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{{Short description|Genus of plant in the family Pittosporaceae}}
{{italic title}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{taxobox
{{Use Australian English |date=January 2023}}
|name = ''Hymenosporum flavum''
{{Speciesbox
|name = Native Frangipani
|image = Hymenosporum flavum.jpg
|image = Hymenosporum flavum.jpg
|status = LC
|regnum = [[Plantae]]
|status_system = IUCN3.1
|unranked_divisio = [[Angiosperms]]
|status_ref = {{R|IUCN}}
|unranked_classis = [[Eudicots]]
|genus = Hymenosporum
|unranked_ordo = [[Asterids]]
|parent_authority = [[Robert Brown (botanist, born 1773)|R.Br.]] ex [[Ferdinand von Mueller|F.Muell.]]{{R|POWO1}}
|ordo = [[Apiales]]
|species = flavum
|familia = [[Pittosporaceae]]
|authority = ([[William Jackson Hooker|Hook.]]) [[Ferdinand von Mueller|F.Muell.]]{{R|POWO2}}
|genus = '''''Hymenosporum '''''
|synonyms = * ''Pittosporum flavum'' <small>Hook.</small>{{R|POWO2}}
|genus_authority = [[Robert Brown (botanist)|R.Br.]] ex [[Ferdinand von Mueller|F.Muell.]]
}}
|species = ''''' H. flavum '''''
|binomial = '' Hymenosporum flavum ''
|binomial_authority = ([[William Jackson Hooker|Hook.]]) [[Ferdinand von Mueller|F.Muell.]]
|}}


'''''Hymenosporum flavum''''', or '''Native Frangipani''', is a [[rainforest]] tree which is native to [[Queensland]] and [[New South Wales]] in [[Australia]] and [[New Guinea]]. It is the sole species within the [[genus]] '''''Hymenosporum''''', and is closely related to the widespread genus [[Pittosporum]].
'''''Hymenosporum''''' is a [[monotypic genus]] of trees in the family [[Pittosporaceae]]. The sole included species is '''''Hymenosporum flavum''''', commonly known as '''native frangipani''', found in the rainforests and wet [[sclerophyll]] forests of [[New Guinea]], [[Queensland]] and [[New South Wales]]. Despite its common name, it is not closely related to the [[Plumeria|frangipani]], but is related to the widespread genus ''[[Pittosporum]]''.


==Description==
It produces clusters of fragrant flowers in the spring which are about 5&nbsp;cm in diameter. They are cream in colour, ageing to yellow and are followed by long pear-shaped seed capsules. The flowers attract bees and honey-eating birds and butterflies. It has dark green, glossy leaves which are usually around 10&nbsp;cm long and 4&nbsp;cm wide. At its best, the branches are heavily foliaged and form widely spaced tiers which makes the tree extremely attractive. When in bloom it is a favoured food source for feather tailed gliders.
''Hymenosporum flavum'' is a semi-deciduous tree up to {{cvt|25|m}} high and a trunk diameter ([[Diameter at breast height|DBH]]) to {{cvt|45|cm}}.{{R|FOA2|ANPSA}} The [[Glossary of leaf morphology#obovate|obovate]] leaves are [[Glossary of leaf morphology#simple |simple]], [[Phyllotaxis#Leaf arrangement|alternate]], glossy green above and lighter below. They measure up to {{cvt|13|cm}} long by {{cvt|4.5|cm}} wide.{{R|FOA2|ANPSA|RFK}} and are clustered towards the ends of the branches in pseudo-whorls.{{R|FOA2|ANPSA}}


The very fragrant flowers are quite large, about {{cvt|40|mm}} diameter with a [[hypanthium |floral tube]] up to {{cvt|28|mm}} long.{{R|FOA2}} They are initially functionally male, and coloured white with lemon tinges. Over a period of about 5 days the [[Stigma (botany)|stigma]] begins to develop and the [[stamen]]s curl away. At the same time the colour deepens until the fully functioning female flower is golden yellow with red/purple track lines in the throat.{{R|FOA2}}
Despite its common name, it is not closely related to the [[Plumeria|frangipani]].

