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{{short description|German cave diver and explorer}}
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'''Jochen Hasenmayer''' (born 28 October 1941 in [[Pforzheim]], [[Germany]])<ref name="Database">{{de icon}} {{cite web|url=http://www.statistik.baden-wuerttemberg.de/LABI/PDB.asp?HC=52Xjo2Ld9x%2F&K1=1&T1=Hasenmayer%2C+Jochen&TA=1|title=Hasenmayer, Jochen|publisher=Landesbibliographie Baden-Württemberg|work=Personendatabank|language=[[German language|German]]|accessdate=24 July 2013}}</ref> is a German [[speleologist]] and [[cave diver]] from [[Birkenfeld]] in [[Baden-Württemberg]], whose spectacular dives have frequently made headlines.
'''Jochen Hasenmayer''' (born 28 October 1941 in [[Pforzheim]], [[Germany]])<ref name="Database">{{cite web|url=http://www.statistik.baden-wuerttemberg.de/LABI/PDB.asp?HC=52Xjo2Ld9x%2F&K1=1&T1=Hasenmayer%2C+Jochen&TA=1|title=Hasenmayer, Jochen|publisher=Landesbibliographie Baden-Württemberg|work=Personendatabank|language=de|access-date=24 July 2013}}</ref> is a German [[speleologist]] and [[cave diver]] from [[Birkenfeld (Enz)|Birkenfeld]] in [[Baden-Württemberg]], whose spectacular dives have frequently made headlines.


== Cave diving ==
== Cave diving ==
Hasenmayer began his cave diving career in 1957 at the age of fifteen, exploring the [[Falkensteiner Höhle]] near [[Stuttgart]].<ref name="Time-Life">{{cite book|title=Above and Beyond|series=Library of Curious and Unusual Facts|author=The Editors of Time-Life Books|publisher=[[Time-Life Books]]|year=1992|location=[[Alexandria, Virginia]]|isbn=0-8094-7736-X|lccn=92-7151|pages=34-35}}</ref> Beginning in the 1960s, Hasenmayer explored many [[karst spring]]s and caves in the [[Swabian Jura]] and elsewhere in [[Southern Germany]], including the [[Wimsener Höhle]], the [[Aachtopf]] and the [[Blautopf]]. He became famous in 1985 due to the discovery of the ''Mörikedom'' ("Mörike Cathedral", named after [[Eduard Mörike]]), the second big air-filled chamber in the [[Blauhöhle]], about {{Convert|1250|m}} into the cave system.<ref name="Schnabel">{{de icon}} {{cite news|url=http://www.zeit.de/1996/10/Der_Mann_im_Blautopf/komplettansicht|title=Der Mann im Blautopf|trans-title=The man in the Blautopf|last=Schnabel|first=Ulrich|journal=[[Die Zeit]]|issue=10|date=1 March 1996|language=German|accessdate=31 July 2013}}</ref><ref name="Hasenmayer">{{de icon}} {{cite journal|url=http://www.focus.de/wissen/natur/geologie-auf-den-grund-gegangen_aid_158661.html|title=Geologie: Auf Den Grund Gegangen|trans-title=Geology: Gone to Ground|last=Hasenmayer|first=Jochen|journal=[[Focus (German magazine)|Focus]]|issue=13|date=25 March 1996|language=German|accessdate=26 July 2013}}</ref><ref name="History">{{cite web|url=http://cave.lawo.de/jbohnert/history.htm|title=A short History of Cave Diving in Germany|archiveurl=http://wayback.archive.org/web/20120323193910/http://cave.lawo.de/jbohnert/history.htm|archivedate=23 March 2012|accessdate=26 July 2013}}</ref> Some of his terminuses (farthest point reached in a cave) have not been exceeded.
Hasenmayer began his cave diving career in 1957 at the age of fifteen, exploring the Falkensteiner Höhle near [[Stuttgart]].<ref name="Time-Life">{{cite book|title=Above and Beyond|series=Library of Curious and Unusual Facts|author=((The Editors of Time-Life Books))|publisher=[[Time-Life Books]]|year=1992|location=[[Alexandria, Virginia]]|isbn=0-8094-7736-X|lccn=92-7151|pages=[https://archive.org/details/abovebeyond00time/page/34 34–35]|url=https://archive.org/details/abovebeyond00time/page/34}}</ref> Beginning in the 1960s, Hasenmayer explored many [[karst spring]]s and caves in the [[Swabian Jura]] and elsewhere in [[Southern Germany]], including the [[Wimsener Höhle]], the [[Aachtopf]] and the [[Blautopf]]. He became famous in 1985 due to the discovery of the ''Mörikedom'' ("Mörike Cathedral", named after the German pastor and poet [[Eduard Mörike]]), the second big air-filled chamber in the [[Blauhöhle]], about {{Convert|1250|m}} into the cave system.<ref name="Schnabel">{{cite news|url=http://www.zeit.de/1996/10/Der_Mann_im_Blautopf/komplettansicht|title=Der Mann im Blautopf|trans-title=The man in the Blautopf|last=Schnabel|first=Ulrich|journal=[[Die Zeit]]|issue=10|date=1 March 1996|language=de|access-date=31 July 2013}}</ref><ref name="Hasenmayer">{{cite journal|url=http://www.focus.de/wissen/natur/geologie-auf-den-grund-gegangen_aid_158661.html|title=Geologie: Auf Den Grund Gegangen|trans-title=Geology: Gone to Ground|last=Hasenmayer|first=Jochen|journal=[[Focus (German magazine)|Focus]]|issue=13|date=25 March 1996|language=de|access-date=26 July 2013}}</ref><ref name="History">{{cite web|url=http://cave.lawo.de/jbohnert/history.htm|title=A short History of Cave Diving in Germany|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120323193910/http://cave.lawo.de/jbohnert/history.htm|archive-date=23 March 2012|access-date=26 July 2013}}</ref> Some of his terminuses (farthest point reached in a cave) have not been exceeded.


