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{{Short description|British medical researcher}}
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{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2016}}
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| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1943|6|3|df=y}}<ref name="whoswho">{{cite web |url=http://www.ukwhoswho.com/view/article/oupww/whoswho/U10548 |title=CHALMERS, Sir Iain (Geoffrey) |website=Who's Who 2014, A & C Black, an imprint of Bloomsbury Publishing plc, 2014; online edn, Oxford University Press }}{{subscription required}}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Liverpool]], Lancashire
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| alma_mater = [[Middlesex Hospital]] Medical School, [[University of London]] ([[Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery|MBBS]])<ref name="whoswho"/>
| alma_mater = [[Middlesex Hospital]] Medical School, [[University of London]] ([[Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery|MBBS]])<ref name="whoswho">{{cite web |url=http://www.ukwhoswho.com/view/article/oupww/whoswho/U10548 |title=CHALMERS, Sir Iain (Geoffrey) |website=Who's Who 2014, A & C Black, an imprint of Bloomsbury Publishing plc, 2014; online edn, Oxford University Press }}{{subscription required}}</ref>
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'''Sir Iain Geoffrey Chalmers''' {{post-nominals|country=GBR|FRCOG|FFPHM|FRCPE|FMedSci|FRCP(E)}} (born 3 June 1943) is a British health services researcher, one of the founders of the [[Cochrane Collaboration]],<ref name="cochrane">[http://www.cochrane.org/ The Cochrane Collaboration] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161130222336/http://www.cochrane.org/ |date=30 November 2016 }}</ref> and coordinator of the James Lind Initiative, which includes the James Lind Library and [[James Lind Alliance]].<ref name="lifetimeachievementaward">{{cite journal |doi=10.1136/bmj.g2921 |pmid=24817068 |title=Lifetime Achievement Award 2014: Sir Iain Chalmers |journal=BMJ |volume=348 |pages=g2921 |year=2014 |last1=Hawkes |first1=N }}</ref><ref>[http://www.jameslindlibrary.org/ James Lind Library] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161207040257/http://www.jameslindlibrary.org/ |date=7 December 2016 }}</ref><ref>[http://www.lindalliance.org James Lind Alliance] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150810152206/http://www.lindalliance.org/ |date=10 August 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1136/bmj.f6152 |title=Iain Chalmers: Guilty, obsessional, and frustrated |journal=BMJ |volume=347 |pages=f6152 |year=2013 }}</ref>
'''Sir Iain Geoffrey Chalmers''' is a British health services researcher, one of the founders of the [[Cochrane Collaboration]],<ref name="cochrane">[http://www.cochrane.org/ The Cochrane Collaboration] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161130222336/http://www.cochrane.org/ |date=30 November 2016 }}</ref> and coordinator of the James Lind Initiative, which includes the James Lind Library and [[James Lind Alliance]].<ref name="lifetimeachievementaward">{{cite journal |doi=10.1136/bmj.g2921 |pmid=24817068 |title=Lifetime Achievement Award 2014: Sir Iain Chalmers |journal=BMJ |volume=348 |pages=g2921 |year=2014 |last1=Hawkes |first1=N |s2cid=206902160 }}</ref><ref>[http://www.jameslindlibrary.org/ James Lind Library] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161207040257/http://www.jameslindlibrary.org/ |date=7 December 2016 }}</ref><ref>[http://www.lindalliance.org James Lind Alliance] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150810152206/http://www.lindalliance.org/ |date=10 August 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1136/bmj.f6152 |title=Iain Chalmers: Guilty, obsessional, and frustrated |journal=BMJ |volume=347 |pages=f6152 |year=2013 |s2cid=220096764 }}</ref>