The fruit is a [[Dehiscence (botany)|dehiscent]], two-chambered [[Capsule (fruit)|capsule]], black/brown, densely hairy and about {{cvt|35|mm}} wide and long.{{R|FOA2}} Seeds are about {{cvt|7|mm}} long with a {{cvt|4|mm}} wing. They are numerous, and stacked together to fill each chamber.{{R|FOA2}}

===Phenology===
Flowering occurs from early spring to early summer,{{R|FOA2|ANPSA}} and the fruit ripen around May.{{R|FOA2}}

==Taxonomy==
This species was first described in 1854 by the [[England|English]] [[botanist]] and illustrator [[William Jackson Hooker]] as ''Pittosporum flavum''. In 1860 the [[Germany|German born]] Australian botanist [[Ferdinand von Mueller]] transferred it to the genus ''Hymenosporum'' in his work ''[[Fragmenta phytographiae Australiae|Fragmenta phytographiæ Australiæ]]''.{{R|BHL}}

===Etymology===
The genus name ''Hymenosporum'' is derived from the [[Ancient Greek]] words [[wikt:ῠ̔μήν#Noun|humḗn]], meaning membrane, and [[wikt:σπορά#Ancient Greek|sporā́]], meaning seed. It is a reference to the winged seeds.{{R|FOA1|ANPSA}} The [[Botanical name#Binary name|species epithet]] ''flavum'' is from the [[Latin]] [[wikt:flavus#Adjective|flāvus]], yellow, and refers to the flower colour.{{R|ANPSA|FOA2}}

==Distribution and habitat==
The native range of ''Hymenosporum flavum'' is from New Guinea south through coastal Queensland to northeastern New South Wales.{{R|FOA2|RFK}} It grows in rainforest or wet sclerophyll forest on various soils.{{R|RFK|PLANTNET}}


==Cultivation==
==Cultivation==
Native Frangipani is widely cultivated and usually grows to around 8 metres in height. Although it can grow to over 20 metres tall in the [[rainforest]]. It can be grown in shaded positions, but flowers best in full sun. In Australia, the tree is commonly planted in suburban streets, in shopping boulevards and in walkways between tall buildings. It prefers a well-drained soil with a high organic content, but is highly adaptable. Very young seedlngs are easily killed by frosts but if kept in a sheltered position until about 4–5 feet high, will thrive in cooler areas, as long as they have access to water during hot dry spells.
Native frangipani is widely cultivated and usually grows to around 8 metres in height although it can grow to over 20 metres tall in the [[rainforest]]. It can be grown in shaded positions, but flowers best in full sun.{{cn|date=January 2023}}


In Australia, the tree is commonly planted in suburban streets, in shopping boulevards and in walkways between tall buildings. It prefers a well-drained soil with a high organic content, but is highly adaptable. Very young [[seedling]]s are easily killed by frosts but if kept in a sheltered position until about 1–1.5 metres high, will thrive in cooler areas, as long as they have access to water during hot dry spells.{{cn|date=January 2023}}
[[Image:Hymenosporum flavum flowers Port Macquarie.jpg|300px|thumb|none|''Hymenosporum flavum'' flowers growing at [[Port Macquarie]]]]

[[Image:Hymensoporum flavum flowers.jpg|300px|thumb|none|''Hymenosporum flavum'' flowers]]
''Hymenosporum flavum'' is included in the [[Tasmania]]n Fire Service's list of low [[flammability]] plants, indicating that it is suitable for growing within a building protection zone.{{R|TFS}}