In the late 1970s, Hasenmayer was among the divers who searched for an underwater connection between [[Kingsdale]] Master Cave and [[Keld Head]] in the [[Yorkshire Dales]]. On 5 February 1978 Hasenmayer briefly became trapped in Keld Head. A British diver, [[Geoff Yeadon]], shook Hasenmayer's hand through a gap in the cave, believing he was "shaking a dead man's hand", but Hasenmayer found his way out. The passage where the incident occurred became known as "Dead Man's Handshake".<ref name="Time-Life"/><ref name="Explorers">{{cite book|last1=Sale|first1=Richard|last2=Lewis|first2=Madeleine|others=[[Smithsonian Institution]]|title=Explorers: A Photographic History of Exploration|series=The Times Picture Collection|year=2005|publisher=[[HarperCollins]]|location=[[London]], [[New York City|New York]]|isbn=978-0-06-081905-7|page=181}}</ref><ref name="Finch 1">{{cite book|title=Diving into Darkness: A True Story of Death and Survival|first=Phillip|last=Finch|isbn=0-312-38394-0|lccn=2008024271|location=New York|publisher=[[St. Martin's Press]]|year=2008|page=17|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=RTgh4Hn3TNgC&pg=PA17}}</ref>
In the late 1970s, Hasenmayer was among the divers who searched for an underwater connection between [[Kingsdale]] Master Cave and Keld Head in the [[Yorkshire Dales]]. On 5 February 1978 Hasenmayer briefly became trapped in Keld Head. A British diver, Geoff Yeadon, shook Hasenmayer's hand through a gap in the cave, believing he was "shaking a dead man's hand", but Hasenmayer found his way out. The passage where the incident occurred became known as "Dead Man's Handshake".<ref name="Time-Life"/><ref name="Explorers">{{cite book|last1=Sale|first1=Richard|last2=Lewis|first2=Madeleine|others=[[Smithsonian Institution]]|title=Explorers: A Photographic History of Exploration|series=The Times Picture Collection|year=2005|publisher=[[HarperCollins]]|location=[[London]], [[New York City|New York]]|isbn=978-0-06-081905-7|page=[https://archive.org/details/explorersaphotog0000sale/page/181 181]|url=https://archive.org/details/explorersaphotog0000sale/page/181}}</ref><ref name="Finch 1">{{cite book|title=Diving into Darkness: A True Story of Death and Survival|first=Phillip|last=Finch|isbn=978-0-312-38394-7|lccn=2008024271|location=New York|publisher=[[St. Martin's Press]]|year=2008|page=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780312383947/page/17 17]|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780312383947|url-access=registration}}</ref>


