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==Law enforcement==
==Law enforcement==


The Authority has some 525 Bridge and Tunnel officers.<ref name="Cuomo Website 2016"/> They are New York State peace officers with limited authority who perform tasks such as directing traffic, helping motorists, and performing patrols and selected security duties at each 9 inter city crossing.<ref name="Cuomo Website 2016"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nyc.gov/html/dcas/downloads/pdf/noes/bridgeandtunnelofficer.pdf|title=BRIDGE AND TUNNEL OFFICER Exam. No. 6091|work=[[Government of New York City|nyc.gov]]|publisher=Triborough Bridge and Tunnel Authority|date=February 7, 2007|access-date=November 15, 2018}}</ref><!-- The officers have limited power {{citation needed span|to make arrests and carry firearms to patrol the Authority's nine facilities.|date=August 2018}}--> In addition, about 150 [[New York State Police]] officers and 150 [[New York National Guard]] officers are assigned to policing and counter-terrorism activities.<ref name="Cuomo Website 2016">{{cite web |author=Staff | title=Governor Cuomo Announces Transformational Plan to Reimagine New York’s Bridges and Tunnels for 21st Century |website=[[Governor of New York (state)|governor.ny.gov]] | publisher=Office of Governor Andrew M. Cuomo | date=October 5, 2016 | url=https://www.governor.ny.gov/news/governor-cuomo-announces-transformational-plan-reimagine-new-york-s-bridges-and-tunnels-21st | access-date=November 15, 2018}}</ref>
The Authority has some 525 Bridge and Tunnel officers.<ref name="Cuomo Website 2016"/> They are New York State peace officers who perform tasks such as directing traffic, helping motorists, and performing patrols and selected security duties at each crossing.<ref name="Cuomo Website 2016"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nyc.gov/html/dcas/downloads/pdf/noes/bridgeandtunnelofficer.pdf|title=BRIDGE AND TUNNEL OFFICER Exam. No. 6091|work=[[Government of New York City|nyc.gov]]|publisher=Triborough Bridge and Tunnel Authority|date=February 7, 2007|access-date=November 15, 2018}}</ref><!-- The officers have limited power {{citation needed span|to make arrests and carry firearms to patrol the Authority's nine facilities.|date=August 2018}}--> In addition, about 150 [[New York State Police]] officers and 150 [[New York National Guard]] officers are assigned to policing and counter-terrorism activities.<ref name="Cuomo Website 2016">{{cite web |author=Staff | title=Governor Cuomo Announces Transformational Plan to Reimagine New York’s Bridges and Tunnels for 21st Century |website=[[Governor of New York (state)|governor.ny.gov]] | publisher=Office of Governor Andrew M. Cuomo | date=October 5, 2016 | url=https://www.governor.ny.gov/news/governor-cuomo-announces-transformational-plan-reimagine-new-york-s-bridges-and-tunnels-21st | access-date=November 15, 2018}}</ref> In 2013, New York state senator [[Joseph P. Addabbo]] introduced a bill in [[New York State Senate]] that would allow Bridge and Tunnel officers to have the same powers as state police officers; however, the bill has not moved past committee {{as of|2018|lc=y}}.<ref>{{cite web | title=NY State Senate Bill S4255 | website=[[New York State Senate|nysenate.gov]] |publisher=[[New York State Senate]]
| date=2013 | url=https://www.nysenate.gov/legislation/bills/2013/s4255/amendment/original | access-date=November 15, 2018}}</ref>


==Tolls==
==Tolls==

Revision as of 21:11, 16 November 2018

"TBTA" redirects here. For the chemical compound, see Tris(benzyltriazolylmethyl)amine.