==Education and career==
==Education and career==
[[File:Iain-Chalmers-office-at-home.jpg|thumb|Iain Chalmers in his office at home, Middle Town, Oxford (2015).]]
[[File:Iain-Chalmers-office-at-home.jpg|thumb|Iain Chalmers in his office at home in Oxford (2015).]]
Chalmers qualified in medicine in the mid-1960s, and then practised as a clinician in the [[United Kingdom]] and two years (1969-1970) in the [[Gaza Strip]].<ref name=BMJ-Careers>{{cite journal |doi=10.1136/bmj.331.7525.s214 |title=Sir Iain Chalmers |journal=BMJ |volume=331 |issue=7525 |pages=s214 |year=2005 |last1=Sanai |first1=Leyla }}</ref> In the mid-1970s, he became a full-time health services researcher with a particular interest in assessing the effects of care.
Chalmers qualified in medicine in the mid-1960s, and then practised as a clinician in the [[United Kingdom]] and two years (1969–1970) in the [[Gaza Strip]].<ref name=BMJ-Careers>{{cite journal |doi=10.1136/bmj.331.7525.s214 |title=Sir Iain Chalmers |journal=BMJ |volume=331 |issue=7525 |pages=s214 |year=2005 |last1=Sanai |first1=Leyla |s2cid=220108371 }}</ref> In the mid-1970s, he became a full-time health services researcher with a particular interest in assessing the effects of care.


Between 1978 and 1992, he was the first director of the [[National Perinatal Epidemiology Unit]] in [[Oxford]].<ref name=Watts-Lancet-2006>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(06)69879-6 |pmid=17189019 |title=Iain Chalmers: Maverick master of medical evidence |journal=The Lancet |volume=368 |issue=9554 |pages=2203 |year=2006 |last1=Watts |first1=Geoff }}</ref> There, Chalmers led the development of the electronic ''Oxford Database of Perinatal Trials'' (ODPT)<ref name=Starr-2009>{{cite journal |doi=10.1017/s026646230909062x |pmid=19534840 |title=The origins, evolution, and future of the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |journal=International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care |volume=25 |pages=182–195 |year=2009 |last1=Starr |first1=Mark |last2=Chalmers |first2=Iain |last3=Clarke |first3=Mike |last4=Oxman |first4=Andrew D }}</ref> and a collection of systematic reviews of randomized trials of care in pregnancy and children published in the two-volume ''Effective Care in Pregnancy and Childbirth'',<ref name=ECPC>{{cite book|last=Chalmers|first=Iain|title=Effective Care in Pregnancy and Childbirth|date=1989|publisher=Oxford University Press|url=https://books.google.com/books/about/Effective_Care_in_Pregnancy_and_Childbir.html?id=Wp1sAAAAMAAJ|author2=Murray Enkin |author3=Marc J.N.C. Keirse |accessdate=31 May 2014|isbn=9780192615589}}</ref> co-authoring its summary, ''Guide to Effective Care in Pregnancy and Childbirth''.<ref name=Fox-2011>{{cite journal |doi=10.1111/j.1468-0009.2011.00635.x |pmid=21933275 |pmc=3214717 |title=Systematic Reviews and Health Policy: The Influence of a Project on Perinatal Care since 1988 |journal=Milbank Quarterly |volume=89 |issue=3 |pages=425–449 |year=2011 |last1=Fox |first1=Daniel M }}</ref>
Between 1978 and 1992, he was the first director of the [[National Perinatal Epidemiology Unit]] in [[Oxford]].<ref name=Watts-Lancet-2006>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(06)69879-6 |pmid=17189019 |title=Iain Chalmers: Maverick master of medical evidence |journal=The Lancet |volume=368 |issue=9554 |pages=2203 |year=2006 |last1=Watts |first1=Geoff |s2cid=46317599 }}</ref> There, Chalmers led the development of the electronic ''Oxford Database of Perinatal Trials'' (ODPT)<ref name=Starr-2009>{{cite journal |doi=10.1017/s026646230909062x |pmid=19534840 |title=The origins, evolution, and future of the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |journal=International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care |volume=25 |pages=182–195 |year=2009 |last1=Starr |first1=Mark |last2=Chalmers |first2=Iain |last3=Clarke |first3=Mike |last4=Oxman |first4=Andrew D |doi-access=free }}</ref> and a collection of systematic reviews of randomized trials of care in pregnancy and children published in the two-volume ''Effective Care in Pregnancy and Childbirth'',<ref name=ECPC>{{cite book|last=Chalmers|first=Iain|title=Effective Care in Pregnancy and Childbirth|date=1989|publisher=Oxford University Press|url=https://archive.org/details/guidetoeffective0000enki|url-access=registration|author2=Murray Enkin |author3=Marc J.N.C. Keirse |access-date=31 May 2014|isbn=9780192615589}}</ref> co-authoring its summary, ''Guide to Effective Care in Pregnancy and Childbirth''.<ref name=Fox-2011>{{cite journal |doi=10.1111/j.1468-0009.2011.00635.x |pmid=21933275 |pmc=3214717 |title=Systematic Reviews and Health Policy: The Influence of a Project on Perinatal Care since 1988 |journal=Milbank Quarterly |volume=89 |issue=3 |pages=425–449 |year=2011 |last1=Fox |first1=Daniel M }}</ref>