Hasenmayer spent decades developing the necessary diving equipment for his explorations. Well known as a safety fanatic, Hasenmayer has introduced unique practices perceived by some cave divers as safe, but which contradict the basic rules of normal diving.{{Citation needed|date=July 2013}} Hasenmayer was a pioneer in the use of [[Trimix (breathing gas)|trimix]] breathing gas mixtures (adding [[helium]] to [[oxygen]] and [[nitrogen]]).<ref name="Chowdhury">{{cite book|last=Chowdhury|first=Bernie|title=The Last Dive: A Father and Son's Fatal Descent into the Ocean's Depths|publisher=HarperCollins Publishers|location=New York, NY|year=2000|page=58|isbn=0-06-019462-6|lccn=00-033426|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=2mCsj8Q68VYC&pg=PA58}}</ref>
Hasenmayer spent decades developing the necessary diving equipment for his explorations. Well known as a safety fanatic, Hasenmayer has introduced unique practices perceived by some cave divers as safe, but which contradict the basic rules of normal diving.{{Citation needed|date=July 2013}}{{clarify|reason=what practices?|date=November 2017}} Hasenmayer was a pioneer in the use of [[Trimix (breathing gas)|trimix]] breathing gas mixtures (adding [[helium]] to [[oxygen]] and [[nitrogen]]).<ref name="Chowdhury">{{cite book|last=Chowdhury|first=Bernie|title=The Last Dive: A Father and Son's Fatal Descent into the Ocean's Depths|publisher=HarperCollins Publishers|location=New York, NY|year=2000|page=58|isbn=0-06-019462-6|lccn=00-033426|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2mCsj8Q68VYC&pg=PA58}}</ref>


Hasenmayer and American cave diver [[Sheck Exley]] became friends and rivals in the 1980s, each repeatedly attempting to break the depth records of the other. In 1981 Hasenmayer used mixed gas to reach a depth of {{Convert|476|ft}} in the [[Fontaine-de-Vaucluse|Fountain of Vaucluse]] in France.<ref name="Chowdhury"/><ref name="Burgess">{{cite book|last=Burgess|first=Robert Forrest|authorlink=Robert Forrest Burgess|title=The Cave Divers|publisher=Aqua Quest Publications|location=[[Locust Valley, New York]]|year=1999|pages=320–321|isbn=1-881652-11-4|lccn=96-39661|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=LbwrLGZDMHMC&pg=PA320}}</ref> Hasenmayer made the world's first {{Convert|200|m}} dive in the Fountain of Vaucluse on 9 September 1982, diving after dark because he had been denied a diving permit. His then-wife, Barbara, waited all night for him to surface.<ref name="Finch 2">[http://books.google.com/books?id=RTgh4Hn3TNgC&pg=PA15 Finch], pp. 15-16.</ref> In 1983 Hasenmayer made a mixed-gas cave dive to {{Convert|656|ft}} at Vaucluse.<ref name="Chowdhury"/><ref name="Burgess"/><ref name="Deep Diving">{{cite book|title=Deep Diving: An Advanced Guide to Physiology, Procedures and Systems|last1=Gilliam|first1=Bret|authorlink1=Bret Gilliam|last2=Crea|first2=John|last3=von Maier|first3=Robert|edition=2nd|publisher=Watersport Publishing|year=1995|location=[[San Diego, CA]]|isbn=0-922769-31-1|lccn=91-66440|page=84|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=HVbjgdorRXAC&pg=PA84}}</ref>
Hasenmayer and American cave diver [[Sheck Exley]] became friends and rivals in the 1980s, each repeatedly attempting to break the depth records of the other. In 1981 Hasenmayer used mixed gas to reach a depth of {{Convert|476|ft}} in the [[Fontaine de Vaucluse (spring)|Fountain of Vaucluse]] in France.<ref name="Chowdhury"/><ref name="Burgess">{{cite book|last=Burgess|first=Robert Forrest|author-link=Robert Forrest Burgess|title=The Cave Divers|publisher=Aqua Quest Publications|location=[[Locust Valley, New York]]|year=1999|pages=320–321|isbn=1-881652-11-4|lccn=96-39661|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LbwrLGZDMHMC&pg=PA320}}</ref> Hasenmayer made the world's first {{Convert|200|m}} dive in the Fountain of Vaucluse on 9 September 1982, diving after dark because he had been denied a diving permit. His then-wife, Barbara, waited all night for him to surface.<ref name="Finch 2">[https://books.google.com/books?id=RTgh4Hn3TNgC&pg=PA15 Finch], pp. 15-16.</ref> In 1983 Hasenmayer made a mixed-gas cave dive to {{Convert|656|ft}} at Vaucluse.<ref name="Chowdhury"/><ref name="Burgess"/><ref name="Deep Diving">{{cite book|title=Deep Diving: An Advanced Guide to Physiology, Procedures and Systems|last1=Gilliam|first1=Bret|author-link1=Bret Gilliam|last2=Crea|first2=John|last3=von Maier|first3=Robert|edition=2nd|publisher=Watersport Publishing|year=1995|location=[[San Diego, CA]]|isbn=0-922769-31-1|lccn=91-66440|page=84|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HVbjgdorRXAC&pg=PA84}}</ref>