MTA Bridges and Tunnels
Company typePublic benefit corporation
FoundedNew York State (1933)
Headquarters
Randall's Island, Manhattan New York City
Area served
New York City
Key people
Cedrick T. Fulton, President Charles Moerdler, Chair
RevenueUS$ 1.9 billion (2017)[1]
US$546 million (2017)
Number of employees
1,589[2]
ParentMetropolitan Transportation Authority
Websitemta.info/bandt

The Triborough Bridge and Tunnel Authority (TBTA), doing business as MTA Bridges and Tunnels, is an affiliate agency of the Metropolitan Transportation Authority that operates seven toll bridges and two tunnels in New York City. In terms of traffic volume, it is the largest bridge and tunnel toll agency in the United States, serving more than a million people each day and generating more than $1.9 billion in toll revenue annually as of 2017.[1] As of 2018, its budget was $596 million, funded through taxes and fees.[3]

The Triborough Bridge and Tunnel Authority was founded in 1933 as the Triborough Bridge Authority (TBA). The agency is named after its first crossing, the Triborough Bridge. The Triborough Bridge Authority was reorganized as the Triborough Bridge and Tunnel Authority in 1946, and subsequently as the MTA Bridges and Tunnels. Until 1994, however, the agency was publicly known as the TBTA. In addition to operating all nine toll crossings located entirely within New York City, the TBTA also controlled several buildings such as the New York Coliseum and the East Side Airlines Terminal, both of which have been demolished.

Facilities

The seven bridges are:[4]

The two tunnels are:[4]

Seal of the TBTA

History

Founding

MTA Bridges and Tunnels was originally founded as the Triborough Bridge Authority (TBA), which was organized to head the construction of the Triborough Bridge.[5] The structure had started construction in 1929[6] but stalled during the Great Depression due to a lack of funding.[7][8]: 340–344  In February 1933, a nine-person committee applied to the Reconstruction Finance Corporation (RFC) for a $150 million loan for projects in New York state, including the Triborough Bridge.[9] However, although the RFC favored a loan for the Triborough project,[10] the mayor at the time, John P. O'Brien, banned the RFC from giving loans to the city.[11] Instead, O'Brien wanted to create a bridge authority to sell bonds to pay for the construction of the Triborough Bridge as well as for the planned Queens–Midtown Tunnel between Manhattan and Queens.[12] Robert Moses, the New York City parks commissioner, also pushed the state legislature to create an authority to fund, build, and operate the Triborough Bridge.[8]: 340–344 

A bill to create the TBA passed quickly through both houses of the state legislature,[13] and was signed by Governor Herbert H. Lehman that April. The bill included a provision that the authority could sell up to $35 million in bonds and fund the remainder of construction through bridge tolls.[14][15] George Gordon Battle, a Tammany Hall attorney, was appointed as chairman of the new authority, and three commissioners were appointed.[16]

Early years

In its first year, the TBA was in turmoil: by January 1934, one of the TBA's commissioners had resigned,[17] and New York City Mayor Fiorello H. La Guardia was trying another TBA commissioner, John Stratton O'Leary, for corruption.[18] As a result, Public Works Administration (PWA) administrator Harold L. Ickes refused to distribute parts of the RFC grant allotted to the Triborough Bridge, until the existing funds could be accounted for.[19] After O'Leary had been removed, La Guardia appointed Moses to the open commissioner's position,[20] and Ickes gave the city $1.5 million toward the bridge's construction.[21][22] Moses became the chairman of the TBA in April 1934, after a series of interim chairmen had held the post.[23]

Moses leveraged his leadership of the Triborough Bridge Authority, as well as the state and city positions he also held, to expedite the Triborough project.[24]: 392–394  The Triborough Bridge opened on July 11, 1936.[25][8]: 440–443  The TBA subsequently constructed a second bridge, the Bronx–Whitestone Bridge, between the Bronx and Queens. Construction started in 1937[26] and the bridge opened on April 29, 1939, in time for the 1939 New York World's Fair in Queens.[27][28] Moses had proposed a third bridge, the Brooklyn-Battery Bridge, on the site of what is now the Brooklyn-Battery Tunnel.[29][30] However, the United States Department of War ultimately rejected the Brooklyn-Battery Bridge as an impediment to shipping, since it would obstruct access from the New York Harbor to the Brooklyn Navy Yard.[31][32]

