=1-85065-703-3 |page=104}}</ref>
 During the [[Soviet-Afghan War]], the Hazarajat region did not see as much heavy fighting as other regions of Afghanistan. Most of the Hazara [[Afghan mujahideen|mujahideen]] fought the Soviets in the regions which were on the periphery of the Hazarajat region. There was a division between the [[Tanzeem Nasle Nau Hazara]], a party based in Quetta, of Hazara nationalists and secular intellectuals, and the [[Islamist]] parties in Hazarajat.<ref name="Monsutti" /> By 1979, the Hazara-Islamist groups had already liberated Hazarajat from the central [[Democratic Republic of Afghanistan|Soviet-backed Afghan government]] and later took entire control of Hazarajat away from the secularists. By 1984, the Islamist dominance of Hazarajat was complete.
-As the Soviets withdrew in 1989, the Islamist groups felt the need to broaden their political appeal and turned their focus to [[Hazara nationalism]].<ref name="Monsutti" /> This led to the establishment of the [[Hizbe-Wahdat]], an alliance of all the Hazara resistance groups (except the [[Harakat-e Islami]]). In 1992 with the fall of [[Kabul]], the Harakat-e Islami took sides with [[Burhanuddin Rabbani]]'s government while the Hizbe-Wahdat took sides with the opposition. The Hizbe-Wahdat was eventually forced out of Kabul in 1995 when the [[Taliban]] movement captured and killed their leader [[Abdul Ali Mazari]]. With the Taliban's capture of Kabul in 1996, all the Hazara groups united with the new [[United Islamic Front for the Salvation of Afghanistan|Northern Alliance]] against the common new enemy. However, despite fierce resistance Hazarajat fell to the Taliban in 1998. The Taliban had Hazarajat isolated from the rest of the world going as far as not allowing the [[United Nations]] to deliver food to the provinces of [[Bamyan Province|Bamyan]], [[Ghor Province|Ghor]], [[Maidan Wardak Province|Maidan Wardak]], and [[Daykundi Province|Daykundi]].<ref name=Rashid>{{cite book|last=Rashid|first=Ahmed |author-link=Ahmed Rashid|title=Taliban: Militant Islam, Oil and Fundamentalism in Central Asia|edition=Paperback|date=March 1, 2001|publisher=Yale University Press|location=New Haven, CT|isbn=978-0-300-08902-8|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/talibanmilitant000rash}}</ref>
+As the Soviets withdrew in 1989, the Islamist groups felt the need to broaden their political appeal and turned their focus to [[Hazara nationalism]].<ref name="Monsutti" /> This led to the establishment of the [[Hizbe-Wahdat]], an alliance of all the Hazara resistance groups (except the [[Harakat-e Islami]]). In 1992 with the fall of [[Kabul]], the Harakat-e Islami took sides with [[Burhanuddin Rabbani]]'s government while the Hizbe-Wahdat took sides with the opposition. The Hizbe-Wahdat was eventually forced out of Kabul in 1995 when the [[Taliban]] movement captured and killed their leader [[Abdul Ali Mazari]]. With the Taliban's capture of Kabul in 1996, all the Hazara groups united with the new [[United Islamic Front for the Salvation of Afghanistan|Northern Alliance]] against the common new enemy. However, despite fierce resistance Hazarajat fell to the Taliban in 1998. The Taliban had Hazarajat isolated from the rest of the world going as far as not allowing the [[United Nations]] to deliver food to the provinces of [[Bamyan Province|Bamyan]], [[Ghor Province|Ghor]], [[Maidan Wardak Province|Maidan Wardak]] and [[Daykundi Province|Daykundi]].<ref name=Rashid>{{cite book|last=Rashid|first=Ahmed |author-link=Ahmed Rashid|title=Taliban: Militant Islam, Oil and Fundamentalism in Central Asia|edition=Paperback|date=March 1, 2001|publisher=Yale University Press|location=New Haven, CT|isbn=978-0-300-08902-8|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/talibanmilitant000rash}}</ref>
 In 1997, a revolt broke out among Hazaras in Mazar-e Sharif when they refused to be disarmed by the Taliban; 600 Taliban were killed in subsequent fighting.<ref>Ahmed Rashid, Taliban: Militant Islam, Oil, and Fundamentalism in Central Asia, London and New Haven, 2000, p. 58</ref> In retaliation, the genocidal policies of [[Abdur Rahman Khan]]'s era was adopted by the Taliban. In 1998, six thousand Hazaras were killed in the north; the intention was ethnic cleansing of Hazaras.<ref>Ahmed Rashid, Taliban: Militant Islam, Oil, and Fundamentalism in Central Asia, London and New Haven, 2000, pp. 67–74</ref> In March 2001, the two giant [[Buddhas of Bamiyan]], were also destroyed even though there was a lot of condemnation.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2001/mar/03/afghanistan.lukeharding |title=Taliban blow apart 2,000 years of Buddhist history |website=The Guardian |date=3 March 2001}}</ref>
@@ Line 132: / Line 134: @@
 }}