Due to a faulty depth gauge, in 1989 Hasenmayer surfaced too quickly after a dive in the [[Wolfgangsee]], a lake in [[Austria]]. His short [[Decompression (diving)|decompression]] resulted in [[Decompression sickness|the bends]], causing [[paralysis]], but his colleagues immediately placed him in a waiting [[decompression chamber]], and initially the paralysis was reversed. However, the emergency physicians at the hospital in [[Graz]] again decompressed Hasenmayer too quickly. Since that time he has been a [[paraplegic]].<ref name="Time-Life"/><ref name="Schnabel"/><ref name="History"/> Hasenmayer did not give up diving, but since 1996 has used a [[submersible]], the ''[[Speleonaut]]'', designed and built by Hasenmayer and his friend [[Konrad Gehringer]], to explore the Blauhöhle.<ref name="Schnabel"/><ref name="Spiegel">{{de icon}} {{cite web|url=http://www.spiegel.de/sptv/themenabend/a-250794.html|title=Höhlentauchen: Manie oder Herausforderung?|trans-title=Cave Diving: Mania or Challenge?|year=2003|publisher=[[Spiegel Online]]|language=German|accessdate=26 July 2013}}</ref><ref name="CCR">{{cite web|url=http://www.ccrcavediving.com/|title=CCR Rebreather Cave Diving - ProTec Dive Center Playa del Carmen & Tulum, Mexico|publisher=Mayatech|accessdate=26 July 2013}}</ref>
Due to a faulty depth gauge, in 1989 Hasenmayer surfaced too quickly after a dive in the [[Wolfgangsee]], a lake in [[Austria]]. His short [[Decompression (diving)|decompression]] resulted in [[Decompression sickness|the bends]], causing [[paralysis]], but his colleagues immediately placed him in a waiting [[decompression chamber]], and initially the paralysis was reversed. However, the emergency physicians at the hospital in [[Graz]] again decompressed Hasenmayer too quickly. Since that time he has been a [[paraplegic]].<ref name="Time-Life"/><ref name="Schnabel"/><ref name="History"/> Hasenmayer did not give up diving, but since 1996 has used a [[submersible]], the ''[[Speleonaut]]'', designed and built by Hasenmayer and his friend [[Konrad Gehringer]], to explore the Blauhöhle.<ref name="Schnabel"/><ref name="Spiegel">{{cite web|url=http://www.spiegel.de/sptv/themenabend/a-250794.html|title=Höhlentauchen: Manie oder Herausforderung?|trans-title=Cave Diving: Mania or Challenge?|year=2003|publisher=[[Spiegel Online]]|language=de|access-date=26 July 2013}}</ref><ref name="CCR">{{cite web|url=http://www.ccrcavediving.com/|title=CCR Rebreather Cave Diving - ProTec Dive Center Playa del Carmen & Tulum, Mexico|publisher=Mayatech|access-date=26 July 2013|archive-date=6 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130806174744/http://www.ccrcavediving.com/|url-status=dead}}</ref>