Under the chairmanship of Robert Moses, the agency grew in a series of mergers with four other agencies. In January 1940, as part of a deal to build an approach to the Brooklyn–Battery Tunnel, Moses proposed merging the New York City Parkway Authority, which operated the Henry Hudson, Marine Parkway, and Cross Bay Bridges.[33] The City Parkway Authority was merged with the TBA on February 9, 1940.[34][35] The Parkway Authority had already been merged with the Henry Hudson Parkway Authority, which operated the Henry Hudson Bridge, and with the Marine Parkway Authority, which operated the Marine Parkway Bridge.[36] This gave the TBA complete control of all parkways and toll bridges located entirely in New York City.[34] The same bill revoked the TBA's right to build a bridge from Brooklyn to the Battery.[37] In 1945, with the pending merger of the Triborough Bridge Authority and the New York City Tunnel Authority, the former was renamed the Triborough Bridge and Tunnel Authority.[38] The authority operated the Queens–Midtown Tunnel and was building the Brooklyn–Battery Tunnel. The merger was finalized in 1946.[39] The TBTA completed the construction of the Brooklyn–Battery Tunnel, which opened to traffic on May 25, 1950.[40][41]

Growth

Generating millions of dollars in toll revenue annually, the TBTA easily became a powerful city agency as it was capable of funding large capital projects. From the 1940s to the 1960s, the TBTA built the Battery Tunnel Parking Garage, Jacob Riis Beach Parking Field, the New York Coliseum, and the East Side Airlines Terminal.[42]

Aside from toll crossings, one of the TBTA's most profitable properties was the New York Coliseum, an office building and convention center at Columbus Circle in Manhattan. The complex cost $35 million to build,[43] of which $26.5 million came from toll revenues collected by the TBTA.[44] The Coliseum, which became the New York City's major convention center, had a tax agreement with the city wherein the city government would collect a portion of the TBTA's revenue rather than collect taxes on the Coliseum property. Within the first ten years of the Coliseum's opening, the city had collected almost $9.1 million from the TBTA.[45] This special tax arrangement continued until the property was sold in 1998.[46]

The TBTA built two additional bridges in the 1960s. The Throgs Neck Bridge, a project to alleviate traffic on the Bronx-Whitestone Bridge, started construction in 1957[47][48] and opened on January 11, 1961.[49][50] The long-planned Verrazzano-Narrows Bridge, which had been proposed as far back as the 1920s,[51]: 135 [52] started construction in 1959[53] and was opened on November 21, 1964.[54][55] Because of higher-than-expected traffic on the Verrazzano-Narrows Bridge, the TBTA built a second deck on that bridge in 1969.[56]

Merger with MTA

Headquarters on Randall's Island

In January 1966, New York City Mayor John Lindsay proposed merging the New York City Transit Authority (NYCTA), which operated buses and subways in New York City, with the TBTA to create the Metropolitan Commuter Transit Authority (MCTA).[57] While Governor Nelson Rockefeller offered his "complete support" for Lindsay's proposed unified transit agency,[58] Robert Moses called the proposed merger "absurd" and "grotesque" for its unwieldiness.[59] Lindsay then proposed a bill in the state legislature that would allow the mayor to appoint a majority of the members in the new city-run transportation agency, but this was rejected.[60]: 229  In June 1966, Rockefeller announced his plans to expand the MCTA's scope to create a new regional transit authority to encompass the existing MCTA, as well as the NYCTA and TBTA.[61] Lindsay disagreed, saying that the state and city should have operationally separate transit authorities that worked in tandem.[62] In early 1967, Rockefeller proposed merging the NYCTA and TBTA into the MCTA, as well as creating a $2.5 billion bond issue to fund transportation improvements.[60]: 231  On May 3, 1967, Rockefeller signed a bill that allowed the MCTA to oversee the mass transit policies of New York City-area transit systems and the TBTA by the following March.[63]