The [[National Health Service]] Research and Development Programme supported extending the approach to other areas of health care.<ref name=Starr-2009 /><ref name=Fox-2011 /> In 1992, Chalmers was appointed director of the UK Cochrane Centre,<ref name="cochrane" /> leading to the development of the international [[Cochrane Collaboration]].<ref name=Starr-2009 /><ref name=Fox-2011 />
The [[National Health Service]] Research and Development Programme supported extending the approach to other areas of health care.<ref name=Starr-2009 /><ref name=Fox-2011 /> In 1992, Chalmers was appointed director of the UK Cochrane Centre,<ref name="cochrane" /> leading to the development of the international [[Cochrane Collaboration]].<ref name=Starr-2009 /><ref name=Fox-2011 />
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Subsequently, he became founding editor of the James Lind Library, which documents the history and evolution of fair trials of treatments, and helped to establish the James Lind Alliance, a non-profit organization that "aims to identify the most important gaps in knowledge about the effects of treatments". The Library has established strategic agreements with international and non-profit organizations to disseminate its publications to a broad international and multilingual audience.<ref>[http://new.paho.org/hq/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=2601&Itemid=1654&lang=en Agreements] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101017234458/http://new.paho.org/hq/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=2601&Itemid=1654&lang=en |date=17 October 2010 }}</ref> Chalmers inspired champions all over the world leading to the development of the Cochrane Collaboration and by 2011 this collaboration had nearly 30,000 volunteers contributing towards summarising research evidence to improve health. His contributions have been instrumental in advancing international policies on research for health -such as [[Pan American Health Organization|PAHO's Policy on Research for Health]], and to promote a better understanding of the importance of [[Evipnet|building bridges between users and producers of research for health policy and health care delivery]].
Subsequently, he became founding editor of the James Lind Library, which documents the history and evolution of fair trials of treatments, and helped to establish the James Lind Alliance, a non-profit organization that "aims to identify the most important gaps in knowledge about the effects of treatments". The Library has established strategic agreements with international and non-profit organizations to disseminate its publications to a broad international and multilingual audience.<ref>[http://new.paho.org/hq/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=2601&Itemid=1654&lang=en Agreements] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101017234458/http://new.paho.org/hq/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=2601&Itemid=1654&lang=en |date=17 October 2010 }}</ref> Chalmers inspired champions all over the world leading to the development of the Cochrane Collaboration and by 2011 this collaboration had nearly 30,000 volunteers contributing towards summarising research evidence to improve health. His contributions have been instrumental in advancing international policies on research for health -such as [[Pan American Health Organization|PAHO's Policy on Research for Health]], and to promote a better understanding of the importance of [[Evipnet|building bridges between users and producers of research for health policy and health care delivery]].