In 2001 Hasenmayer reached the ''Mörikedom'' chamber of the Blauhöhle in the ''Speleonaut''. In 2004 he reached a point beyond the ''Mörikedom'' {{Convert|1800|m}} into the mountain. In the same year he discovered two more large chambers in the Blauhöhle: the ''Mittelschiff'' (or "nave") and the ''Äonendom''. For the last several years the Blautopf cave system has been explored by the ''Arbeitsgemeinschaft Blautopf'' (Blautopf Study Group, or Consortium), a team of cave divers led by Hasenmayer.<ref name="Raabe">{{de icon}} {{cite web|url=http://www.dradio.de/dlf/sendungen/wib/1674984/|last=Raabe|first=Kristin|title=Tiefenrausch - Manuskript zur Sendung|date=12 February 2012|publisher=[[Deutschlandradio]]|language=German|accessdate=26 July 2013}}</ref> The most recent fatal accident in the Blautopf occurred in 2003, killing Bernd Aspacher, a member of Hasenmayer's team.<ref name="Death">{{cite news|url=http://www.schwaebische.de/home_artikel,-Blautopf-Taucher-kommt-ums-Leben-_arid,931232.html|title=Blautopf: Taucher kommt uns Leben|trans-title=Blautopf: Diver is killed|language=[[German language|German]]|journal=Schwäbische Zeitung|date=29 September 2003|accessdate=26 July 2013}}</ref><ref name="Duckeck">{{cite web|url=http://www.showcaves.com/english/de/springs/Blautopf.html|title=Springs of Germany: Blautopf|date=27 December 2011|publisher=Jochen Duckeck|accessdate=26 July 2013}}</ref>
In 2001 Hasenmayer reached the ''Mörikedom'' chamber of the Blauhöhle in the ''Speleonaut''. In 2004 he reached a point beyond the ''Mörikedom'' {{Convert|1800|m}} into the mountain. In the same year he discovered two more large chambers in the Blauhöhle: the ''Mittelschiff'' (or "nave") and the ''Äonendom''. For the last several years the Blautopf cave system has been explored by the ''Arbeitsgemeinschaft Blautopf'' (Blautopf Study Group, or Consortium), a team of cave divers led by Hasenmayer.<ref name="Raabe">{{cite web|url=http://www.dradio.de/dlf/sendungen/wib/1674984/|last=Raabe|first=Kristin|title=Tiefenrausch - Manuskript zur Sendung|date=12 February 2012|publisher=[[Deutschlandradio]]|language=de|access-date=26 July 2013}}</ref> The most recent fatal accident in the Blautopf occurred in 2003, killing Bernd Aspacher, a member of Hasenmayer's team.<ref name="Death">{{cite news|url=http://www.schwaebische.de/home_artikel,-Blautopf-Taucher-kommt-ums-Leben-_arid,931232.html|title=Blautopf: Taucher kommt uns Leben|trans-title=Blautopf: Diver is killed|language=de|journal=Schwäbische Zeitung|date=29 September 2003|access-date=26 July 2013|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130726184904/http://www.schwaebische.de/home_artikel,-Blautopf-Taucher-kommt-ums-Leben-_arid,931232.html|archive-date=26 July 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Duckeck">{{cite web|url=http://www.showcaves.com/english/de/springs/Blautopf.html|title=Springs of Germany: Blautopf|date=27 December 2011|publisher=Jochen Duckeck|access-date=26 July 2013}}</ref>


Hasenmayer developed a controversial theory on the subject of [[karst]] formation in Southern Germany. According to this theory, the Blauhöhle was formed between 25 million and 100 million years ago, much earlier than is currently believed.<ref name="Schnabel"/><ref name="Hasenmayer"/><ref name="History"/> Therefore, the Blauhöhle could not drain to the original [[Danube Valley]], today the [[Blau (Danube)|Blau]], and must have drained much farther south.<ref name="Schnabel"/> Since these caves are deep enough to contain large quantities of [[thermal water]], this could lead to the recovery of [[geothermal energy]] which could be used to solve energy problems in Southern Germany.<ref name="Schnabel"/><ref name="Hasenmayer"/><ref name="History"/> As an indication of the cave's age, Hasenmayer claimed that underwater [[stalactite]]s at the back of the cave were several million years old, but scientific investigation of a drip stone yielded an age of well under 10,000 years.{{Citation needed|date=July 2013}}
Hasenmayer developed a controversial theory on the subject of [[karst]] formation in Southern Germany. According to this theory, the Blauhöhle was formed between 25 million and 100 million years ago, much earlier than is currently believed.<ref name="Schnabel"/><ref name="Hasenmayer"/><ref name="History"/> Therefore, the Blauhöhle could not drain to the original [[Danube Valley]], today the [[Blau (Danube)|Blau]], and must have drained much farther south.<ref name="Schnabel"/> Since these caves are deep enough to contain large quantities of [[thermal water]], this could lead to the recovery of [[geothermal energy]] which could be used to solve energy problems in Southern Germany.<ref name="Schnabel"/><ref name="Hasenmayer"/><ref name="History"/> As an indication of the cave's age, Hasenmayer claimed that underwater [[stalactite]]s at the back of the cave were several million years old, but scientific investigation of a drip stone yielded an age of well under 10,000 years.{{Citation needed|date=July 2013}} Hasenmayer's theory was published in 1986,<ref name="Blaubueren">{{cite book|title=Blaubeuren. Die Entwicklung einer Siedlung in Südwestdeutschland|trans-title=Blaubueren. The development of a settlement in Southwestern Germany|editor1-last=Decker-Hauff|editor1-first=Hansmartin|editor2-last=Eberl|editor2-first=Immo|publisher=[[Thorbecke]]|location=[[Sigmaringen]]|year=1986|pages=19–50|language=de|isbn=3-7995-4082-2}}</ref> but many scientists are sceptical of his claim.<ref name="Schnabel"/><ref name="Hasenmayer"/>


