Hyperpyron: Difference between revisions
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==Sources== |
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*{{cite book|last=Grierson|first=Philip|title=Byzantine Coinage|location=Washington, District of Columbia|publisher=Dumbarton Oaks|year=1999|isbn=978-0-88402-274-9|url=http://www.doaks.org/publications/doaks_online_publications/byzcoins.pdf|ref=harv}} |
*{{cite book|last=Grierson|first=Philip|title=Byzantine Coinage|location=Washington, District of Columbia|publisher=Dumbarton Oaks|year=1999|isbn=978-0-88402-274-9|url=http://www.doaks.org/publications/doaks_online_publications/byzcoins.pdf|ref=harv}} |
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*{{cite book|editor-last=Kazhdan|editor-first=Alexander Petrovich|editor-link=Alexander Kazhdan|title=[[The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium]]|location=New York, New York and Oxford, United Kingdom|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1991|isbn=978-0-19-504652-6|ref=harv}} |
*{{cite book|editor-last=Kazhdan|editor-first=Alexander Petrovich|editor-link=Alexander Kazhdan|title=[[The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium]]|location=New York, New York and Oxford, United Kingdom|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1991|isbn=978-0-19-504652-6|ref=harv}} |
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==Further reading== |
==Further reading== |
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*{{cite book|last=Hendy|first=Michael F.|title=The Economy, Fiscal Administration and Coinage of Byzantium|location=London, United Kingdom|publisher=Variorum Reprints|year=1989|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=xjxoAAAAMAAJ|isbn=0860782530|ref=harv}} |
*{{cite book|last=Hendy|first=Michael F.|title=The Economy, Fiscal Administration and Coinage of Byzantium|location=London, United Kingdom|publisher=Variorum Reprints|year=1989|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=xjxoAAAAMAAJ|isbn=0860782530|ref=harv}} |
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*{{cite book|last=Hendy|first=Michael F.|title=Studies in the Byzantine Monetary Economy c. 300–1450|location=Cambridge, United Kingdom|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1985|isbn=0-521-24715-2|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=STZV-gc--04C}} |
*{{cite book|last=Hendy|first=Michael F.|title=Studies in the Byzantine Monetary Economy c. 300–1450|location=Cambridge, United Kingdom|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1985|isbn=0-521-24715-2|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=STZV-gc--04C}} |
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Revision as of 22:01, 2 February 2012
The hyperpyron (Template:Lang-el) was a Byzantine coin in use during the late Middle Ages, replacing the solidus as the Byzantine Empire's gold coinage.
History
The traditional gold currency of the Byzantine Empire had been the solidus or nomisma, whose gold content had remained steady at 24 carats for seven centuries and was consequently highly prized. From the 1030s, however, the coin was increasingly debased, until in the 1080s, following the military disasters and civil wars of the previous decade, its gold content was reduced to almost zero.[1] Consequently in 1092, Emperor Alexios I Komnenos (r. 1081–1118) undertook a drastic overhaul of the Byzantine coinage system and introduced a new gold coin, the hyperpyron (meaning "super-refined"). This was of the same standard weight (4.45 grams) as the solidus, but of less gold content (20.5 carats instead of 24) due to the recycling of earlier debased coins.[2]
The hyperpyron remained the standard gold coin until gold coins ceased to be minted by the Byzantines in the mid-14th century. It too, however, was subject to gradual debasement: under the Empire of Nicaea, its gold content fell gradually to 18 carats, under Michael VIII Palaiologos (r. 1259–1282) to 15 and under his son and successor Andronikos II Palaiologos (r. 1282–1328) to 12 carats. At the same time, the quality of the coins declined as well, and in the 14th century, their weight was far from uniform.[3] The last hyperpyra, and thus the last Byzantine gold coins, were struck by Emperor John VI Kantakouzenos (r. 1347–1352). The name remained in use thereafter solely as a money of account, divided into 24 keratia.[4]
The name was adopted in various forms by Western Europeans (Template:Lang-la, Template:Lang-it) and the Slavic countries of the Balkans (perper, iperpero, etc.) designating various coins, usually silver, as well as moneys of account.[5]
In the early Komnenian period, the hyperpyron was the equivalent of three electrum trachea, 48 billon trachea or 864 copper tetartera, although with the debasement of the trachea it eventually came to rate 12 electrum trachea and 288 to 384 billon trachea.[6] In the 14th century, the hyperpyron equalled 12 of the new silver basilika, 96 tournesia, 384 copper trachea and 768 copper assaria.[7]
References
- ^ Grierson 1999, p. 10.
- ^ Grierson 1999, p. 11; Kazhdan 1991, p. 964.
- ^ Grierson 1999, pp. 11–12.
- ^ Grierson 1999, p. 12; Kazhdan 1991, pp. 964–965.
- ^ Kazhdan 1991, p. 965.
- ^ Grierson 1999, p. 44.
- ^ Grierson 1999, p. 45.
Sources
- Grierson, Philip (1999). Byzantine Coinage (PDF). Washington, District of Columbia: Dumbarton Oaks. ISBN 978-0-88402-274-9.
{{cite book}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) - Kazhdan, Alexander Petrovich, ed. (1991). The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium. New York, New York and Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-504652-6.
{{cite book}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help)
Further reading
- Grierson, Philip (1982). Byzantine Coins. London, United Kingdom: Methuen. ISBN 978-0-416713602.
- Hendy, Michael F. (1989). The Economy, Fiscal Administration and Coinage of Byzantium. London, United Kingdom: Variorum Reprints. ISBN 0860782530.
{{cite book}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) - Hendy, Michael F. (1985). Studies in the Byzantine Monetary Economy c. 300–1450. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-24715-2.