-[[File:Qazi Muhammad Isa.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Qazi Muhammad Isa]], [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah|Jinnah's]] close associate and a key figure of the All-India Muslim League in Balochistan, Pakistan]]
+[[File:Qazi Muhammad Isa.jpg|left|thumb|200px|[[Qazi Muhammad Isa]], [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah|Jinnah's]] close associate and a key figure of the All-India Muslim League in Balochistan, Pakistan]]
 Hazaras have also played a significant role in the creation of [[Pakistan]]. One such Hazara was [[Qazi Muhammad Isa]] of the [[Sheikh Ali (Hazara tribe)|Sheikh Ali tribe]], who had been close friends with [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]], having met each other for the first time while they were studying in London. He had been the first from his native province of [[Balochistan, Pakistan|Balochistan]] to obtain a Bar-at-Law degree and had helped set up the [[All-India Muslim League]] in Balochistan.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1486499|title=Who is Justice Qazi Faez Isa?|date=June 19, 2020|website=DAWN.COM}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://dailytimes.com.pk/626799/qazi-muhammad-isa-and-the-reference-against-justice-qazi-faez-isa/|title=Qazi Muhammad Isa and the reference against Justice Qazi Faez Isa|date=June 14, 2020}}</ref>
@@ Line 139: / Line 141: @@
 During the years that followed, Hazara suffered severe oppression, and many ethnic massacres, genocides, and pogroms were carried out by the predominantly ethnic Pashtun Taliban and are documented by such groups as the [[Human Rights Watch]].<ref name=HRW>{{cite web |url=https://www.hrw.org/reports/2001/afghanistan/ |title=Afghanistan: massacres of Hazaras |access-date= December 27, 2007 |publisher=Human Rights Watch|date=February 2001}}</ref>
-Following the [[September 11, 2001 attacks]] in the [[United States]], [[United States invasion of Afghanistan|American and Coalition forces invaded Afghanistan]]. After the [[Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan (1996–2001)|fall of the Taliban]] many Hazaras became important figures in Afghanistan.<ref name="ngm">{{cite magazine |url=http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/geopedia/Hazara_People |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080302170049/http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/geopedia/Hazara_People |archive-date=March 2, 2008 |title=Hazara People |access-date=August 9, 2012 |last=Larson |first=Marisa |date=June 17, 2008|magazine=[[National Geographic (magazine)|National Geographic]]}}</ref> Hazara have also pursued higher education, enrolled in the [[Afghan National Army|army]], and many have top government positions.<ref name=cs>{{cite journal |url=http://www.csmonitor.com/2007/0806/p06s02-wosc.html?page=2 |title=Afghanistan's success story: The liberated Hazara minority |journal=Christian Science Monitor |access-date=December 27, 2007|last=Sappenfield |first=Mark |date=August 6, 2007}}</ref> For example, Some [[Vice President of Afghanistan|Vice Presidents]], [[Cabinet of Afghanistan|ministers]] and [[list of current governors of Afghanistan|governors]] were Hazara, including [[Karim Khalili]], [[Sarwar Danish]], [[Sima Samar]], [[Muhammad Mohaqiq]], [[Habiba Sarābi]], [[Abdul Haq Shafaq]], [[Sayed Anwar Rahmati]], [[Qurban Ali Urozgani]], [[Muhammad Arif Shah Jahan]], [[Mahmoud Baligh]], [[Sayyed Mohammad Eqbal Munib|Mohammad Eqbal Munib]], and [[Mohammad Asim Asim]]. The mayor of [[Nili, Afghanistan|Nili, Daykundi]] was [[Azra Jafari]], who became the first female mayor in Afghanistan. Some other notable Hazaras include [[Sultan Ali Keshtmand]], [[Abdul Wahed Sarābi]], [[Akram Yari]], [[Ghulam Ali Wahdat]], [[Sayed Mustafa Kazemi]], [[Ghulam Husain Naseri]], [[Abbas Noyan]], [[Daoud Naji]], [[Abbas Ibrahim Zada]], [[Ramazan Bashardost]], [[Ahmad Shah Ramazan]], [[Ahmad Behzad]], [[Nasrullah Sadiqi Zada Nili]], [[Fahim Hashimi]], [[Maryam Monsef]], and others.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pajhwok.com/en/2011/01/22/many-karzai-rivals-find-way-parliament |title=Many Karzai rivals find way to Parliament |publisher=Pajhwok.com |date=2011-01-22 |access-date=2012-07-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120313035046/http://www.pajhwok.com/en/2011/01/22/many-karzai-rivals-find-way-parliament |archive-date=2012-03-13}}</ref>