Chalmers continues to promote better research for better health care by increasing public appreciation of good research through Testing Treatments interactive and the James Lind Library, and by working with others to reduce waste in research.<ref>
Chalmers was knighted in 2000.<ref name="Gazette - Knighthood">{{cite journal |title=The London Gazette |website=www.thegazette.co.uk |date=19 June 2000 |issue=Supplement 55879 |url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/55879/supplement/1 |access-date=12 July 2024}}</ref> He continues to promote better research for better health care by increasing public appreciation of good research through Testing Treatments interactive and the James Lind Library, and by working with others to reduce waste in research.<ref>
{{cite web
{{cite web
|url=http://www.testingtreatments.org/testing-treatments-interactive-tti/who-is-behind-this-website/?nabm=0
|url=http://www.testingtreatments.org/testing-treatments-interactive-tti/who-is-behind-this-website/?nabm=0
|title=Who is behind this website?
|title=Who is behind this website?
|last=
|first=
|date=2016
|date=2016
|website=www.testingtreatments.org/?nabm=0
|website=www.testingtreatments.org/?nabm=0
|publisher=NHS (National Institute for Health Research
|publisher=NHS (National Institute for Health Research
|access-date=18 August 2017
|access-date=18 August 2017
|quote= }}
}}
</ref>
</ref>


