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A legal clinic (also law clinic or law-school clinic) is a legal aid or law-school program providing services to various clients and often hands-on legal experience to law students. Clinics are usually directed by clinical professors.^[1] Legal clinics typically conduct pro bono work, providing free legal services to clients.

Legal clinics originated as a method of practical teaching of law students, but today they also encompass free legal aid with no academic links.^[2] Some practice-based law clinics with no academic link provide hands-on skills to lawyers, judges, and non-lawyers on practical dimensions of the law while offering legal services to clients.^[3]

Goals, objectives and methods

In a law-school clinic, students typically provide assistance with research, drafting legal arguments, and meeting with clients. In many cases, professors will appear for oral argument before courts. However, many jurisdictions have "student practice" rules that permit law-clinic students to appear and argue in court.^[4]^[5]

Need and importance

Some scholars in some jurisdictions have questioned the quality of that legal representation in cases where parties cannot afford a lawyer and are provided legal services by the state. Law-school clinics provide other options to such clients.^[6]

Areas of service

Clinical legal studies operate in many areas, including immigration law, environmental law, intellectual property, housing, criminal defense, criminal prosecution, American Indian law, human rights, and international criminal law.^[7] Clinics sometimes sue companies and government entities, which has led to pushback in courts and legislatures, including attempts to put limits on whom clinics can sue without losing state subsidies.^[8]

Obstacles

While many jurisdictions have "student practice" rules that allow law-clinic students to appear and argue in court,^[4] in some countries like India law students cannot represent clients in court.^[6]

According to some scholars, clinical legal education fails to meet its goals because it lacks resources.^[6] Other scholars have highlighted the educational capabilities of even low-cost legal clinics.^[9]

Notable legal clinics

United States

References

^ Black's Law Dictionary, 6th Edition, "clinical legal studies," (St. Paul, Minn: West Publishing Co., 1990), 254
^ M. Yakasai, "Meaning of a Legal Clinic',2016
^ "International Organizations". lextern. Retrieved 2019-10-18.
^ ^a ^b "RuleXX.asp". www.lasc.org. Retrieved 2019-10-18.
^ Uniform Local Rules Of The United States District Courts For The Eastern, Middle, And Western Districts Of Louisiana, LR83.2.13, "Local civil rule 83 - Rules by district courts; judges' directives". Archived from the original on 2008-07-03. Retrieved 2008-10-18.
^ ^a ^b ^c Bansal, Avani. "Clinical legal education as a means to means to advance to advance access to justice in India". livelaw.in. livelaw.in. Retrieved 26 July 2017.
^ "404 - Universiteit Utrecht", University Utrecht School of Law Clinical Programme on Conflict, Human Rights and International Justice, retrieved March 16, 2017.
^ Urbina, Ian (April 3, 2010). "School Law Clinics Face a Backlash". The New York Times. Retrieved 4 April 2010.
^ Meghdadi, Mohammad Mahdi; Nasab, Ahmad Erfani (2011-01-01). "The role of legal clinics of law schools in human rights education; Mofid University legal clinic experience". Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences. 3rd World Conference on Educational Sciences - 2011. 15: 3014–3017. doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2011.04.234. ISSN 1877-0428.

Bibliography

Djemila Carron, Nesa Zimmermann & Vista Eskandari, "Pédagogies cliniques et critiques: penser les rapports de pouvoir dans l'enseignement du droit", Cliniques juridique 5, https://www.cliniques-juridiques.org/revue/volume-5-2021/pedagogies-cliniques-et-critiques-penser-les-rapports-de-pouvoir-dans-lenseignement-du-droit/
Valériane Thool & Geneviève Dufour, "L’évaluation dans les cliniques juridiques : quelques réflexions sur l’appréciation de l’acquisition des compétences", Cliniques juridiques 6, https://www.cliniques-juridiques.org/revue/volume-6-2022/levaluation-dans-les-cliniques-juridiques-quelques-reflexions-sur-lappreciation-de-lacquisition-des-competences/

[1] Black's Law Dictionary, 6th Edition, "clinical legal studies," (St. Paul, Minn: West Publishing Co., 1990), 254

[2] M. Yakasai, "Meaning of a Legal Clinic',2016

[3] "International Organizations". lextern. Retrieved 2019-10-18.

[lasc.org-4] "RuleXX.asp". www.lasc.org. Retrieved 2019-10-18.

[5] Uniform Local Rules Of The United States District Courts For The Eastern, Middle, And Western Districts Of Louisiana, LR83.2.13, "Local civil rule 83 - Rules by district courts; judges' directives". Archived from the original on 2008-07-03. Retrieved 2008-10-18.

[Avani_Bansal-6] Bansal, Avani. "Clinical legal education as a means to means to advance to advance access to justice in India". livelaw.in. livelaw.in. Retrieved 26 July 2017.

[7] "404 - Universiteit Utrecht", University Utrecht School of Law Clinical Programme on Conflict, Human Rights and International Justice, retrieved March 16, 2017.

[8] Urbina, Ian (April 3, 2010). "School Law Clinics Face a Backlash". The New York Times. Retrieved 4 April 2010.