+Following the [[September 11, 2001 attacks]] in the [[United States]], [[United States invasion of Afghanistan|American and Coalition forces invaded Afghanistan]]. After the [[Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan (1996–2001)|fall of the Taliban]] many Hazaras became important figures in Afghanistan.<ref name="ngm">{{cite magazine |url=http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/geopedia/Hazara_People |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080302170049/http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/geopedia/Hazara_People |archive-date=March 2, 2008 |title=Hazara People |access-date=August 9, 2012 |last=Larson |first=Marisa |date=June 17, 2008|magazine=[[National Geographic (magazine)|National Geographic]]}}</ref> Hazara have also pursued higher education, enrolled in the [[Afghan National Army|army]], and many have top government positions.<ref name=cs>{{cite journal |url=http://www.csmonitor.com/2007/0806/p06s02-wosc.html?page=2 |title=Afghanistan's success story: The liberated Hazara minority |journal=Christian Science Monitor |access-date=December 27, 2007|last=Sappenfield |first=Mark |date=August 6, 2007}}</ref> For example, Some [[Vice President of Afghanistan|Vice Presidents]], [[Cabinet of Afghanistan|ministers]] and [[list of current governors of Afghanistan|governors]] were Hazara, including [[Karim Khalili]], [[Sarwar Danish]], [[Sima Samar]], [[Muhammad Mohaqiq]], [[Habiba Sarābi]], [[Abdul Haq Shafaq]], [[Sayed Anwar Rahmati]], [[Qurban Ali Urozgani]], [[Muhammad Arif Shah Jahan]], [[Mahmoud Baligh]], [[Sayyed Mohammad Eqbal Munib|Mohammad Eqbal Munib]] and [[Mohammad Asim Asim]]. The mayor of [[Nili, Afghanistan|Nili, Daykundi]] was [[Azra Jafari]], who became the first female mayor in Afghanistan. Some other notable Hazaras include [[Sultan Ali Keshtmand]], [[Abdul Wahed Sarābi]], [[Akram Yari]], [[Ghulam Ali Wahdat]], [[Sayed Mustafa Kazemi]], [[Ghulam Husain Naseri]], [[Abbas Noyan]], [[Daoud Naji]], [[Abbas Ibrahim Zada]], [[Ramazan Bashardost]], [[Ahmad Shah Ramazan]], [[Ahmad Behzad]], [[Nasrullah Sadiqi Zada Nili]], [[Fahim Hashimy]], [[Maryam Monsef]] and others.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pajhwok.com/en/2011/01/22/many-karzai-rivals-find-way-parliament |title=Many Karzai rivals find way to Parliament |publisher=Pajhwok.com |date=2011-01-22 |access-date=2012-07-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120313035046/http://www.pajhwok.com/en/2011/01/22/many-karzai-rivals-find-way-parliament |archive-date=2012-03-13}}</ref>
 Although Afghanistan has been historically one of the poorest countries in the world, the Hazarajat region has been kept less developed by past governments. Since the ousting of the Taliban in late 2001, billions of dollars poured into Afghanistan for reconstruction and several large-scale reconstruction projects took place in Afghanistan from August 2012. For example, there have been more than 5000 kilometers of road pavement completed across Afghanistan, of which little was done in central Afghanistan (Hazarajat). On the other hand, the [[Band-e Amir]] in [[Bamyan Province]] became the first [[national park]] in Afghanistan. A road from Kabul to [[Bamyan]] was also built, along with new police stations, government institutions, hospitals and schools in the provinces of [[Bamyan Province|Bamyan]], [[Daykundi Province|Daykundi]] and others mostly Hazara-populated provinces. The first [[ski resort]] in Afghanistan was also established in Bamyan Province.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wanderlust.co.uk/magazine/news/afghanistan-hosts-second-national-ski-race|title=(27 February 2012) Afghanistan set to host second national ski race. wanderlust.co.uk|website=Wanderlust.co.uk|access-date=30 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170804053617/http://www.wanderlust.co.uk/magazine/news/afghanistan-hosts-second-national-ski-race|archive-date=4 August 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052970203458604577263343870606130.html|title=Since Skiing Came to Afghanistan, It Has Been Pretty Much All Downhill|first=Charles|last=Levinson|newspaper=Wall Street Journal|date=March 7, 2012}}</ref>
@@ Line 166: / Line 168: @@
 {{Further|Hazaristan|Demographics of Afghanistan|Ethnic groups in Afghanistan}}
 {{Expand section|date=October 2023}}
-[[File:Afghanistan and the geographical area of Hazaristan in 1890.jpg|thumb|left|Afghanistan and the geographical area of Hazaristan in the 1890s]]
+[[File:Afghanistan and the geographical area of Hazaristan in 1890.jpg|thumb|left|Afghanistan and the geographical area of Hazaristan in 1890]]
 The Hazaras are one of the largest [[ethnic groups in Afghanistan]], primarily residing in the [[Hazaristan]] region in central Afghanistan and generally scattered throughout Afghanistan.<ref>{{Citation |last=Dames |first=M. Longworth |title=Hazāra |date=2012-04-24 |url=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-1/hazara-SIM_2782 |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam, First Edition (1913–1936) |access-date=2023-08-09 |publisher=Brill |language=en}}</ref>
+Until the 1880s, the Hazaras were completely autonomous and controlled the entire Hazaristan region.