== Publications ==
== Publications ==
[[File:Iain-Chalmers-office-UK-Cochrane-Centre.jpg|thumb|Iain Chalmers in his office, Middletown Pavilion, Middle Way, Oxford, on the arrival of the Spanish translation of the book, Testing Treatments (2015).]]
[[File:Iain-Chalmers-office-UK-Cochrane-Centre.jpg|thumb|Iain Chalmers in his office, Middletown Pavilion, Middle Way, Oxford, on the arrival of the Spanish translation of the book, Testing Treatments (2015).]]
* A Classified Bibliography of Controlled Trials in Perinatal Medicine 1940-1984<ref name="Bibliography of trials in perinatal medicine">{{cite book|last1=Oxford|first1=prepared by National Perinatal Epidemiology Unit, University of|title=A Classified bibliography of controlled trials in perinatal medicine, 1940-84|date=1985|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford [Oxfordshire]|isbn=978-0192615664}}</ref>
* A Classified Bibliography of Controlled Trials in Perinatal Medicine 1940 – 1984<ref name="Bibliography of trials in perinatal medicine">{{cite book|last1=Oxford|first1=prepared by National Perinatal Epidemiology Unit, University of|title=A Classified bibliography of controlled trials in perinatal medicine, 1940 - 1984|date=1985|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford [Oxfordshire]|isbn=978-0192615664}}</ref>
* Effectiveness and Satisfaction in Antenatal Care<ref name="Effectiveness Antenatal Care 1982">{{cite book|last1=Enkin|first1=Murray|last2=Chalmers|first2=Iain|title=Effectiveness and Satisfaction in Antenatal Care|date=1982|publisher=Cambridge University Press}}</ref>
* Effectiveness and Satisfaction in Antenatal Care<ref name="Effectiveness Antenatal Care 1982">{{cite book|last1=Enkin|first1=Murray|last2=Chalmers|first2=Iain|title=Effectiveness and Satisfaction in Antenatal Care|date=1982|publisher=Cambridge University Press}}</ref>
* Effective Care in Pregnancy and Childbirth<ref name="ECPC" />
* Effective Care in Pregnancy and Childbirth<ref name="ECPC" />
* Britain's gift: a "Medline" of synthesised evidence<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1136/bmj.323.7327.1437 |title=Britain's gift: A "Medline" of synthesised evidence |journal=BMJ |volume=323 |issue=7327 |pages=1437–1438 |year=2001 |last1=Smith |first1=R |last2=Chalmers |first2=I }}</ref>
* Britain's gift: a "Medline" of synthesised evidence<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1136/bmj.323.7327.1437 |title=Britain's gift: A "Medline" of synthesised evidence |journal=BMJ |volume=323 |issue=7327 |pages=1437–1438 |year=2001 |last1=Smith |first1=R |last2=Chalmers |first2=I |pmc=1121895 |pmid=11751342}}</ref>
* Empirical Evidence of Bias<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1001/jama.1995.03520290060030 |pmid=7823387 |title=Empirical Evidence of Bias |journal=JAMA |volume=273 |issue=5 |pages=408–12 |year=1995 |last1=Schulz |first1=Kenneth F |last2=Chalmers |first2=I |last3=Hayes |first3=R. J |last4=Altman |first4=D. G }}</ref>
* Empirical Evidence of Bias<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1001/jama.1995.03520290060030 |pmid=7823387 |title=Empirical Evidence of Bias |journal=JAMA |volume=273 |issue=5 |pages=408–12 |year=1995 |last1=Schulz |first1=Kenneth F |last2=Chalmers |first2=I |last3=Hayes |first3=R. J |last4=Altman |first4=D. G }}</ref>
⚫
* The origins, evolution and future of the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews<ref name="Starr, Chalmers et al 2009">{{cite journal|last1=Starr|first1=M|last2=Chalmers|first2=I|last3=Clarke|first3=M|last4=Oxman|first4=AD|title=The origins, evolution, and future of The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews|journal=International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care|date=July 2009|volume=25 Suppl 1|pages=182–95|pmid=19534840|doi=10.1017/s026646230909062x|doi-access=free}}</ref>
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080625194639/http://www.update-software.com/history/clibhist.htm The evolution of The Cochrane Library, 1988-2003{{dead link|date=May 2014}}]
⚫
* The origins, evolution and future of the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews<ref name="Starr, Chalmers et al 2009">{{cite journal|last1=Starr|first1=M|last2=Chalmers|first2=I|last3=Clarke|first3=M|last4=Oxman|first4=AD|title=The origins, evolution, and future of The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews|journal=International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care|date=July 2009|volume=25 Suppl 1|pages=182–95|pmid=19534840|doi=10.1017/s026646230909062x}}</ref>
* Restore true open access to bmj.com<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1136/bmj.330.7496.904 |pmc=556171 |title=Access controls on bmj.com: Restore true open access to bmj.com |journal=BMJ |volume=330 |issue=7496 |pages=904.1 |year=2005 |last1=Chalmers |first1=Iain }}</ref>
* Restore true open access to bmj.com<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1136/bmj.330.7496.904 |pmc=556171 |title=Access controls on bmj.com: Restore true open access to bmj.com |journal=BMJ |volume=330 |issue=7496 |pages=904.1 |year=2005 |last1=Chalmers |first1=Iain }}</ref>
* Systematic Reviews: Reporting, updating, and correcting systematic reviews of the effects of health care<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1136/bmj.309.6958.862 |title=Systematic Reviews: Reporting, updating, and correcting systematic reviews of the effects of health care |journal=BMJ |volume=309 |issue=6958 |pages=862–865 |year=1994 |last1=Chalmers |first1=I |last2=Haynes |first2=B }}</ref>
* Systematic Reviews: Reporting, updating, and correcting systematic reviews of the effects of health care<ref>{{cite journal | pmid=7950620| doi=10.1136/bmj.309.6958.862 |title=Systematic Reviews: Reporting, updating, and correcting systematic reviews of the effects of health care |journal=BMJ |volume=309 |issue=6958 |pages=862–865 |year=1994 |last1=Chalmers |first1=I |last2=Haynes |first2=B |pmc=2541052 }}</ref>
* [https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200405/cmselect/cmhealth/42/4120703.htm Select Committee on Health: Memorandum by Sir Iain Chalmers (PI 29)]
* [https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200405/cmselect/cmhealth/42/4120703.htm Select Committee on Health: Memorandum by Sir Iain Chalmers (PI 29)]
* James Lind Library<ref>{{Cite journal
* James Lind Library<ref>{{Cite journal
|pmid = 19227602
|pmid = 19227602
|year = 2008
|year = 2008
|author1 = Chalmers
|last1 = Chalmers
|first1 = I
|first1 = I
|authorlink1 = Iain Chalmers
|author-link1 = Iain Chalmers
|title = The James Lind Library: Explaining and illustrating the evolution of fair tests of medical treatments
|title = The James Lind Library: Explaining and illustrating the evolution of fair tests of medical treatments
|journal = The Journal of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh
|journal = The Journal of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh
Line 113: Line 111:
|author8 = James Lind Library Editorial Team
|author8 = James Lind Library Editorial Team
|url = http://www.jameslindlibrary.org/pdf/jll-article.pdf
|url = http://www.jameslindlibrary.org/pdf/jll-article.pdf
|deadurl = yes
|url-status = dead
|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20110518022157/http://www.jameslindlibrary.org/pdf/jll-article.pdf
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110518022157/http://www.jameslindlibrary.org/pdf/jll-article.pdf
|archivedate = 18 May 2011
|archive-date = 18 May 2011
|df = dmy-all
|df = dmy-all
}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.2471/BLT.09.030609 |title=Unique, multilingual resource on testing health-care treatments |journal=Bulletin of the World Health Organization |volume=87 |issue=6 |pages=412–413 |year=2009 }}</ref>
}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.2471/BLT.09.030609 |title=Unique, multilingual resource on testing health-care treatments |journal=Bulletin of the World Health Organization |volume=87 |issue=6 |pages=412–413 |year=2009 |pmc=2686217 |pmid=19565116 | last1 = Senior | first1 = K|doi-broken-date=5 December 2024 }}</ref>
* Testing Treatments<ref name="Testing Treatments">{{cite book|last1=Evans|first1=Imogen|last2=Thornton|first2=Hazel|last3=Chalmers|first3=Iain|title=Testing Treatments: Better Research for Better Healthcare|date=2011|publisher=Pinter & Martin Publishers|isbn=978-1905177493|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0050892/|accessdate=4 March 2017}}</ref>
* Testing Treatments<ref name="Testing Treatments">{{cite book|last1=Evans|first1=Imogen|last2=Thornton|first2=Hazel|last3=Chalmers|first3=Iain|title=Testing Treatments: Better Research for Better Healthcare|date=2011|publisher=Pinter & Martin Publishers|isbn=978-1905177493|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0050892/|access-date=4 March 2017}}</ref>
* [http://www.testingtreatments.org/ Testing Treatments Interactive]
* [http://www.testingtreatments.org/ Testing Treatments Interactive]