[9] Meghdadi, Mohammad Mahdi; Nasab, Ahmad Erfani (2011-01-01). "The role of legal clinics of law schools in human rights education; Mofid University legal clinic experience". Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences. 3rd World Conference on Educational Sciences - 2011. 15: 3014–3017. doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2011.04.234. ISSN 1877-0428.

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@@ Line 2: / Line 2: @@
 [[File:Legal clinic, Palacky University.jpg|thumb|Students working on a case in a student's legal aid office, [[Palacky University]]]]
 {{Legal education in the United States}}
-A '''legal clinic''' (also '''law clinic''' or '''law school clinic''') is a [[legal aid]] or [[law school]] program providing [[Legal aid|services]] to various clients and often hands-on-legal experience to law school students.  Clinics are usually directed by clinical professors.<ref>''Black's Law Dictionary, 6th Edition,'' "clinical legal studies," (St. Paul, Minn: West Publishing Co., 1990), 254</ref>  Legal clinics typically do ''[[pro bono]]'' work in a particular area, providing free legal services to clients.
+A '''legal clinic''' (also '''law clinic''' or '''law-school clinic''') is a [[legal aid]] or [[law school|law-school]] program providing [[Legal aid|services]] to various clients and often hands-on legal experience to law students. Clinics are usually directed by clinical professors.<ref>''Black's Law Dictionary, 6th Edition,'' "clinical legal studies," (St. Paul, Minn: West Publishing Co., 1990), 254</ref> Legal clinics typically conduct ''[[pro bono]]'' work, providing free legal services to clients.
-Legal clinics originated as a method of practical teaching of law school students, but today they encompass also free [[legal aid]] with no academic links.<ref>M. Yakasai, "Meaning of a Legal Clinic',2016</ref> There are practice-based law clinics with no academic link which provide hands-on skills to lawyers, judges and non-lawyers on practical ethical dimensions of the law at the same time offer free public defence legal services.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://clinicalmatch.com/|title=International Organizations|website=lextern|language=en|access-date=2019-10-18}}</ref>
+Legal clinics originated as a method of practical teaching of law students, but today they also encompass free [[legal aid]] with no academic links.<ref>M. Yakasai, "Meaning of a Legal Clinic',2016</ref> Some practice-based law clinics with no academic link provide hands-on skills to lawyers, judges, and non-lawyers on practical dimensions of the law while offering legal services to clients.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lexternweb.org/international-organizations|title=International Organizations|website=lextern|language=en|access-date=2019-10-18}}</ref>
-==Need and importance==
-According to Avani Bansal, in cases where parties cannot afford a [[lawyer]] and are provided legal services by the state, the quality of that legal representation is often questionable. Therefore the need for clinical legal education, or establishing [[legal aid]] clinics at law schools, where law students can provide [[legal advice]] to indigent people.<ref name="Avani Bansal">{{cite web|last1=Bansal|first1=Avani|title=Clinical legal education as a means to means to advance to advance access to justice in India|url=http://www.livelaw.in/clinical-legal-education-means-advance-access-justice-india/|website=livelaw.in|publisher=livelaw.in|accessdate=26 July 2017}}</ref>
 ==Goals, objectives and methods ==
-Students typically provide assistance with research, drafting legal arguments, and meeting with clients. In many cases, one of the clinic's professors will show up for [[oral argument]] before the Court. However, many jurisdictions have "student practice" rules that allow law-clinic students to appear and argue in court.<ref name="lasc.org">{{Cite web|url=https://clinicalmatch.com/|title=RuleXX.asp|website=www.lasc.org|access-date=2019-10-18}}</ref><ref>Uniform Local Rules Of The United States District Courts For The Eastern, Middle, And Western Districts Of Louisiana, LR83.2.13, {{cite web |url=http://www.laed.uscourts.gov/LocalRules/Civil_83.htm |title=Local civil rule 83 - Rules by district courts; judges' directives |accessdate=2008-10-18 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080703173017/http://www.laed.uscourts.gov/LocalRules/Civil_83.htm |archive-date=2008-07-03 |df= }}</ref>
+In a law-school clinic, students typically provide assistance with research, drafting legal arguments, and meeting with clients. In many cases, professors will appear for [[oral argument]] before courts. However, many jurisdictions have "student practice" rules that permit law-clinic students to appear and argue in court.<ref name="lasc.org">{{Cite web|url=http://www.lasc.org/rules/supreme/RuleXX.asp|title=RuleXX.asp|website=www.lasc.org|access-date=2019-10-18}}</ref><ref>Uniform Local Rules Of The United States District Courts For The Eastern, Middle, And Western Districts Of Louisiana, LR83.2.13, {{cite web |url=http://www.laed.uscourts.gov/LocalRules/Civil_83.htm |title=Local civil rule 83 - Rules by district courts; judges' directives |access-date=2008-10-18 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080703173017/http://www.laed.uscourts.gov/LocalRules/Civil_83.htm |archive-date=2008-07-03 }}</ref>
+==Need and importance==