==Gallery==
<gallery mode="packed">
File:Hymenosporum flavum flowers Port Macquarie.jpg|Flowering at [[Port Macquarie]]
File:Hymensoporum flavum flowers.jpg|Flowers
File:Hymenosporum_flavum_Native_fragipani_ჰიმენოსპორუმი_(2).JPG|Leaves and flowers
File:Hymenosporum flavum 1.jpg|Flowers close up
File:Hymenosporum flavum, loof en vrugkapsules, Nieuw Muckleneuk.jpg|Seed capsules
File:170411 588 Encinitas - San Diego Botanic Gdn, Australian Gdn, Hymenosporum flavum Sweet Shade Tree hiding under a giant Eucalyptus (33744468214).jpg|Mature tree flowering
File:Native frangipani flowers.jpg|Flowers
File:Australian frangipani flowers.jpg|Flowers start as white, then age to yellow and finally coppery orange
</gallery>

==References==
{{Reflist |refs=
<ref name="IUCN">{{cite iucn |author=Jimbo, T. |year=2021 |title=''Hymenosporum flavum'' |volume=2021 |page=e.T196689337A197049548 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T196689337A197049548.en |access-date=24 January 2023}}</ref>

<ref name="POWO1">{{cite web |url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:32085-1 |title=''Hymenosporum'' <small>R.Br. ex F.Muell.</small> |website=[[Plants of the World Online]] |publisher=[[Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew]] |access-date=24 January 2023}}</ref>

<ref name="POWO2">{{cite web |url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:684320-1 |title=''Hymenosporum flavum'' <small>(Hook.) F.Muell.</small> |website=[[Plants of the World Online]] |publisher=[[Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew]] |access-date=24 January 2023}}</ref>

<ref name="FOA1">{{cite web |url=https://profiles.ala.org.au/opus/foa/profile/Hymenosporum |title=''Hymenosporum'' |last1=Cayzer |first1=Lindy |year=2020 |website=[[Flora of Australia]] |publisher=[[Australian Biological Resources Study]], Department of Climate Change, the Environment and Water: Canberra |access-date=24 January 2023}}</ref>

<ref name="FOA2">{{cite web |url=https://profiles.ala.org.au/opus/foa/profile/Hymenosporum%20flavum |title=''Hymenosporum flavum'' |last1=Cayzer |first1=Lindy |year=2020 |website=[[Flora of Australia]] |publisher=[[Australian Biological Resources Study]], Department of Climate Change, the Environment and Water: Canberra |access-date=24 January 2023}}</ref>

<ref name="BHL">{{cite book |last1=Mueller |first1=Ferdinand von |title=Fragmenta phytographiæ Australiæ |date=1825–1896 |volume=2 |publisher=J. Ferres |location=Melbourne |page=77 |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/760863 |access-date=23 January 2023}}</ref>

<ref name="ANPSA">{{cite web |title=Hymenosporum flavum |url=https://anpsa.org.au/plant_profiles/hymenosporum-flavum/ |website=Australian Native Plants Society (Australia) |access-date=24 January 2023}}</ref>

<ref name="RFK">{{cite web |url=https://apps.lucidcentral.org/rainforest/text/entities/Hymenosporum_flavum.htm |title=''Hymenosporum flavum'' |author1=F.A.Zich |author2=B.P.M.Hyland |author3=T.Whiffen |author4=R.A.Kerrigan |author2-link=Bernard Hyland |year=2020 |website=[[Australian Tropical Rainforest Plants]] Edition 8 (RFK8) |publisher=Centre for Australian National Biodiversity Research (CANBR), [[Australian Government]] |access-date=24 January 2023}}</ref>

<ref name="TFS">{{cite web |last1=Chladil |first1=Mark |last2=Sheridan |first2=Jennifer |title=Fire retardant garden plants for the urban fringe and rural areas |url=http://www.fire.tas.gov.au/publications/1709%20Brochure.pdf|website=www.fire.tas.gov.au|publisher=Tasmanian Fire Research Fund}}</ref>

<ref name="PLANTNET">{{cite web |url=https://plantnet.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/cgi-bin/NSWfl.pl?page=nswfl&lvl=sp&name=Hymenosporum~flavum |title=PlantNET - FloraOnline |year= |website=PlantNET (The NSW Plant Information Network System) |publisher=Royal Botanic Gardens and Domain Trust, Sydney |access-date=6 January 2024}}</ref>
}}


