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{{Short description|Egyptian dynasty from 1295 to 1186 BC}}
{{Short description|Egyptian dynasty from 1295 to 1186 BC}}
{{Infobox country
{{Infobox country
|conventional_long_name = Nineteenth Dynasty of Egypt
| conventional_long_name = Nineteenth Dynasty of Egypt
|era = Bronze Age
| era = New Kingdom of Egypt
|government_type = [[Absolute monarchy]]
| government_type = [[Absolute monarchy]]
|nation =
| nation =
|image_map = Egyptian Hittite map.jpg
| image_map = Egyptian Hittite map.jpg
|image_map_caption = Egypt and the Hittite Empire around the time of the Battle of Kadesh (1274 BC)
| image_map_caption = Egypt and the [[Hittite Empire]] around the time of the [[Battle of Kadesh|Battle of Kadesh (1274 BC)]]
|image_flag =
| image_flag =
|flag =
| flag =
|flag_type =
| flag_type =
|year_start = 1292 BC
| year_start = 1292 BC
|year_end = 1189 BC
| year_end = [[End of the 19th Dynasty|1189 BC]]
|p1 = Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt
| p1 = Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt
|flag_p1 =
| flag_p1 =
|s1 = Twentieth Dynasty of Egypt
| s1 = Twentieth Dynasty of Egypt
|flag_s1 =
| flag_s1 =
|capital = [[Thebes, Egypt|Thebes]], later [[Memphis, Egypt|Memphis]] and [[Pi-Ramesses]]
| capital = [[Thebes, Egypt|Thebes]], later [[Memphis, Egypt|Memphis]] and [[Pi-Ramesses]]
|common_languages = [[Egyptian language]]
| common_languages = [[Egyptian language]]
|religion = [[Ancient Egyptian Religion]]
| religion = [[Ancient Egyptian Religion]]
|event_start =
| event_start =
|event_end =
| event_end =
| title_leader = [[Pharaoh]]
⚫
|title_leader = [[Pharaoh]]}}The '''Nineteenth Dynasty of Egypt''' (notated Dynasty XIX), also known as the '''Ramessid dynasty''',<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Rise of the Ramessides: How a Military Family from the Nile Delta Founded One of Egypt's Most Celebrated Dynasties|url=https://www.arce.org/resource/rise-ramessides-how-military-family-nile-delta-founded-one-egypts-most-celebrated|access-date=2021-09-20|website=www.arce.org}}</ref> is classified as the second Dynasty of the [[Ancient Egypt]]ian [[New Kingdom of Egypt|New Kingdom]] period, lasting from 1292 BC to 1189 BC. The 19th Dynasty and the 20th Dynasty furthermore together constitute an era known as the ''Ramesside period''. This Dynasty was founded by [[Vizier (Ancient Egypt)|Vizier]] [[Ramesses I]], whom [[Pharaoh]] [[Horemheb]] chose as his successor to the throne.
| leader1 = [[Ramesses I]] (first)
| year_leader1 = {{Circa|1292}} - 1290 BC
| leader2 = [[Ramesses II]] (most well-known)
| year_leader2 = {{Circa|1279}} - 1213 BC
| leader3 = [[Twosret]] (last)
| year_leader3 = {{Circa|1191}} - 1189 BC
}}

⚫
The '''Nineteenth Dynasty of Egypt''' (notated Dynasty XIX), also known as the '''Ramessid dynasty''',<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Rise of the Ramessides: How a Military Family from the Nile Delta Founded One of Egypt's Most Celebrated Dynasties|url=https://www.arce.org/resource/rise-ramessides-how-military-family-nile-delta-founded-one-egypts-most-celebrated|access-date=2021-09-20|website=www.arce.org}}</ref> is classified as the second Dynasty of the [[Ancient Egypt]]ian [[New Kingdom of Egypt|New Kingdom]] period, lasting from 1292 BC to 1189 BC. The 19th Dynasty and the 20th Dynasty furthermore together constitute an era known as the ''Ramesside period''. This Dynasty was founded by [[Vizier (Ancient Egypt)|Vizier]] [[Ramesses I]], whom [[Pharaoh]] [[Horemheb]] chose as his successor to the throne.