-Until the 1890s, the Hazaras were largely autonomous and controlled the Hazaristan region. Nowadays, the vast majority of Hazaras reside in Hazaristan and many others in the cities of the country.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |date=2024-03-09 |title=Hazara {{!}} Definition, Culture, History, & Population {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Hazara |access-date=2024-05-04 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref>
+Nowadays, the vast majority of Hazaras reside in Hazaristan and many others reside in the cities of the country.{{citation needed|date=February 2023}}
 === Central Asia ===
@@ Line 177: / Line 180: @@
 === Pakistan ===
 {{Further|Demographics of Pakistan|Ethnic groups in Pakistan}}
-[[File:General Musa, Circa 1935 in a British Uniform.jpg|thumb|[[General Musa Khan]], who served as Commander-in-Chief of Pakistan Army]]
+[[File:General Musa, Circa 1935 in a British Uniform.jpg|thumb|[[Musa Khan (general)|Muhammad Musa Khan]], a senior general who served as Commander-in-Chief of Pakistan Army]]
 During the period of [[British Raj|British colonial rule]] on the [[Indian subcontinent]] in the 19th century, Hazaras worked during the winter months in coal mines, road construction, and other [[working-class]] jobs in some cities of what is now [[Pakistan]]. The earliest record of Hazara in the areas of Pakistan is found in Broadfoot's Sappers company from 1835 in [[Quetta]]. This company had also participated in the [[First Anglo-Afghan War]]. Some Hazara also worked on the agriculture farms in [[Sindh]] and the construction of the Sukkur barrage.{{citation needed|date=November 2019}}
 In 1962, the [[government of Pakistan]] recognized the Hazaras as one of the [[ethnic groups of Pakistan]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=پولادی|first=حسن|title=هزاره‌ها|year=1387}}</ref>
-Most Pakistani Hazaras are native to [[Balochistan, Pakistan]]. Localities in the city of [[Quetta]] with prominent Hazara populations include [[Hazara Town]] and [[Mariabad]]. The literacy level among the Hazara community in Pakistan is relatively high compared to the Hazaras of Afghanistan, and they have integrated well into the social dynamics of the local society. Saira Batool, a Hazara woman, was one of the first female pilots in the [[Pakistan Air Force]]. Other notable Hazaras include [[Qazi Muhammad Isa]], [[General Musa Khan]], who served as the 4th [[Commander-in-Chief of the Pakistan Army]] from 1958 to 1968, [[Air Marshal]] [[Sharbat Ali Changezi]], whose years of service in the [[Pakistan Air Force]] were from 1949 to 1987, [[Hussain Ali Yousafi]], the slain chairman of the [[Hazara Democratic Party]],<ref>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/urdu/pakistan/story/2009/01/090127_hazara_funeral_strike_zs.shtml "Hussain Ali Yousafi, chairman of the Hazara Democratic Party'"], ''[[BBC News]]'', 26 January 2009</ref> [[Sayed Nasir Ali Shah]], MNA from Quetta and his father [[Haji Sayed Hussain Hazara]] who was a senator and member of [[Pakistan Parliament]] during the [[Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq|Zia-ul-Haq]] era.{{citation needed|date=November 2019}}
+Most Pakistani Hazaras are native to [[Balochistan, Pakistan]]. Localities in the city of [[Quetta]] with prominent Hazara populations include [[Hazara Town]] and [[Mariabad]]. The literacy level among the Hazara community in Pakistan is relatively high compared to the Hazaras of Afghanistan, and they have integrated well into the social dynamics of the local society. Saira Batool, a Hazara woman, was one of the first female pilots in the [[Pakistan Air Force]]. Other notable Hazaras include [[Qazi Muhammad Isa]], [[General Muhammad Musa Khan]], who served as the 4th [[Commander-in-Chief of the Pakistan Army]] from 1958 to 1968, [[Air Marshal]] [[Sharbat Ali Changezi]], whose years of service in the [[Pakistan Air Force]] were from 1949 to 1987, [[Hussain Ali Yousafi]], the slain chairman of the [[Hazara Democratic Party]],<ref>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/urdu/pakistan/story/2009/01/090127_hazara_funeral_strike_zs.shtml "Hussain Ali Yousafi, chairman of the Hazara Democratic Party'"], ''[[BBC News]]'', 26 January 2009</ref> [[Sayed Nasir Ali Shah]], MNA from Quetta and his father [[Haji Sayed Hussain Hazara]] who was a senator and member of [[Pakistan Parliament]] during the [[Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq|Zia-ul-Haq]] era.{{citation needed|date=November 2019}}
 Despite all of this, Hazaras are often targeted by militant groups such as the [[Lashkar-e-Jhangvi]] and others. "Activists say at least 800-1,000 Hazaras have been killed since 1999 and the pace is quickening. More than one hundred have been murdered in and around Quetta since January, according to [[Human Rights Watch]]."<ref name="Bigg" /> The political representation of the community is served by [[Hazara Democratic Party]], a secular liberal democratic party, headed by [[Abdul Khaliq Hazara (Politician)|Abdul Khaliq Hazara]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/wps/wcm/connect/dawn-content-library/dawn/news/pakistan/provinces/balochistans-hazaras-speak-out--qs |title=Balochistan's Hazaras speak out&nbsp;— Qurat ul ain Siddiqui interviews Secretary-General of the Hazara Democratic Party, Abdul Khaliq Hazara |publisher=[[Dawn.com]] |access-date=2012-07-30}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hazarapress.com/political_parties/index.htm |title=List of Political parties |publisher=Hazarapress.com |access-date=2012-07-30}}</ref>