==External links==
==External links==
* {{Wikispecies-inline |Hymenosporum flavum |''Hymenosporum flavum''}}
*[http://plantnet.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/cgi-bin/NSWfl.pl?page=nswfl&lvl=sp&name=Hymenosporum~flavum PlantNET-New South Wales Flora online: ''Hymenosporum flavum'']
*[http://asgap.org.au/h-fla.html Association of Societies for Growing Australian Plants (ASGAP): ''Hymenosporum flavum'']
* {{Commons category-inline |Hymenosporum flavum |''Hymenosporum flavum''}}
* [https://avh.ala.org.au/occurrences/search?taxa=Hymenosporum+flavum#tab_mapView View a map] of historical sightings of this species at the [[Australasian Virtual Herbarium]]
* [https://inaturalist.ala.org.au/observations?taxon_id=369895 View observations] of this species on [[iNaturalist]]
* [https://flickriver.com/search/Hymenosporum+flavum View images] of this species on [[Flickriver]]
* [http://plantnet.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/cgi-bin/NSWfl.pl?page=nswfl&lvl=sp&name=Hymenosporum~flavum PlantNET-New South Wales Flora online: ''Hymenosporum flavum'']
{{Taxonbar|from1=Q16389872|from2=Q2495026}}


[[Category:Pittosporaceae]]
[[Category:Apiales of Australia]]
[[Category:Apiales of Australia]]
[[Category:Flora of New South Wales]]
[[Category:Flora of New South Wales]]
[[Category:Flora of Queensland]]
[[Category:Flora of Queensland]]
[[Category:Flora of New Guinea]]
[[Category:Flora of New Guinea]]
[[Category:Pittosporaceae]]
[[Category:Monotypic Apiales genera]]
[[Category:Trees of Australia]]
[[Category:Trees of Australia]]
[[Category:Ornamental trees]]
[[Category:Ornamental trees]]
[[Category:Garden plants of Australia]]

[[Category:Garden plants]]

[[Category:Taxa named by Ferdinand von Mueller]]
{{Apiales-stub}}
[[Category:Taxa named by Robert Brown (botanist, born 1773)]]
{{tree-stub}}
{{Australia-asterid-stub}}

[[es:Hymenosporum flavum]]
[[fr:Frangipanier australien]]
[[ja:ヒメノスポルム属]]
[[ru:Гименоспорум]]

Latest revision as of 03:40, 7 January 2024

Native Frangipani
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Asterids
Order: Apiales
Family: Pittosporaceae
Genus: Hymenosporum
R.Br. ex F.Muell.[3]
Species:
H. flavum
Binomial name
Hymenosporum flavum
Synonyms
  • Pittosporum flavum Hook.[2]

Hymenosporum is a monotypic genus of trees in the family Pittosporaceae. The sole included species is Hymenosporum flavum, commonly known as native frangipani, found in the rainforests and wet sclerophyll forests of New Guinea, Queensland and New South Wales. Despite its common name, it is not closely related to the frangipani, but is related to the widespread genus Pittosporum.

Description

[edit]

Hymenosporum flavum is a semi-deciduous tree up to 25 m (82 ft) high and a trunk diameter (DBH) to 45 cm (18 in).[4][5] The obovate leaves are simple, alternate, glossy green above and lighter below. They measure up to 13 cm (5.1 in) long by 4.5 cm (1.8 in) wide.[4][5][6] and are clustered towards the ends of the branches in pseudo-whorls.[4][5]

The very fragrant flowers are quite large, about 40 mm (1.6 in) diameter with a floral tube up to 28 mm (1.1 in) long.[4] They are initially functionally male, and coloured white with lemon tinges. Over a period of about 5 days the stigma begins to develop and the stamens curl away. At the same time the colour deepens until the fully functioning female flower is golden yellow with red/purple track lines in the throat.[4]

The fruit is a dehiscent, two-chambered capsule, black/brown, densely hairy and about 35 mm (1.4 in) wide and long.[4] Seeds are about 7 mm (0.28 in) long with a 4 mm (0.16 in) wing. They are numerous, and stacked together to fill each chamber.[4]