Initially, the TBTA was resistant to the MCTA's efforts to acquire it.[64] Moses was afraid that the enlarged MCTA would "undermine, destroy or tarnish" the integrity of the TBTA,[65] One source of contention was Rockefeller's proposal to use TBTA tolls in order to subsidize the cheap fares of the NYCTA, since Moses strongly opposed any use of TBTA tolls for use by outside agencies.[66] Moses agreed to merge the TBTA into the MCTA in March 1967, and he even campaigned in favor of the transit bond issue.[60]: 231  In February 1968, the TBTA's bondholders finally acquiesced to the MCTA's merger proposal.[64]

On March 1, 1968, the MCTA dropped the word "Commuter" from its name and became the Metropolitan Transportation Authority (MTA). The MTA took over the operations of the other New York City-area transit systems as well as the TBTA.[67][68] Moses was relieved from his job as chairman of the TBTA, although he was retained as a consultant.[68] Moses stated that TBTA construction projects would reduce the MTA's budget surplus through 1970.[69] Surplus revenue, formerly used for new automobile projects, was then used to support public transportation.[70]

Since the merger, more than $10 billion has been contributed by the TBTA to subsidize mass transit fares and capital improvements for the New York City Transit, Long Island Rail Road, and Metro-North Railroad. The MTA Bridges and Tunnels trading name was adopted in 1994.[71] The name Triborough Bridge and Tunnel Authority is still the legal name of the Authority.[72][73]

Law enforcement

The Authority has some 525 Bridge and Tunnel officers.[74] They are New York State peace officers who perform tasks such as directing traffic, helping motorists, and performing patrols and selected security duties at each crossing.[74][75] In addition, about 150 New York State Police officers and 150 New York National Guard officers are assigned to policing and counter-terrorism activities.[74] In 2013, New York state senator Joseph P. Addabbo introduced a bill in New York State Senate that would allow Bridge and Tunnel officers to have the same powers as state police officers; however, the bill has not moved past committee as of 2018.[76]

Tolls

MTA Bridges and Tunnels collects the vast majority of its tolls through E-ZPass, an electronic toll collection system.[4] E-ZPass was introduced at MTA Bridges and Tunnels crossings between 1995 and 1997.[77]

Open-road tolling

In October 2016, Governor Andrew Cuomo announced that tollbooths would removed at all bridges to speed up traffic.[78][79][74] Since September 30, 2017, all MTA Bridges & Tunnels facilities have collected tolls through open-road cashless tolling.[80] Tollbooths previously in place have been dismantled, and drivers will no longer be able to pay cash at the crossings. Instead, cameras mounted onto new overhead gantries collect the tolls. While some are located where toll booths were previously located, others are located at the opposite ends of the facilities. Drivers without E-ZPass will have a picture of their license plate taken, and the toll will be mailed to them. For E-ZPass users, sensors will detect their transponders wirelessly.[78][79][74]