== History ==
== History ==
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The New Kingdom of Egypt reached the zenith of its power under Seti I and Ramesses II ("The Great"), who campaigned vigorously against the [[Libu|Libyans]] and the Hittites. The city of [[Kadesh (Syria)|Kadesh]] was first captured by Seti I, who decided to concede it to [[Muwatalli II|Muwatalli]] of [[History of the Hittites|Hatti]] in an informal peace treaty between Egypt and Hatti. Ramesses II later attempted unsuccessfully to alter this situation in his fifth regnal year by launching an [[Battle of Kadesh|attack on Kadesh]] in his Second Syrian campaign in [[1274 BC]]; he was caught in history's first recorded military ambush, but thanks to the arrival of the Ne'arin (a force allied with Egypt), Ramesses was able to rally his troops and turn the tide of battle against the Hittites. Ramesses II later profited from the Hittites' internal difficulties, during his eighth and ninth regnal years, when he campaigned against their Syrian possessions, capturing Kadesh and portions of Southern Syria, and advancing as far north as [[Tunip]], where no Egyptian soldier had been seen for 120 years. He ultimately accepted that a campaign against the Hittites was an unsupportable drain on Egypt's treasury and military.<ref>N. Grimal, ''A History of Ancient Egypt'' (Oxford: Blackwell, 1992), pp. 256f.</ref> In his 21st regnal year, Ramesses signed the [[Egyptian-Hittite peace treaty|earliest recorded peace treaty]] with [[Urhi-Teshub]]'s successor, [[Hattusili III]], and with that act Egypt-Hittite relations improved significantly. Ramesses II even married two Hittite princesses, the first after his second [[Sed festival|Sed Festival]].
The New Kingdom of Egypt reached the zenith of its power under Seti I and Ramesses II ("The Great"), who campaigned vigorously against the [[Libu|Libyans]] and the Hittites. The city of [[Kadesh (Syria)|Kadesh]] was first captured by Seti I, who decided to concede it to [[Muwatalli II|Muwatalli]] of [[History of the Hittites|Hatti]] in an informal peace treaty between Egypt and Hatti. Ramesses II later attempted unsuccessfully to alter this situation in his fifth regnal year by launching an [[Battle of Kadesh|attack on Kadesh]] in his Second Syrian campaign in [[1274 BC]]; he was caught in history's first recorded military ambush, but thanks to the arrival of the Ne'arin (a force allied with Egypt), Ramesses was able to rally his troops and turn the tide of battle against the Hittites. Ramesses II later profited from the Hittites' internal difficulties, during his eighth and ninth regnal years, when he campaigned against their Syrian possessions, capturing Kadesh and portions of Southern Syria, and advancing as far north as [[Tunip]], where no Egyptian soldier had been seen for 120 years. He ultimately accepted that a campaign against the Hittites was an unsupportable drain on Egypt's treasury and military.<ref>N. Grimal, ''A History of Ancient Egypt'' (Oxford: Blackwell, 1992), pp. 256f.</ref> In his 21st regnal year, Ramesses signed the [[Egyptian-Hittite peace treaty|earliest recorded peace treaty]] with [[Urhi-Teshub]]'s successor, [[Hattusili III]], and with that act Egypt-Hittite relations improved significantly. Ramesses II even married two Hittite princesses, the first after his second [[Sed festival|Sed Festival]].


==== Merneptah ====
==== Merneptah and successors ====
{{main|End of the 19th Dynasty}}
This dynasty declined as infighting for the throne between the heirs of [[Merneptah]] increased. [[Amenmesse]] apparently usurped the throne from Merneptah's son and successor, [[Seti II]], but he ruled Egypt for only four years. After his death, Seti regained power and destroyed most of Amenmesse's monuments. Seti was served at court by [[Chancellor Bay]], who was originally just a 'royal scribe' but quickly became one of the most powerful men in Egypt, gaining the unprecedented privilege of constructing his own tomb in the [[Valley of the Kings]] ([[KV13]]). Both Bay and Seti's chief wife, [[Twosret]], had a sinister reputation in Ancient Egyptian folklore.<ref>Grimal, p. 270</ref> After [[Siptah]]'s death, Twosret ruled Egypt for two more years, but she proved unable to maintain her hold on power amid the conspiracies and powerplays being hatched at the royal court. She was likely ousted in a revolt led by [[Setnakhte]], founder of the [[Twentieth dynasty of Egypt|20th Dynasty]].
This dynasty declined as infighting for the throne between the heirs of [[Merneptah]] increased. [[Amenmesse]] apparently usurped the throne from Merneptah's son and successor, [[Seti II]], but he ruled Egypt for only four years. After his death, Seti regained power and destroyed most of Amenmesse's monuments. Seti was served at court by [[Chancellor Bay]], who was originally just a 'royal scribe' but quickly became one of the most powerful men in Egypt, gaining the unprecedented privilege of constructing his own tomb in the [[Valley of the Kings]] ([[KV13]]). Both Bay and Seti's chief wife, [[Twosret]], had a sinister reputation in Ancient Egyptian folklore.<ref>Grimal, p. 270</ref> After [[Siptah]]'s death, Twosret ruled Egypt for two more years, but she proved unable to maintain her hold on power amid the conspiracies and powerplays being hatched at the royal court. She was likely ousted in a revolt led by [[Setnakhte]], founder of the [[Twentieth dynasty of Egypt|20th Dynasty]].