@@ Line 190: / Line 193: @@
 [[File:Sulat al-Sultanah Hazara.jpg|thumb|[[Muhammad Yusuf Khan Hazara]], the leader of Hazaras and the first Sunni representative member in the Iranian Parliament]]
 The Hazara people in [[Iran]] are also referred to as '''Barbari''' ({{lang-fa|بربری}}),<ref>{{Citation |last=Ed |title=Berberi |date=2012-04-24 |url=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/berberi-SIM_1374 |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition |access-date=2023-08-13 |publisher=Brill |language=en}}</ref> or  '''Khāwari''' ({{lang|fa|خاوری}}).<ref>{{Cite web |last=اینترنشنال |first=هزاره |date=2014-05-11 |title=ایل هزاره در خراسان و فرهنگ جعلی جلیل آریایی |url=https://www.hazarainternational.com/fa/?p=20262 |access-date=2023-08-13 |website=هزاره اینترنشنال |language=fa-IR}}</ref> Over many years as a result of political unrest in Afghanistan, some Hazaras have migrated to Iran. The local Hazara population has been estimated at 500,000. At least one-third have spent more than half their life in Iran<ref name="W.I.Smyth" /> Before Iran was forced to relinquish the [[Herat]] region according to the [[Treaty of Paris (1857)|Treaty of Paris]] in 1857 during the reign of [[Naser al-Din Shah]], the country was in possession of a much greater part of [[Greater Khorasan]]. One of the tribes that roamed in this part prior to cession, were the Hazaras. The tribe settled on both sides of the border after the border between Iran and Afghanistan was drawn. The leadership of this tribe at the end of the [[Qajar dynasty|Qajar period]] and also the [[Pahlavi dynasty|Pahlavi period]] was with [[Muhammad Yusuf Khan Hazara]] known as "Sulat al-Sultanah Hazara", a [[Sunni]] Hazara who was a politician and the first Sunni representative member in the [[National Consultative Assembly|Iranian Parliament]] and the only Sunni Iranian who has represented Mashhad in the history of Iran's [[legislatures]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://zamandaily.ir/attachments/article/787/3404-2.pdf |title="«شورش خراسان» در کتابفروشی‌ها شکل می‌گیرد" |access-date=2022-12-29 |archive-date=2018-05-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180517223108/http://zamandaily.ir/attachments/article/787/3404-2.pdf }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last= بیات|first= کاوه|title= شورش خراسان و صولت‌السلطنه هزاره (زمستان 1320)|year= 2016|url= https://www.iranketab.ir/book/32616-khorasan-uprising|publisher= موسسه فرهنگی هنری جهان کتاب|isbn=978-600-6732-68-8}}</ref>
@@ Line 217: / Line 221: @@
 Hazara culture is a combination of customs, traditions, behaviors, beliefs, and norms that have been formed in interaction and confrontation with the surrounding phenomena for many years and now it is displayed as a cultural identity.
 The Hazara culture is rich in heritage, with many unique cultures, and has common influences with various cultures of [[Central Asia]] and [[South Asia]]. The Hazaras, outside of Hazarajat, have adopted the cultures of the cities where they dwell, resembling the cultures and traditions of the [[Afghan Tajiks]] and [[Pashtuns]]. Traditionally the Hazara are highland farmers. In Hazarajat, they have retained many of their own cultures and traditions and many of their cultures and traditions are more closely related to those of Central Asians than to those of the Afghan Tajiks. Historically and traditionally, Hazaras live in houses, but some of them such as [[Aimaq Hazara]] and a few other are [[semi-nomadic]] and live mostly in [[felt]] [[yurts]], rather than houses.<ref name=":1">{{cite book|last1=Latham|first1=Robert Gordon|url=https://archive.org/details/descriptiveethn00lathgoog|title=Eastern and northern Asia Europe|publisher=J. van Voorst|year=1859|page=[https://archive.org/details/descriptiveethn00lathgoog/page/n346 333]|access-date=2013-12-08}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=افغانستان |first=روزنامه |title=استقبال گسترده از روز فرهنگ هزارگی در کشور – روزنامه افغانستان |url=http://www.dailyafghanistan.com/entertainment_detail.php?post_id=156528 |access-date=2022-09-10 |website=www.dailyafghanistan.com |language=fa}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last=Spuler|first=B.|title=Aymak|date=2012-04-24|url=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/aymak-SIM_0904?s.num=0&s.f.s2_parent=s.f.book.encyclopaedia-of-islam-2&s.q=Aymak|encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition|publisher=Brill|language=en|access-date=2023-08-15}}</ref>