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Hasenmayer has been awarded the [[Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany]].<ref name="Hasenmayer"/><ref name="Pohl">{{cite journal|url=http://rehatreff.de/archiv/doc_download/5-jochen-hasenmayer-rehatreff-22007|last=Pohl|first=Werner|title=Die wahren Abenteuer finden nicht in den Beinen statt, sondern im Kopf|trans-title=True adventures will not be found in the legs, but in the head|journal=RehaTreff|issue=2|language=de|publisher=AWS Medienverlag|location=[[Ettlingen]]|year=2007|pages=27–30|format=PDF|access-date=26 July 2013}}{{Dead link|date=November 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
Hasenmayer's theory was published in 1986.<ref name="Blaubueren">{{de icon}} {{cite book|title=Blaubeuren. Die Entwicklung einer Siedlung in Südwestdeutschland|trans-title=Blaubueren. The development of a settlement in Southwestern Germany|editor1-last=Decker-Hauff|editor1-first=Hansmartin|editor2-last=Eberl|editor2-first=Immo|publisher=[[Thorbecke]]|location=[[Sigmaringen]]|year=1986|pages=19–50|language=German|isbn=3-7995-4082-2}}</ref> Many scientists were skeptical of his theory.<ref name="Schnabel"/><ref name="Hasenmayer"/> Among the public, however, the fascination with Hasenmayer's charismatic personality is still unbroken, not least because of his overwhelmingly positive media coverage.

⚫
Hasenmayer has been awarded the [[Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany]].<ref name="Hasenmayer"/><ref name="Pohl">{{de icon}} {{cite journal|url=http://rehatreff.de/archiv/doc_download/5-jochen-hasenmayer-rehatreff-22007|last=Pohl|first=Werner|title="Die wahren Abenteuer finden nicht in den Beinen statt, sondern im Kopf"|trans-title="True adventures will not be found in the legs, but in the head"|journal=RehaTreff|issue=2|language=German|publisher=AWS Medienverlag|location=[[Ettlingen]]|year=2007|pages=27–30|format=PDF|accessdate=26 July 2013}}</ref>


== Personal life ==
== Personal life ==
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== References ==
== References ==
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{{Reflist}}
{{Reflist|30em}}


== External links ==
== External links ==
{{Commons category|Jochen Hasenmayer}}
{{Commons category|Jochen Hasenmayer}}
* {{cite web|url=https://soundcloud.com/murtomaa/hasenmayer|title=Jochen Hasenmayer - A story of a cave diving legend|author=Murtomaa|publisher=[[SoundCloud]]|accessdate=26 July 2013}}
* {{cite web|url=https://soundcloud.com/murtomaa/hasenmayer|title=Jochen Hasenmayer - A story of a cave diving legend|author=Murtomaa|publisher=[[SoundCloud]]|access-date=26 July 2013}}


{{Underwater divers}}
{{Underwater diving|unddiv}}
{{Authority control}}


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{{Persondata <!-- Metadata: see [[Wikipedia:Persondata]]. -->
| NAME = Hasenmayer, Jochen
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = German cave diver
| DATE OF BIRTH = 28 October 1941
| PLACE OF BIRTH = Pforzheim, Germany
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Hasenmayer, Jochen}}
[[Category:Articles created via the Article Wizard]]
[[Category:1941 births]]
[[Category:1941 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Cave diving explorers]]
[[Category:Cave diving explorers]]
[[Category:German people with disabilities]]
[[Category:German scientists with disabilities]]
[[Category:People from Pforzheim]]
[[Category:People from Pforzheim]]
[[Category:People with paraplegia]]
[[Category:People with paraplegia]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Cross of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Cross of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany]]
[[Category:Speleologists]]
[[Category:Speleologists]]
[[Category:Pioneering technical divers]]

[[de:Jochen Hasenmayer]]
[[es:Jochen Hasenmayer]]
[[fr:Jochen Hasenmayer]]

Latest revision as of 09:15, 15 November 2024

Jochen Hasenmayer
Jochen Hasenmayer, 2009
Born (1941-10-28) 28 October 1941 (age 83)
Pforzheim, Germany
NationalityGerman
OccupationCave diver

Jochen Hasenmayer (born 28 October 1941 in Pforzheim, Germany)[1] is a German speleologist and cave diver from Birkenfeld in Baden-Württemberg, whose spectacular dives have frequently made headlines.