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{{Main|Nineteenth Dynasty of Egypt family tree}}
{{Main|Nineteenth Dynasty of Egypt family tree}}
The [[pharaoh]]s of the 19th Dynasty ruled for approximately 110 years: from {{Circa|1292}} to 1187 BC. Many of the pharaohs were buried in the Valley of the Kings in Thebes (designated KV). More information can be found on the Theban Mapping Project website.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thebanmappingproject.com/sites/ |title=Sites in the Valley of the Kings |publisher=Thebanmappingproject.com |access-date=2012-09-22}}</ref>
The [[pharaoh]]s of the 19th Dynasty ruled for approximately 110 years: from {{Circa|1292}} to 1187 BC. Many of the pharaohs were buried in the Valley of the Kings in Thebes (designated KV). More information can be found on the Theban Mapping Project website.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thebanmappingproject.com/sites/ |title=Sites in the Valley of the Kings |publisher=Thebanmappingproject.com |access-date=2012-09-22}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:auto;"
{| class="wikitable"
|+Dynasty XIX Kings of Egypt
! style="width:150px" |Pharaoh
! style="width:150px" |Pharaoh
!style="width:50px" |Image!! style="width:150px" |[[Prenomen (Ancient Egypt)|Throne Name]] / Prenomen !! style="width:120px" |Reign !! style="width:60px" |Burial !! style="width:200px" |Consort(s) / Spouse(s)
!style="width:50px" |Image!! style="width:150px" |[[Prenomen (Ancient Egypt)|Prenomen]] (throne name) !! style="width:120px" |[[Horus name|Horus-name]] !! style="width:120px" |Reign !! style="width:60px" |Burial !! style="width:200px" |Consort(s) / Spouse(s)
|-
|-
| [[Ramesses I]]
| [[Ramesses I]]
|[[File:StatueHeadOfParamessu-TitledFrontalView-RamessesI MuseumOfFineArtsBoston.png|100x100px]]
|[[File:StatueHeadOfParamessu-TitledFrontalView-RamessesI MuseumOfFineArtsBoston.png|100x100px]]
| ''Menpehtyre'' ||1292–1290 BC|| [[KV16]] || [[Queen Sitre|Sitre]]
| ''Menpehtyre'' || Kanakhtwadjnesyt ||1292–1290 BC|| [[KV16]] || [[Queen Sitre|Sitre]]
|-
|-
| [[Seti I]]
| [[Seti I]]
|[[File:SetiI-KneelingStatueOfferingToOsiris-CloseUp MetropolitanMuseum.png|125x125px]]
|[[File:SetiI-KneelingStatueOfferingToOsiris-CloseUp MetropolitanMuseum.png|125x125px]]
| ''Menmaatre'' ||1290–1279 BC<ref>J. von Beckerath (1997) (in German). ''Chronologie des Äegyptischen Pharaonischen''. Phillip von Zabern. p. 190</ref> || [[KV17]] || [[Queen Tuya|(Mut-)Tuya]]
| ''Menmaatre'' || Kanakhtkhaem Wasetsankhtawy ||1290–1279 BC<ref>J. von Beckerath (1997) (in German). ''Chronologie des Äegyptischen Pharaonischen''. Phillip von Zabern. p. 190</ref> || [[KV17]] || [[Queen Tuya|(Mut-)Tuya]]
|-
|-
| [[Ramesses II]]
| [[Ramesses II]]
|[[File:RamsesIIEgypt.jpg|119x119px]]
|[[File:RamsesIIEgypt.jpg|119x119px]]