-The Hazara society had a [[Feudalism|feudal]] structure before the domination of [[Abdur Rahman Khan|Abdul Rahman]], the ruler of [[Kabul Province|Kabul]] over [[Hazaristan]] in 1888-1893. Powerful people and landowners were called [[Khan (title)|Khan]], [[Bey|Beig]], [[Arbab]], [[Mir (title)|Mir]] or [[Malik|Malek]], and this position and influence was passed from father to children.<ref>{{Cite book |last=پولادی |first=حسن |title=هزاره‌ها |year= |pages=456}}</ref> [[Mullah|Mullahs]] and [[Sayyid|Sayyids]] were in the second place. The economy of the millennia was based on agricultural and livestock production.<ref>{{Cite book |last=موسوی |first=سید عسکر |title=هزاره‌های افغانستان |pages=130–135}}</ref>
-The invasion of Abdul Rahman's forces on Hazaristan and Hazara-inhabited areas caused the collapse of the life structure there. The lands of the Hazaras were continuously attacked and occupied by [[Pashtuns|Afghans]] and [[Kochis]]. This policy caused the shrinking of Hazaristan area and reduced agricultural production among Hazaristan and in the whole country.<ref>{{Cite book |last=موسوی |first=سید عسکر |title=هزاره‌های افغانستان |pages=100}}</ref>
 === Attire ===
@@ Line 248: / Line 248: @@
 The Hazaras speak the [[Dari]] and [[Hazaragi]] [[Persian dialects|dialects]] of the [[Persian language]].<ref name="Attitudes Towards Hazaragi">{{cite web|url=http://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1224&context=theses|title=Attitudes towards Hazaragi|access-date=June 5, 2014 |pages=1–2}}</ref><ref name="hazara-4">{{cite encyclopedia |first=Charles M. |last=Kieffer |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Iranica |title=HAZĀRA |trans-title=iv. Hazāragi dialect |url=http://iranicaonline.org/articles/hazara-4 |access-date=August 22, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last=Monsutti |first=Alessandro |title=Hazāras |date=2017-07-01 |url=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-3/hazaras-COM_30419 |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopaedia of Islam]], THREE |publisher=Brill |language=en |quote=They speak a Persian dialect with many Turkic and a few Mongolian words. |access-date=2022-05-07}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last=Bosworth |first=C. E. |title=Hazāras |date=2012-04-24 |url=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/hazaras-SIM_8617?s.num=0&s.f.s2_parent=s.f.cluster.Encyclopaedia+of+Islam&s.q=Hazaras |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopaedia of Islam]], Second Edition |publisher=Brill |language=en |access-date=2022-05-08}}</ref>
-According to [[Encyclopaedia of Islam]], Hazaragi is a Persian dialect, which is infused with many [[Turkic languages|Turkic]] and a few [[Mongolic languages|Mongolic]] words or loanwords.<ref>{{Citation |last=Monsutti |first=Alessandro |title=Hazāras |date=2017-07-01 |url=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-3/hazaras-COM_30419 |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopaedia of Islam]], THREE |publisher=Brill |language=en |quote=They speak a Persian dialect with many Turkic and a few Mongolian words. |access-date=2022-05-07}}</ref> According to [[Encyclopædia Britannica]], the Hazara speak an eastern variety of Persian called Hazaragi with many Mongolian and Turkic words.<ref name=":5" /> According to [[Encyclopaedia Iranica]], the Hazaras speak a Persian dialect with many Turkic and some Mongolic words.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Foundation |first=Encyclopaedia Iranica |title=HAZĀRA |url=https://iranicaonline.org/articles/hazara-1 |access-date=2024-04-26 |website=iranicaonline.org |language=en-US |quote=The Hazāras speak a Persian dialect with many Turkish and some Mongolian words.}}</ref><ref name="Iranica-Afghanistan">{{cite web |work=[[Louis Dupree (professor)|L. Dupree]] |date=December 15, 1983 |publisher=Encyclopædia Iranica |title=AFGHANISTAN iv. Ethnography |url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/afghanistan-iv-ethnography |edition=Online |location=United States}}</ref><ref>Malistani, A.&nbsp;H. Tariq and Gehring, Roman (compilers) (1993) '' Farhang-i ibtidal-i milli-i Hazarah : bi-inzimam-i tarjamah bih Farsi-i Ingilisi = Hazaragi&nbsp;– Dari/Persian- English: a preliminary glossary'' A.&nbsp;H. Tariq Malistani, Quetta, {{OCLC|33814814}}</ref><ref name="Farhadi">Farhadi, A.&nbsp;G. Ravan (1955). ''Le persan parlé en Afghanistan: Grammaire du kâboli accompagnée d'un recuil de quatrains populaires de la région de Kâbol''. Paris.</ref> According to an Iranica article on the language of Hazaras, the present dialect to consist of three strata: (1) pre-Mongol Persian, with its own substratum; (2) the Mongolian language; and (3) modern tājiki, which preserves in it elements of (1) and (2).<ref name="hazara-4" /> The primary differences between Persian and Hazaragi are the accent.<ref name="hazara-4" /> Despite these differences, Hazaragi is mutually intelligible with Dari,<ref name="Attitudes Towards Hazaragi" /> the [[Languages of Afghanistan|official language of Afghanistan]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Languages in Afghanistan|url=https://swedishcommittee.org/afghanistan/language|access-date=2021-02-14|website=The Swedish Committee for Afghanistan (SCA)}}</ref>