==My Death, My Decision==
Chalmers is a patron of the [[right to die]] organization [[My Death My Decision|My Death, My Decision]]. My Death, My Decision wants to see a more compassionate approach to dying in the UK, including giving people the legal right to a [[Assisted suicide|physician-assisted death]] if that is their persistent wish.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mydeath-mydecision.org.uk/about/|title=About Us|website=mydeath-decision.org|accessdate=2021-03-25}}</ref>


== References ==
== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{Reflist}}


== External links ==
== External links ==
{{Commons category|Cochrane Collaboration}}
* {{History of Modern Biomedicine Research Group ID}}
* {{History of Modern Biomedicine Research Group ID}}
* [http://www.jameslindlibrary.org/ James Lind Library]
* [http://www.jameslindlibrary.org/ James Lind Library]


{{Evidence-based practice}}
{{Authority control}}
{{Authority control}}


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[[Category:National Health Service people]]
[[Category:National Health Service people]]
[[Category:20th-century English medical doctors]]
[[Category:20th-century English medical doctors]]
[[Category:1943 births]]
[[Category:Cochrane Collaboration people]]
[[Category:Cochrane Collaboration people]]
[[Category:Members of the National Academy of Medicine]]
[[Category:Date of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]

Latest revision as of 19:46, 5 December 2024

Sir Iain Chalmers
Born
Iain Geoffrey Chalmers
Alma materMiddlesex Hospital Medical School, University of London (MBBS)[2]
Known forCochrane
Awards

Sir Iain Geoffrey Chalmers is a British health services researcher, one of the founders of the Cochrane Collaboration,[3] and coordinator of the James Lind Initiative, which includes the James Lind Library and James Lind Alliance.[1][4][5][6]

Education and career

[edit]
Iain Chalmers in his office at home in Oxford (2015).