References

  1. ^ a b "MTA Annual Disclosure Statement Update" (PDF). Metropolitan Transportation Authority. Retrieved March 12, 2018.
  2. ^ "The MTA Network". Metropolitan Transportation Authority. Retrieved February 22, 2018.
  3. ^ Rivoli, Dan (February 13, 2018). "MTA Budget: Where does the money go?". NY Daily News. Retrieved November 3, 2018.
  4. ^ a b c "About MTA Bridges and Tunnels". Metropolitan Transportation Authority. Retrieved November 15, 2018. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  5. ^ "Press Release - Bridges & Tunnels - MTA Bridges and Tunnels: Celebrating 75 Years of Linking New York City". Metropolitan Transportation Authority. April 9, 2008. Retrieved November 15, 2018.
  6. ^ "WALKER OPENS WORK ON TRIBOROUGH SPAN; With Silver-Plated Pick and Spade He Breaks Ground in Astoria Park. 10,000 ATTEND CEREMONY Officials Say Bridge Will Add to City's Commerce--Praise the Mayor's Administration". The New York Times. October 26, 1929. Retrieved November 5, 2018.
  7. ^ Feuer, Alan (June 28, 2009). "Deconstructing the Robert F. Kennedy Bridge". The New York Times. Retrieved November 5, 2018.
  8. ^ a b c Caro, Robert A. (1974). The Power Broker: Robert Moses and the Fall of New York. A Borzoi book. Knopf. ISBN 978-0-394-48076-3.
  9. ^ "STATE BOARD TO ASK $150,000,000 OF R.F.C.; Moses Will Hold a Hearing Monday to Decide Which Projects to Recommend. SPEEDY ACTION IS SOUGHT Committee and Smith Going to Capital to Press for Loans -- Housing and Tunnel on List. STATE TO ASK R.F.C. FOR $150,000,000". The New York Times. February 4, 1933. Retrieved November 6, 2018.
  10. ^ "Harvey Hears Loan Report with Delight". Brooklyn Daily Eagle. February 12, 1932. p. 3. Retrieved November 6, 2018 – via Brooklyn Public Library; newspapers.com.
  11. ^ "MAYOR BANS LOANS FROM R.F.C. FOR CITY; Financing Will Continue as in Past, He Says on Proposal for Real Estate Help. BUDGET ACTION HELD UP Aldermen, Facing Loss of 11 Aides, Defer Approval Until Today -- Student Teachers Protest". The New York Times. February 15, 1933. Retrieved November 6, 2018.
  12. ^ "CITY BRIDGE BOARD SOUGHT BY O'BRIEN; Mayor Wants Agency Like the Port Authority to Finance Triborough Project. BONDS WOULD BE ISSUED Tolls to Pay Them Off -- Smith and Curry Are Reported in Favor of the Proposal". The New York Times. March 29, 1933. Retrieved November 6, 2018.
  13. ^ "LEHMAN TO DEMAND ACTION ON CHARTER; Message Is Expected When the Desmond-Moffat Proposal Is Taken Up Today. BRIDGE BILLS ARE PASSED Assembly Sends the Tri-Borough Span Authority Measures to the Governor". The New York Times. April 5, 1933. Retrieved November 6, 2018.
  14. ^ "Signs Tri-Borough Bridge Bills". The New York Times. April 8, 1933. Retrieved November 6, 2018.
  15. ^ "Lehman OKs Bill for 3-Boro Span". New York Daily News. April 9, 1933. p. 133. Retrieved November 6, 2018 – via Newspapers.com.
  16. ^ "BATTLE IS MADE HEAD OF BRIDGE AUTHORITY; Mayor Also Names J.A. O'Leary and F.C. Lemmerman to Board for Triborongh Span". The New York Times. April 29, 1933. Retrieved November 6, 2018.
  17. ^ "BRIDGE OFFICIAL QUITS UNDER FIRE; Lemmerman Faced Charge of Taking Fee in Lease of Office to Tri-Borough Authority". The New York Times. January 11, 1934. Retrieved November 6, 2018.
  18. ^ "LAGUARDIA TO TRY A BRIDGE OFFICIAL AS TOOL OF BOSSES; O'Leary, Member of Triborough Board, Called for Removal Hearing on Jan. 25". The New York Times. January 14, 1934. Retrieved November 6, 2018.
  19. ^ "TRIBOROUGH FUNDS TIED UP ICKES; Bars Further Grants Until He Is Assured Bridge Project Will Be Properly Handled. CALLS FOR AN ACCOUNTING Authority Asks for Writ to Bar LaGuardia From Hearing Charge Against O'Leary. TRIBOROUGH FUNDS TIED UP BY ICKES". The New York Times. January 16, 1934. Retrieved November 6, 2018.
  20. ^ "Mayor Ousts O'Leary; Moses Given Place on Bridge Authority". Brooklyn Daily Eagle. February 3, 1934. p. 1. Retrieved November 6, 2018 – via Brooklyn Public Library; newspapers.com.