+According to [[Encyclopaedia of Islam]], Hazaragi is a Persian dialect, which is infused with many Turkic and a few [[Mongolic languages|Mongolic]] words or loanwords.<ref>{{Citation |last=Monsutti |first=Alessandro |title=Hazāras |date=2017-07-01 |url=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-3/hazaras-COM_30419 |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopaedia of Islam]], THREE |publisher=Brill |language=en |quote=They speak a Persian dialect with many Turkic and a few Mongolian words. |access-date=2022-05-07}}</ref> According to [[Encyclopædia Britannica]], the Hazara speak an eastern variety of Persian called Hazaragi with many [[Mongolian language|Mongolian]] and [[Turkic languages|Turkic]] words.<ref name="britannica">[https://www.britannica.com/topic/Hazara "Hazara people • Britannica"] In English: ''"The Hazara speak an eastern variety of Persian called Hazaragi with many Mongolian and Turkic words."''</ref> According to [[Encyclopaedia Iranica]], the Hazaras speak a Persian dialect with many Turkic and some Mongolic words.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Foundation |first=Encyclopaedia Iranica |title=HAZĀRA |url=https://iranicaonline.org/articles/hazara-1 |access-date=2024-04-26 |website=iranicaonline.org |language=en-US |quote=The Hazāras speak a Persian dialect with many Turkish and some Mongolian words.}}</ref><ref name="Iranica-Afghanistan">{{cite web |work=[[Louis Dupree (professor)|L. Dupree]] |date=December 15, 1983 |publisher=Encyclopædia Iranica |title=AFGHANISTAN iv. Ethnography |url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/afghanistan-iv-ethnography |edition=Online |location=United States}}</ref><ref>Malistani, A.&nbsp;H. Tariq and Gehring, Roman (compilers) (1993) '' Farhang-i ibtidal-i milli-i Hazarah : bi-inzimam-i tarjamah bih Farsi-i Ingilisi = Hazaragi&nbsp;– Dari/Persian- English: a preliminary glossary'' A.&nbsp;H. Tariq Malistani, Quetta, {{OCLC|33814814}}</ref><ref name="Farhadi">Farhadi, A.&nbsp;G. Ravan (1955). ''Le persan parlé en Afghanistan: Grammaire du kâboli accompagnée d'un recuil de quatrains populaires de la région de Kâbol''. Paris.</ref> According other sources, the Hazara population speaks Persian with some Mongolian words.<ref name="Atif Adnan" /><ref name="ncbi.nlm.nih.gov"/> According to an Iranica article on the language of Hazaras, the present dialect to consist of three strata: (1) pre-Mongol Persian, with its own substratum; (2) the Mongolian language; and (3) modern tājiki, which preserves in it elements of (1) and (2).<ref name="hazara-4" /> The primary differences between Persian and Hazaragi are the accent.<ref name="hazara-4" /> Despite these differences, Hazaragi is mutually intelligible with Dari,<ref name="Attitudes Towards Hazaragi" /> the [[Languages of Afghanistan|official language of Afghanistan]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Languages in Afghanistan|url=https://swedishcommittee.org/afghanistan/language|access-date=2021-02-14|website=The Swedish Committee for Afghanistan (SCA)}}</ref>
-According to Doctor of Sciences Lutfi Temirkhanov, the ancestors of the Hazaras were Mongol-speaking<ref name="Temirkhanov"/><ref name="TemirkhanovLutfi"/> and only after the resettlement, they mixed with the Persian-speaking and Turkic-speaking population: ''"hordes of Mongol princes and feudal lords found themselves in a Persian-speaking encirclement; they mixed with them, were influenced by the Persian-Tajik culture and gradually adopted the Persian language"''.<ref name="TemirkhanovLanguage">Temirkhanov L. (1968). [https://www.booksite.ru/etnogr/1968/1968_1.pdf "О некоторых спорных вопросах этнической истории хазарейского народа"]. Советская этнография. 1. P. 93-94. In Russian: ''"орды монгольских царевичей и феодалов оказались в таджикском окружении; они смешивались с таджиками, подвергались влиянию персидско-таджикской культуры и постепенно принимали язык таджиков, отсюда и таджикская речь хазарейцев"''.</ref> According to a number of sources, in the 16th century some Hazaras spoke a [[Mongolic languages|Mongolian]] language in northern Afghanistan.<ref name="Bartold" /><ref name="Iranica" /> According to the [[Great Russian Encyclopedia]] an other sources, until the 19th century some of them spoke Mongolian.<ref name="bigenc" /><ref name="Vámbéry" /><ref name="Petrushevsky" /> And according to Temirkhanov, the Mongolian elements make up 10% of the Hazara vocabulary.<ref name="TemirkhanovVocabulary"> Temirkhanov L. (1968). [https://www.booksite.ru/etnogr/1968/1968_1.pdf "О некоторых спорных вопросах этнической истории хазарейского народа"]. Советская этнография. 1. P. 91. In Russian: ''"монгольские элементы составляют 10% хазарейской лексики"''.</ref>  The Turkic and Mongolic words make up about 20% of the vocabulary of Hazaragi dialect.<ref>{{Cite book |last=خاوری |first=محمد جواد |title=امثال و حِکم مردم هزاره |publisher=نشر عرفان |location=مشهد |page=16}}</ref>