Chalmers qualified in medicine in the mid-1960s, and then practised as a clinician in the United Kingdom and two years (1969–1970) in the Gaza Strip.[7] In the mid-1970s, he became a full-time health services researcher with a particular interest in assessing the effects of care.

Between 1978 and 1992, he was the first director of the National Perinatal Epidemiology Unit in Oxford.[8] There, Chalmers led the development of the electronic Oxford Database of Perinatal Trials (ODPT)[9] and a collection of systematic reviews of randomized trials of care in pregnancy and children published in the two-volume Effective Care in Pregnancy and Childbirth,[10] co-authoring its summary, Guide to Effective Care in Pregnancy and Childbirth.[11]

The National Health Service Research and Development Programme supported extending the approach to other areas of health care.[9][11] In 1992, Chalmers was appointed director of the UK Cochrane Centre,[3] leading to the development of the international Cochrane Collaboration.[9][11]

Subsequently, he became founding editor of the James Lind Library, which documents the history and evolution of fair trials of treatments, and helped to establish the James Lind Alliance, a non-profit organization that "aims to identify the most important gaps in knowledge about the effects of treatments". The Library has established strategic agreements with international and non-profit organizations to disseminate its publications to a broad international and multilingual audience.[12] Chalmers inspired champions all over the world leading to the development of the Cochrane Collaboration and by 2011 this collaboration had nearly 30,000 volunteers contributing towards summarising research evidence to improve health. His contributions have been instrumental in advancing international policies on research for health -such as PAHO's Policy on Research for Health, and to promote a better understanding of the importance of building bridges between users and producers of research for health policy and health care delivery.

Chalmers was knighted in 2000.[13] He continues to promote better research for better health care by increasing public appreciation of good research through Testing Treatments interactive and the James Lind Library, and by working with others to reduce waste in research.[14]

Publications

[edit]
Iain Chalmers in his office, Middletown Pavilion, Middle Way, Oxford, on the arrival of the Spanish translation of the book, Testing Treatments (2015).

My Death, My Decision

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Chalmers is a patron of the right to die organization My Death, My Decision. My Death, My Decision wants to see a more compassionate approach to dying in the UK, including giving people the legal right to a physician-assisted death if that is their persistent wish.[25]