  21. ^ "$68,000,000 LOANS FOR PWA PROJECTS WON BY LAGUARDIA; Mayor in Washington Gets Promise of $1,500,000 Now for Triborough Bridge. ICKES PRAISES NEW BOARD $20,000,000 for Housing Plan Ready -- $4,000,000 Granted for Disposal Plant. $68,000,000 LOANS WON BY LAGUARDIA". The New York Times. February 6, 1934. Retrieved November 6, 2018.
  22. ^ "Plain Sailing for Triborough Bridge Project". Brooklyn Daily Eagle. February 10, 1934. p. 3. Retrieved November 6, 2018 – via Brooklyn Public Library; newspapers.com.
  23. ^ "O'LEARY IS OUSTED; MOSES GETS POST; Mayor Dismisses Triborough Bridge Official as Deutsch Finds He Shirked Duties. FUSION CONTROLS BOARD Burkan Only Tammany Man Left -- High Salaries and Needless Jobs Denounced. O'LEARY IS OUSTED; MOSES GETS POST". The New York Times. February 4, 1934. Retrieved November 6, 2018.
  24. ^ Federal Writers' Project (1939). New York City Guide. New York: Random House. ISBN 978-1-60354-055-1. (Reprinted by Scholarly Press, 1976; often referred to as WPA Guide to New York City.)
  25. ^ "GREAT LINK IS ACCLAIMED; People Demanding Such Up-to-Date Projects, Roosevelt Says. TALK SEEN AS CHALLENGE Ickes and Moses Praise Each Other as They Meet for the First Time. LEHMAN GRATEFUL TO U.S. Mayor Also Hails Government -- Olympic Stadium on Island Dedicated. VIEWS OF YESTERDAY'S CEREMONIES AT THE OPENING OF THE NEW $60,300,000 TRIBOROUGH BRIDGE ROOSEVELT OPENS TRIBOROUGH SPAN". The New York Times. July 12, 1936. Retrieved November 10, 2018.
  26. ^ "MAYOR LAYS STONE FOR BRONX BRIDGE; Ceremony Marks Completion of Anchorage Foundation for Whitestone Span". The New York Times. November 2, 1937. Retrieved October 20, 2018.
  27. ^ "New Queens Span Opens in Time for Fair". Brooklyn Daily Eagle. April 30, 1939. p. 1. Retrieved October 25, 2018 – via Brooklyn Public Library; newspapers.com.
  28. ^ "Bronx–Whitestone Bridge is Opened". New York Daily News. April 30, 1939. p. 43. Retrieved October 25, 2018 – via Newspapers.com.
  29. ^ "Brooklyn-Battery Tunnel: Modern Wonder of World". Brooklyn Daily Eagle. May 25, 1950. p. 50. Archived from the original on March 15, 2018. Retrieved March 14, 2018 – via newspapers.com. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  30. ^ "BRIDGE AT BATTERY PROPOSED BY MOSES; Tandem Spans to Brooklyn Can Be Built for Half the Cost of Tunnel, He Finds NO FEDERAL LOAN NEEDED Letter to La Guardia Points to Easier Financing and Greater Speed in Construction Eight Reasons Are Listed New Idea, Says Official". The New York Times. 1939. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on March 20, 2018. Retrieved March 20, 2018. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  31. ^ "BATTERY BRIDGE REJECTED BY WOODRING AS WAR PERIL; MAYOR REVIVES TUBE PLAN; NAVY YARD DANGER Army Head Says It Would Be Cut Off by Wrecking of SpanMOSES IS NOT SURPRISEDSees 'Sabotaging' of Protect inWashington--La Guardiato Work for Tunnel". The New York Times. July 18, 1939. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on March 21, 2018. Retrieved March 20, 2018. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  32. ^ "Battle for New Boro-Battery Traffic Link". Brooklyn Daily Eagle. July 18, 1939. pp. 1, 4. Archived from the original on March 21, 2018. Retrieved March 19, 2018 – via Newspapers.com. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  33. ^ "Crew to Draft Moses' Bill to Build Tube Links". Brooklyn Daily Eagle. January 7, 1940. p. 1. Retrieved November 14, 2018 – via Brooklyn Public Library; newspapers.com.
  34. ^ a b "Lehman's O.K. of Crews' Bill Paves Way for Battery Tunnel". Brooklyn Daily Eagle. February 9, 1940. p. 40. Retrieved November 14, 2018 – via Brooklyn Public Library; newspapers.com.
  35. ^ "TOLL-POOLING BILL SIGNED; Lehman Approves TriboroughParkway Authorities Merger". The New York Times. February 9, 1940. Retrieved November 15, 2018.
  36. ^ "NEW PARKWAY BOARD PLANS BOND ISSUE; City Authority to Use Part of $18,000,000 for Refunding". The New York Times. March 23, 1938. Retrieved November 15, 2018.