Phenology

[edit]

Flowering occurs from early spring to early summer,[4][5] and the fruit ripen around May.[4]

Taxonomy

[edit]

This species was first described in 1854 by the English botanist and illustrator William Jackson Hooker as Pittosporum flavum. In 1860 the German born Australian botanist Ferdinand von Mueller transferred it to the genus Hymenosporum in his work Fragmenta phytographiæ Australiæ.[7]

Etymology

[edit]

The genus name Hymenosporum is derived from the Ancient Greek words humḗn, meaning membrane, and sporā́, meaning seed. It is a reference to the winged seeds.[8][5] The species epithet flavum is from the Latin flāvus, yellow, and refers to the flower colour.[5][4]

Distribution and habitat

[edit]

The native range of Hymenosporum flavum is from New Guinea south through coastal Queensland to northeastern New South Wales.[4][6] It grows in rainforest or wet sclerophyll forest on various soils.[6][9]

Cultivation

[edit]

Native frangipani is widely cultivated and usually grows to around 8 metres in height although it can grow to over 20 metres tall in the rainforest. It can be grown in shaded positions, but flowers best in full sun.[citation needed]

In Australia, the tree is commonly planted in suburban streets, in shopping boulevards and in walkways between tall buildings. It prefers a well-drained soil with a high organic content, but is highly adaptable. Very young seedlings are easily killed by frosts but if kept in a sheltered position until about 1–1.5 metres high, will thrive in cooler areas, as long as they have access to water during hot dry spells.[citation needed]

Hymenosporum flavum is included in the Tasmanian Fire Service's list of low flammability plants, indicating that it is suitable for growing within a building protection zone.[10]

[edit]
  • Flowering at Port Macquarie
    Flowering at Port Macquarie
  • Flowers
    Flowers
  • Leaves and flowers
    Leaves and flowers
  • Flowers close up
    Flowers close up
  • Seed capsules
    Seed capsules
  • Mature tree flowering
    Mature tree flowering
  • Flowers
    Flowers
  • Flowers start as white, then age to yellow and finally coppery orange
    Flowers start as white, then age to yellow and finally coppery orange

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Jimbo, T. (2021). "Hymenosporum flavum". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021: e.T196689337A197049548. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T196689337A197049548.en. Retrieved 24 January 2023.
  2. ^ a b "Hymenosporum flavum (Hook.) F.Muell.". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 24 January 2023.
  3. ^ "Hymenosporum R.Br. ex F.Muell.". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 24 January 2023.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Cayzer, Lindy (2020). "Hymenosporum flavum". Flora of Australia. Australian Biological Resources Study, Department of Climate Change, the Environment and Water: Canberra. Retrieved 24 January 2023.
  5. ^ a b c d e f "Hymenosporum flavum". Australian Native Plants Society (Australia). Retrieved 24 January 2023.
  6. ^ a b c F.A.Zich; B.P.M.Hyland; T.Whiffen; R.A.Kerrigan (2020). "Hymenosporum flavum". Australian Tropical Rainforest Plants Edition 8 (RFK8). Centre for Australian National Biodiversity Research (CANBR), Australian Government. Retrieved 24 January 2023.
  7. ^ Mueller, Ferdinand von (1825–1896). Fragmenta phytographiæ Australiæ. Vol. 2. Melbourne: J. Ferres. p. 77. Retrieved 23 January 2023.
  8. ^ Cayzer, Lindy (2020). "Hymenosporum". Flora of Australia. Australian Biological Resources Study, Department of Climate Change, the Environment and Water: Canberra. Retrieved 24 January 2023.
  9. ^ "PlantNET - FloraOnline". PlantNET (The NSW Plant Information Network System). Royal Botanic Gardens and Domain Trust, Sydney. Retrieved 6 January 2024.
  10. ^ Chladil, Mark; Sheridan, Jennifer. "Fire retardant garden plants for the urban fringe and rural areas" (PDF). www.fire.tas.gov.au. Tasmanian Fire Research Fund.
[edit]
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