References

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  1. ^ a b Hawkes, N (2014). "Lifetime Achievement Award 2014: Sir Iain Chalmers". BMJ. 348: g2921. doi:10.1136/bmj.g2921. PMID 24817068. S2CID 206902160.
  2. ^ "CHALMERS, Sir Iain (Geoffrey)". Who's Who 2014, A & C Black, an imprint of Bloomsbury Publishing plc, 2014; online edn, Oxford University Press.(subscription required)
  3. ^ a b The Cochrane Collaboration Archived 30 November 2016 at the Wayback Machine
  4. ^ James Lind Library Archived 7 December 2016 at the Wayback Machine
  5. ^ James Lind Alliance Archived 10 August 2015 at the Wayback Machine
  6. ^ "Iain Chalmers: Guilty, obsessional, and frustrated". BMJ. 347: f6152. 2013. doi:10.1136/bmj.f6152. S2CID 220096764.
  7. ^ Sanai, Leyla (2005). "Sir Iain Chalmers". BMJ. 331 (7525): s214. doi:10.1136/bmj.331.7525.s214. S2CID 220108371.
  8. ^ Watts, Geoff (2006). "Iain Chalmers: Maverick master of medical evidence". The Lancet. 368 (9554): 2203. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(06)69879-6. PMID 17189019. S2CID 46317599.
  9. ^ a b c Starr, Mark; Chalmers, Iain; Clarke, Mike; Oxman, Andrew D (2009). "The origins, evolution, and future of the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews". International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care. 25: 182–195. doi:10.1017/s026646230909062x. PMID 19534840.
  10. ^ a b Chalmers, Iain; Murray Enkin; Marc J.N.C. Keirse (1989). Effective Care in Pregnancy and Childbirth. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780192615589. Retrieved 31 May 2014.
  11. ^ a b c Fox, Daniel M (2011). "Systematic Reviews and Health Policy: The Influence of a Project on Perinatal Care since 1988". Milbank Quarterly. 89 (3): 425–449. doi:10.1111/j.1468-0009.2011.00635.x. PMC 3214717. PMID 21933275.
  12. ^ Agreements Archived 17 October 2010 at the Wayback Machine
  13. ^ "The London Gazette". www.thegazette.co.uk (Supplement 55879). 19 June 2000. Retrieved 12 July 2024.
  14. ^ "Who is behind this website?". www.testingtreatments.org/?nabm=0. NHS (National Institute for Health Research. 2016. Retrieved 18 August 2017.
  15. ^ Oxford, prepared by National Perinatal Epidemiology Unit, University of (1985). A Classified bibliography of controlled trials in perinatal medicine, 1940 - 1984. Oxford [Oxfordshire]: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0192615664.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  16. ^ Enkin, Murray; Chalmers, Iain (1982). Effectiveness and Satisfaction in Antenatal Care. Cambridge University Press.
  17. ^ Smith, R; Chalmers, I (2001). "Britain's gift: A "Medline" of synthesised evidence". BMJ. 323 (7327): 1437–1438. doi:10.1136/bmj.323.7327.1437. PMC 1121895. PMID 11751342.
  18. ^ Schulz, Kenneth F; Chalmers, I; Hayes, R. J; Altman, D. G (1995). "Empirical Evidence of Bias". JAMA. 273 (5): 408–12. doi:10.1001/jama.1995.03520290060030. PMID 7823387.
  19. ^ Starr, M; Chalmers, I; Clarke, M; Oxman, AD (July 2009). "The origins, evolution, and future of The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews". International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care. 25 Suppl 1: 182–95. doi:10.1017/s026646230909062x. PMID 19534840.
  20. ^ Chalmers, Iain (2005). "Access controls on bmj.com: Restore true open access to bmj.com". BMJ. 330 (7496): 904.1. doi:10.1136/bmj.330.7496.904. PMC 556171.
  21. ^ Chalmers, I; Haynes, B (1994). "Systematic Reviews: Reporting, updating, and correcting systematic reviews of the effects of health care". BMJ. 309 (6958): 862–865. doi:10.1136/bmj.309.6958.862. PMC 2541052. PMID 7950620.
  22. ^ Chalmers, I; Milne, I; Tröhler, U; Vandenbroucke, J; Morabia, A; Tait, G; Dukan, E; James Lind Library Editorial Team (2008). "The James Lind Library: Explaining and illustrating the evolution of fair tests of medical treatments" (PDF). The Journal of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh. 38 (3): 259–64. PMID 19227602. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 May 2011.
  23. ^ Senior, K (2009). "Unique, multilingual resource on testing health-care treatments". Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 87 (6): 412–413. doi:10.2471/BLT.09.030609 (inactive 5 December 2024). PMC 2686217. PMID 19565116.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of December 2024 (link)
  24. ^ Evans, Imogen; Thornton, Hazel; Chalmers, Iain (2011). Testing Treatments: Better Research for Better Healthcare. Pinter & Martin Publishers. ISBN 978-1905177493. Retrieved 4 March 2017.
  25. ^ "About Us". mydeath-decision.org. Retrieved 25 March 2021.
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