  37. ^ "ASSEMBLY PASSES TOLL-POOLING BILL; Votes 132-13 to Join Groups Operating Henry Hudson and Triborough Bridges RACE BIAS BAN ADOPTED Unions Must Not Discriminate --Signature Registration Is Asked in New Bill". The New York Times. February 6, 1940. Retrieved November 15, 2018.
  38. ^ "TUNNEL AUTHORITY BEING REORGANIZED; Shortridge Displaced as the General Manager, Singstad Dropped as Chief Engineer MOSES HEADS THE AGENCY Initial Steps Announced in the Consolidation With Triborough Bridge Authority Here McLaughlin in Tunnel Post La Guardia Not in Accord". The New York Times. July 26, 1945. Retrieved November 15, 2018.
  39. ^ "Dewey Affirms Authority Merger". The New York Times. April 24, 1946. Retrieved November 15, 2018.
  40. ^ Ingraham, Joseph C. (May 26, 1950). "Brooklyn Tunnel Costing $80,000,000 Opened By Mayor". The New York Times. Archived from the original on September 2, 2017. Retrieved March 6, 2010. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  41. ^ "Boro-Battery Tube Opens". Brooklyn Daily Eagle. February 23, 1949. pp. 1, 5. Archived from the original on March 23, 2018. Retrieved March 22, 2018 – via Newspapers.com. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  42. ^ Schwabe, Armode (July 12, 1954) "Seven-Month-Old Air Terminal Doing a Good Job for Just About Everyone" The New York Times
  43. ^ Gossett, Carl T. (April 29, 1956). "COLISEUM OPENED; CROWDS FLOCK IN TO SEE 3 EXHIBITS; High Officials Snip Ribbon in Center That Was Built at Cost of $35,000,000 MAYOR HAILS PROJECT 125,000 View Stamp, Photo and Motor Car Shows in the First-Day Rush 'Unequaled on Face of Globe' COLISEUM OPENED; CROWDS FLOCK IN Box Offices Busy at Once Moses Tells of Difficulties City Gain in Taxes Noted". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved February 13, 2018. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  44. ^ Knowles, Clayton (April 28, 1956). "BRIDGE REVENUES BUILT NEW CENTER; Loan Held to $9,500,000-- Rest of Construction Paid by Tolls and Income COST PUT AT 35 MILLION Agency Will Liquidate Notes Next Year and Cancel Out All Its Debt by 1969". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved February 14, 2018.
  45. ^ "City Collects $9,096,000 From Coliseum In Lieu Of Taxes" (PDF). Ridgewood Times. July 27, 1967. p. 9. Retrieved February 14, 2017 – via Fultonhistory.com. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  46. ^ Bagli, Charles V. (July 30, 1998). "Sale of Coliseum Site Receives Approval". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved February 13, 2018.
  47. ^ "BRIDGE STARTED AT THROGS NECK; Moses and 5 Other Officials Break Ground for First of 3 Traffic-Relief Projects". The New York Times. October 23, 1957. Retrieved October 7, 2018.
  48. ^ "Throgs Neck Span Work Starts; Queens-Bronx Link Ready in '61". Long Island Star-Journal. October 22, 1957. pp. 1, 5 – via Fultonhistory.com.
  49. ^ Phillips, McCandlish (January 12, 1961). "Throgs Neck Bridge Is Opened To No Pomp and Little Traffic". The New York Times. Retrieved October 8, 2018.
  50. ^ Phillips, Dorothy A. (January 12, 1961). "Throgs Neck Bridge Opens New Gateway to Long Island". Long Island Star-Journal. pp. 1B, 13B – via Fultonhistory.com.
  51. ^ Rastorfer, Darl (2000). Six Bridges: The Legacy of Othmar H. Ammann. Six Bridges: The Legacy of Othmar H. Ammann. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-08047-6. Retrieved September 18, 2018.
  52. ^ "ASKS SUBURBAN AID IN REGIONAL PLAN; Committee Urges Cooperation in Furthering Important Public Improvements. WANT COUNTIES TO HELP Transit, Bridges, Skyscrapers and Financing Among the Subjects Discussed". The New York Times. June 7, 1927. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved March 14, 2018.
  53. ^ Ingraham, Joseph C. (August 14, 1959). "BRIDGE IS STARTED ACROSS NARROWS; Ground Is Broken on Staten Island for $320,000,000 Link With Brooklyn Bridge Across Narrows Started With Ceremony on Staten Island". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved March 14, 2018.