+According to Doctor of Sciences Lutfi Temirkhanov, the ancestors of the Hazaras were Mongol-speaking<ref name="Temirkhanov"/><ref name="TemirkhanovLutfi"/> and only after the resettlement, they mixed with the Persian-speaking and Turkic-speaking population: ''"hordes of Mongol princes and feudal lords found themselves in a Persian-speaking encirclement; they mixed with them, were influenced by the Persian-Tajik culture and gradually adopted the Persian language"''.<ref name="TemirkhanovLanguage">Temirkhanov L. (1968). [https://www.booksite.ru/etnogr/1968/1968_1.pdf "О некоторых спорных вопросах этнической истории хазарейского народа"]. Советская этнография. 1. P. 93-94. In Russian: ''"орды монгольских царевичей и феодалов оказались в таджикском окружении; они смешивались с таджиками, подвергались влиянию персидско-таджикской культуры и постепенно принимали язык таджиков, отсюда и таджикская речь хазарейцев"''.</ref> According to a number of sources, in the 16th century during the life of [[Babur]] some of them spoke a [[Mongolian language]].<ref name="Массон, Ромодин" /><ref name="Bartold" /><ref name="Iranica" /> According to the [[Great Russian Encyclopedia]] an other sources, until the 19th century some Hazaras spoke Mongolian.<ref name="bigenc" /><ref name="Vámbéry" /><ref name="Petrushevsky" /><ref name="Forensic Science International" /> And according to Temirkhanov, the Mongolian elements make up 10% of the Hazara vocabulary.<ref name="TemirkhanovVocabulary"> Temirkhanov L. (1968). [https://www.booksite.ru/etnogr/1968/1968_1.pdf "О некоторых спорных вопросах этнической истории хазарейского народа"]. Советская этнография. 1. P. 91. In Russian: ''"монгольские элементы составляют 10% хазарейской лексики"''.</ref>  The Turkic and Mongolic words make up about 20% of the vocabulary of Hazaragi dialect.<ref>{{Cite book |last=خاوری |first=محمد جواد |title=امثال و حِکم مردم هزاره |publisher=نشر عرفان |location=مشهد |page=16}}</ref>
 === Religion ===
@@ Line 280: / Line 280: @@
 === Art ===
 [[File:Dawood Sarkhush.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Dawood Sarkhosh]], a folklore Hazara musician]]
-[[File:Faiz Muhammad Kateb Hazara.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Faiz Muhammad Kateb]], a prominent writer and historian]]
+[[File:Faiz Muhammad Kateb Hazara.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Faiz Muhammad Kateb]], a prominent writer and historian|left]]
 ==== Writers and poets ====
@@ Line 347: / Line 347: @@
 Alauddini Hazaras.jpg|[[List of Hazara tribes|Alauddini]] Hazaras in [[Ghazni province]]
 File:Hazaras men, Afghanistan.jpg| Hazara men on the anniversary of the death of [[Abdul Ali Mazari]] in Kabul
-File:Hazara schoolgirls in Bamyan, Afghanistan.jpg|Hazara schoolgirls in [[Bamyan province]]
+File:Hazara schoolboys in Afghanistan.jpg|Hazara schoolboys
 </gallery>
@@ Line 367: / Line 367: @@
 * [[Demographics of Central Asia]]
 * [[Aimaq Hazara]]
-{{clear}}
 == References ==

v t e Hazara people related topics
Key figures	Faiz Muhammad Kateb Abdul Ali Mazari Ismael Balkhi Muhammad Hussain Sadiqi Nili Sayyid Ali Beheshti Sayed Mohammad Ali Jawid Mir Yazdanbakhsh Hassan Poladi Karim Khalili Khodaidad Hussain Ali Yousafi Akram Yari Sima Samar Habiba Sarābi Azra Jafari Fatema Akbari Abdul Khaliq Hazara (assassin) Abdul Khaliq Hazara (politician) Qazi Mohammad Isa Muhammad Mohaqiq Younus Changezi Kazim Yazdani Sayed Askar Mousavi Ahmad Shah Ramazan Ramazan Bashardost Abdul Haq Shafaq Abdul Qayyum Sajjadi Abbas Noyan Aziz Royesh
Political parties	Hezbe Wahdat Islami Mardum-e Milli Islami Hazara Democratic Party Progressive Youth Organization Revolutionary Council of Islamic Unity of Afghanistan Sazman-i Nasr
Grassroots groups	Tabassum movement Enlightenment Movement
Battles and Conflicts	Battle of Uruzgan Afshar Operation Battle of Kabul (1992–1996) Kuchi–Hazara conflict
Artists and Poets	Dawood Sarkhosh Safdar Tawakoli Zahir Howaida Shakeeb Hamdard Elaha Soroor
Category Commons

v t e Iranian peoples
Ethnic groups	Achomis Aimaqs Balochs Baloch tribes Bashkardis Dehwaris Farsiwan Gilaks Kumzaris Kurds Kurdish tribes Yazidis Lurs Bakhtiaris Shehnis Feyli Lurs Hadavand Hasanvand Southern Lurs Mamasanis Mazanderanis Ossetians Digors Irons Kudars Jaszs Pamiris Chinese Tajiks Shughnis Badzhuis Oroshoris Wakhis Yidgha–Munji Pashtuns Pashtun tribes Persians Arab-Persians Basseries Sistanis Semnanis Shabaks Tajiks Talyshs Tats of the Caucasus Tats of Iran Yaghnobis Zazas
Related ethnic groups	Ajam of Bahrain 'Ajam of Kuwait Iranians in the United Arab Emirates Iranians in Qatar Armeno-Tats Bukharan Jews Hazaras Persian Jews Shihuh
Ancient peoples	Ancient Iranian peoples
Origin	Indo-Iranians Proto-Indo-Europeans
Languages	Iranian languages
Iranian religions	Proto-Indo-Iranian paganism Ancient Iranian religion Assianism Bábism Baháʼí Faith Khurramites Manichaeism Mazdakism Mazdaznan Scythian Yarsanism Yazidism Zoroastrianism

Authority control databases
International	FAST
National	United States France BnF data Israel