Cave diving

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Hasenmayer began his cave diving career in 1957 at the age of fifteen, exploring the Falkensteiner Höhle near Stuttgart.[2] Beginning in the 1960s, Hasenmayer explored many karst springs and caves in the Swabian Jura and elsewhere in Southern Germany, including the Wimsener Höhle, the Aachtopf and the Blautopf. He became famous in 1985 due to the discovery of the Mörikedom ("Mörike Cathedral", named after the German pastor and poet Eduard Mörike), the second big air-filled chamber in the Blauhöhle, about 1,250 metres (4,100 ft) into the cave system.[3][4][5] Some of his terminuses (farthest point reached in a cave) have not been exceeded.

In the late 1970s, Hasenmayer was among the divers who searched for an underwater connection between Kingsdale Master Cave and Keld Head in the Yorkshire Dales. On 5 February 1978 Hasenmayer briefly became trapped in Keld Head. A British diver, Geoff Yeadon, shook Hasenmayer's hand through a gap in the cave, believing he was "shaking a dead man's hand", but Hasenmayer found his way out. The passage where the incident occurred became known as "Dead Man's Handshake".[2][6][7]

Hasenmayer spent decades developing the necessary diving equipment for his explorations. Well known as a safety fanatic, Hasenmayer has introduced unique practices perceived by some cave divers as safe, but which contradict the basic rules of normal diving.[citation needed][clarification needed] Hasenmayer was a pioneer in the use of trimix breathing gas mixtures (adding helium to oxygen and nitrogen).[8]

Hasenmayer and American cave diver Sheck Exley became friends and rivals in the 1980s, each repeatedly attempting to break the depth records of the other. In 1981 Hasenmayer used mixed gas to reach a depth of 476 feet (145 m) in the Fountain of Vaucluse in France.[8][9] Hasenmayer made the world's first 200 metres (660 ft) dive in the Fountain of Vaucluse on 9 September 1982, diving after dark because he had been denied a diving permit. His then-wife, Barbara, waited all night for him to surface.[10] In 1983 Hasenmayer made a mixed-gas cave dive to 656 feet (200 m) at Vaucluse.[8][9][11]

Due to a faulty depth gauge, in 1989 Hasenmayer surfaced too quickly after a dive in the Wolfgangsee, a lake in Austria. His short decompression resulted in the bends, causing paralysis, but his colleagues immediately placed him in a waiting decompression chamber, and initially the paralysis was reversed. However, the emergency physicians at the hospital in Graz again decompressed Hasenmayer too quickly. Since that time he has been a paraplegic.[2][3][5] Hasenmayer did not give up diving, but since 1996 has used a submersible, the Speleonaut, designed and built by Hasenmayer and his friend Konrad Gehringer, to explore the Blauhöhle.[3][12][13]

In 2001 Hasenmayer reached the Mörikedom chamber of the Blauhöhle in the Speleonaut. In 2004 he reached a point beyond the Mörikedom 1,800 metres (5,900 ft) into the mountain. In the same year he discovered two more large chambers in the Blauhöhle: the Mittelschiff (or "nave") and the Äonendom. For the last several years the Blautopf cave system has been explored by the Arbeitsgemeinschaft Blautopf (Blautopf Study Group, or Consortium), a team of cave divers led by Hasenmayer.[14] The most recent fatal accident in the Blautopf occurred in 2003, killing Bernd Aspacher, a member of Hasenmayer's team.[15][16]

Hasenmayer developed a controversial theory on the subject of karst formation in Southern Germany. According to this theory, the Blauhöhle was formed between 25 million and 100 million years ago, much earlier than is currently believed.[3][4][5] Therefore, the Blauhöhle could not drain to the original Danube Valley, today the Blau, and must have drained much farther south.[3] Since these caves are deep enough to contain large quantities of thermal water, this could lead to the recovery of geothermal energy which could be used to solve energy problems in Southern Germany.[3][4][5] As an indication of the cave's age, Hasenmayer claimed that underwater stalactites at the back of the cave were several million years old, but scientific investigation of a drip stone yielded an age of well under 10,000 years.[citation needed] Hasenmayer's theory was published in 1986,[17] but many scientists are sceptical of his claim.[3][4]