  54. ^ "Verrazano Link Will Open on S.i." The New York Times. January 27, 1964. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved March 15, 2018.
  55. ^ "Notables Salute the New Queen" (PDF). New York World-Telegram. November 21, 1964. p. 2. Retrieved March 14, 2018 – via Fultonhistory.com.
  56. ^ Schumach, Murray (June 29, 1969). "2d Level of Verrazano Bridge Opens 11 Years Ahead of Plan". The New York Times. Retrieved March 16, 2018.
  57. ^ "ALBANY IS WARM TO TRANSIT UNITY; Leaders Indicate Readiness to Weigh Lindsay Plan". The New York Times. 1966. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved February 1, 2018. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  58. ^ "GOVERNOR BACKS MAYOR ON TRANSIT; Support on Legislation for Unification Is Assured". The New York Times. February 9, 1966. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved February 1, 2018. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  59. ^ "Moses Scores a Transit Merger as Unworkable". The New York Times. 1967. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved February 1, 2018. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
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  61. ^ "ROCKEFELLER SEEKS REGIONAL AGENCY TO DIRECT TRANSIT; It Would Include Subway and Bridge Authorities and L.I. Rail Road BILL UNDER STUDY NOW Commuter Organization for Metropolitan Area May Get More Powers ROCKEFELLER SEEKS MASS TRANSIT UNIT". The New York Times. June 3, 1966. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved February 1, 2018. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  62. ^ "Lindsay Is Strongly Opposed To State Transit Proposal". The New York Times. June 4, 1966. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved February 1, 2018. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  63. ^ "GOVERNOR SIGNS 2D TRANSIT BILL; Unification Measure Names Agency to Head Operation". The New York Times. May 3, 1967. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved February 1, 2018. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  64. ^ a b "TRIBOROUGH PACT ENDS LAST BLOCK TO TRANSIT UNITY; Superagency Will Control Authority, but Is Curbed on Transfer of Funds TRIBOROUGH PACT REACHED IN TALKS". The New York Times. February 10, 1968. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved February 1, 2018. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  65. ^ "MOSES CAUTIONS NEW AUTHORITY; Praises Triborough Bridge Operations in Final Report". The New York Times. February 19, 1968. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved February 1, 2018. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  66. ^ "TRIBOROUGH FUNDS ARE AGAIN SOUGHT TO SAVE 20C FARE; Governor and Mayor Study Way to Include Authority in Metropolitan Program AID TO LINDSAY IS AN AIM Move Would Avoid Another Fare Rise Before Election No Comment by Moses TRIBOROUGH AID ON FARE REVIVED". The New York Times. February 28, 1967. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved February 1, 2018. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  67. ^ Penner, Larry (July 15, 2014). "Happy 51st Birthday To Queens Public Transportation". Queens Gazette. Archived from the original on September 12, 2015. Retrieved November 1, 2015. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  68. ^ a b "M.T.A. TAKES OVER TRANSIT NETWORK; Moses Will Be Kept On as Consultant to Agency". The New York Times. March 2, 1968. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved February 1, 2018. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
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  70. ^ Roberts, Sam (July 11, 2006), "Reappraising a Landmark Bridge, and the Visionary Behind It", The New York Times, retrieved October 9, 2007
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