+Some scholars in some jurisdictions have questioned the quality of that legal representation in cases where parties cannot afford a [[lawyer]] and are provided legal services by the state. Law-school clinics provide other options to such clients.<ref name="Avani Bansal">{{cite web|last1=Bansal|first1=Avani|title=Clinical legal education as a means to means to advance to advance access to justice in India|url=http://www.livelaw.in/clinical-legal-education-means-advance-access-justice-india/|website=livelaw.in|publisher=livelaw.in|access-date=26 July 2017}}</ref>
 ==Areas of service==
 [[File:Legal clinic - case files.JPG|thumb|Legal clinic - case files at [[Palacký University]] Faculty of Law Legal Clinic]]
-Clinical legal studies exist in diverse areas such as immigration law, [[environmental law]], intellectual property, housing, criminal defense, criminal prosecution, American Indian law, human rights and international criminal law.<ref>[http://www.uu.nl/legalclinic "404 - Universiteit Utrecht", University Utrecht School of Law Clinical Programme on Conflict, Human Rights and International Justice], retrieved March 16, 2017.</ref> Clinics sometimes sue big companies and government entities, which has led to pushback in courts and legislatures, including attempts to put limits on whom clinics can sue without losing state subsidies.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/04/04/us/04lawschool.html?hp|title=School Law Clinics Face a Backlash|last=Urbina|first=Ian|date=April 3, 2010|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=4 April 2010}}</ref>
+Clinical legal studies operate in many areas, including immigration law, [[environmental law]], intellectual property, housing, criminal defense, criminal prosecution, American Indian law, human rights, and international criminal law.<ref>[http://www.uu.nl/legalclinic "404 - Universiteit Utrecht", University Utrecht School of Law Clinical Programme on Conflict, Human Rights and International Justice], retrieved March 16, 2017.</ref> Clinics sometimes sue companies and government entities, which has led to pushback in courts and legislatures, including attempts to put limits on whom clinics can sue without losing state subsidies.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/04/04/us/04lawschool.html?hp|title=School Law Clinics Face a Backlash|last=Urbina|first=Ian|date=April 3, 2010|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=4 April 2010}}</ref>
 ==Obstacles==
-While many jurisdictions have "student practice" rules that allow law-clinic students to appear and argue in court,<ref name="lasc.org"/> in some countries like India law students are still studying at law schools and cannot represent the clients in courts by themselves.<ref name="Avani Bansal" />
+While many jurisdictions have "student practice" rules that allow law-clinic students to appear and argue in court,<ref name="lasc.org"/> in some countries like India law students cannot represent clients in court.<ref name="Avani Bansal" />
+According to some scholars, clinical legal education fails to meet its goals because it lacks resources.<ref name="Avani Bansal" /> Other scholars have highlighted the educational capabilities of even low-cost legal clinics.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Meghdadi |first=Mohammad Mahdi |last2=Nasab |first2=Ahmad Erfani |date=2011-01-01 |title=The role of legal clinics of law schools in human rights education; Mofid University legal clinic experience |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1877042811007804 |journal=Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences |series=3rd World Conference on Educational Sciences - 2011 |volume=15 |pages=3014–3017 |doi=10.1016/j.sbspro.2011.04.234 |issn=1877-0428|doi-access=free }}</ref>
-According to Avani Bansal in many law schools, clinical legal education is imparted without the support of practical component and lacks policy. Participation in many of these legal clinics lacks academic credits. Lack of resources, lack of trained faculty for the purpose, lack of involvement of [[Bar council|Bar Council]] Members leads to ineffective and weak clinical legal education in countries like India. Communities around are not informed so are not involved. All these aspects frustrate the effective purpose of the Legal clinic in the sense that it neither trains students in practice nor it reaches to the public.<ref name="Avani Bansal" />
 ==Notable legal clinics==
 <!--Entries in such lists should have a Wikipedia article based on multiple independent sources. Other entries will be removed.-->
-===Netherlands===
-* [[Utrecht School of Law Clinical Programme on Conflict, Human Rights and International Justice]]
 ===United States===
+* [[Harvard Legal Aid Bureau]]
 * [[Stanford Law School Three Strikes Project]]
 * [[Supreme Court Clinic]]
@@ Line 40: / Line 39: @@
 ==References==
-{{Reflist}}{{Law}}
+{{Reflist}}
+==Bibliography==
+* Djemila Carron, Nesa Zimmermann & Vista Eskandari, "Pédagogies cliniques et critiques: penser les rapports de pouvoir dans l'enseignement du droit", ''Cliniques juridique'' 5, https://www.cliniques-juridiques.org/revue/volume-5-2021/pedagogies-cliniques-et-critiques-penser-les-rapports-de-pouvoir-dans-lenseignement-du-droit/
+* Valériane Thool & Geneviève Dufour, "L’évaluation dans les cliniques juridiques : quelques réflexions sur l’appréciation de l’acquisition des compétences", ''Cliniques juridiques'' 6, https://www.cliniques-juridiques.org/revue/volume-6-2022/levaluation-dans-les-cliniques-juridiques-quelques-reflexions-sur-lappreciation-de-lacquisition-des-competences/
+{{Law}}
 [[Category:Legal aid]]

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