Hasenmayer has been awarded the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany.[4][18]

Personal life

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Hasenmayer met his life partner Gaby Barth at a clinic during his rehabilitation from his decompression accident.[3] They live in Birkenfeld, near Pforzheim.[citation needed]

References

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  1. ^ "Hasenmayer, Jochen". Personendatabank (in German). Landesbibliographie Baden-Württemberg. Retrieved 24 July 2013.
  2. ^ a b c The Editors of Time-Life Books (1992). Above and Beyond. Library of Curious and Unusual Facts. Alexandria, Virginia: Time-Life Books. pp. 34–35. ISBN 0-8094-7736-X. LCCN 92-7151.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h Schnabel, Ulrich (1 March 1996). "Der Mann im Blautopf" [The man in the Blautopf]. Die Zeit (in German). No. 10. Retrieved 31 July 2013.
  4. ^ a b c d e Hasenmayer, Jochen (25 March 1996). "Geologie: Auf Den Grund Gegangen" [Geology: Gone to Ground]. Focus (in German) (13). Retrieved 26 July 2013.
  5. ^ a b c d "A short History of Cave Diving in Germany". Archived from the original on 23 March 2012. Retrieved 26 July 2013.
  6. ^ Sale, Richard; Lewis, Madeleine (2005). Explorers: A Photographic History of Exploration. The Times Picture Collection. Smithsonian Institution. London, New York: HarperCollins. p. 181. ISBN 978-0-06-081905-7.
  7. ^ Finch, Phillip (2008). Diving into Darkness: A True Story of Death and Survival. New York: St. Martin's Press. p. 17. ISBN 978-0-312-38394-7. LCCN 2008024271.
  8. ^ a b c Chowdhury, Bernie (2000). The Last Dive: A Father and Son's Fatal Descent into the Ocean's Depths. New York, NY: HarperCollins Publishers. p. 58. ISBN 0-06-019462-6. LCCN 00-033426.
  9. ^ a b Burgess, Robert Forrest (1999). The Cave Divers. Locust Valley, New York: Aqua Quest Publications. pp. 320–321. ISBN 1-881652-11-4. LCCN 96-39661.
  10. ^ Finch, pp. 15-16.
  11. ^ Gilliam, Bret; Crea, John; von Maier, Robert (1995). Deep Diving: An Advanced Guide to Physiology, Procedures and Systems (2nd ed.). San Diego, CA: Watersport Publishing. p. 84. ISBN 0-922769-31-1. LCCN 91-66440.
  12. ^ "Höhlentauchen: Manie oder Herausforderung?" [Cave Diving: Mania or Challenge?] (in German). Spiegel Online. 2003. Retrieved 26 July 2013.
  13. ^ "CCR Rebreather Cave Diving - ProTec Dive Center Playa del Carmen & Tulum, Mexico". Mayatech. Archived from the original on 6 August 2013. Retrieved 26 July 2013.
  14. ^ Raabe, Kristin (12 February 2012). "Tiefenrausch - Manuskript zur Sendung" (in German). Deutschlandradio. Retrieved 26 July 2013.
  15. ^ "Blautopf: Taucher kommt uns Leben" [Blautopf: Diver is killed]. Schwäbische Zeitung (in German). 29 September 2003. Archived from the original on 26 July 2013. Retrieved 26 July 2013.
  16. ^ "Springs of Germany: Blautopf". Jochen Duckeck. 27 December 2011. Retrieved 26 July 2013.
  17. ^ Decker-Hauff, Hansmartin; Eberl, Immo, eds. (1986). Blaubeuren. Die Entwicklung einer Siedlung in Südwestdeutschland [Blaubueren. The development of a settlement in Southwestern Germany] (in German). Sigmaringen: Thorbecke. pp. 19–50. ISBN 3-7995-4082-2.
  18. ^ Pohl, Werner (2007). "Die wahren Abenteuer finden nicht in den Beinen statt, sondern im Kopf" [True adventures will not be found in the legs, but in the head] (PDF). RehaTreff (in German) (2). Ettlingen: AWS Medienverlag: 27–30. Retrieved 26 July 2013.[permanent dead link‍]
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