| ''Usermaatre Setepenre'' ||1279–1213 BC|| [[KV7]] || [[Nefertari]] <br> [[Isetnofret]] <br> [[Maathorneferure]] <br> [[Meritamen]] <br> [[Bintanath]] <br> [[Nebettawy]] <br> [[Henutmire]]
| ''Usermaatre Setepenre'' || Kanakhtmeryre ||1279–1213 BC|| [[KV7]] || [[Nefertari]] <br> [[Isetnofret]] <br> [[Maathorneferure]] <br> [[Meritamen]] <br> [[Bintanath]] <br> [[Nebettawy]] <br> [[Henutmire]]
|-
|-
| [[Merneptah]]
| [[Merneptah]]
|[[File:Merenptah Louxor-HeadAndShoulders-BackgroundKnockedOut.png|100x100px]]
|[[File:Merenptah Louxor-HeadAndShoulders-BackgroundKnockedOut.png|100x100px]]
| ''Baenre Merynetjeru'' ||1213–1203 BC|| [[KV8]] || [[Isetnofret II]] <br> [[Takhat]]?
| ''Baenre Merynetjeru'' || Kanakhthaemmaat ||1213–1203 BC|| [[KV8]] || [[Isetnofret II]] <br> [[Takhat]]?
|-
|-
| [[Seti II]]
| [[Seti II]]
|[[File:Turin statue of Seti II.jpg|178x178px]]
|[[File:Turin statue of Seti II.jpg|178x178px]]
| ''Userkheperure Setepenre'' ||1203–1197 BC|| [[KV15]] || [[Takhat]]? <br>[[Twosret]]?<br>[[Tiaa (wife of Seti II)|Tiaa]]
| ''Userkheperure Setepenre'' || Kanakhtwerpehty ||1203–1197 BC|| [[KV15]] || [[Takhat]]? <br>[[Twosret]]?<br>[[Tiaa (wife of Seti II)|Tiaa]]
|-
|-
| [[Amenmesse]]
| [[Amenmesse]]
| [[File:Seti-II-StatueHead MetropolitanMuseum.png|120px]]
| [[File:Jar inscribed with the prenomen and nomen of Amenmesse. Faience, cylindrical. 19th Dynasty. From Cemetery C at el-Riqqeh, Egypt. The Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology, London.jpg|120px]]
| ''Menmire Setepenre'' ||1201–1198 BC|| [[KV10]] || ''Unknown''
| ''Menmire Setepenre'' || Kanakhtmery Maatsementawy ||1201–1198 BC|| [[KV10]] ||Tiye or Tiy?{{fact|date=February 2024}}
|-
|-
| [[Siptah]]
| [[Siptah]]
|[[File:Siptah.jpg|145x145px]]
|[[File:Siptah.jpg|145x145px]]
| ''Sekhaienre Meryamun,'' later ''Akhenre Setepenre'' ||1197–1191 BC|| [[KV47]] || ''Unknown''
| ''Sekhaienre Meryamun'' (originally)<br/>''Akhenre Setepenre'' (later) || Kanakhtmeryhapy Sankhtanebemkaef ||1197–1191 BC|| [[KV47]] || ''Unknown''
|-
|-
| [[Twosret]]
| [[Twosret]]
|[[File:Twosret.jpg|148x148px]]
|[[File:Twosret.jpg|148x148px]]
| ''Sitre Meryamun'' ||1191–1189 BC|| [[KV14]] || [[Seti II]]?
| ''Sitre Meryamun'' || Kanakhtmerymaat ||1191–1189 BC|| [[KV14]] || [[Seti II]]?
|}
|}


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==See also==
==See also==
* [[List of children of Ramesses II]]
* [[List of children of Ramesses II]]
* [[Ka-Nefer-Nefer]]


==References==
==References==
{{Reflist|2}}
{{Reflist}}


{{Authority control}}
{{Authority control}}

Latest revision as of 15:34, 22 June 2024

Nineteenth Dynasty of Egypt
1292 BC–1189 BC
Egypt and the Hittite Empire around the time of the Battle of Kadesh (1274 BC)
Egypt and the Hittite Empire around the time of the Battle of Kadesh (1274 BC)
CapitalThebes, later Memphis and Pi-Ramesses
Common languagesEgyptian language
Religion
Ancient Egyptian Religion
GovernmentAbsolute monarchy
Pharaoh 
• c. 1292 - 1290 BC
Ramesses I (first)
• c. 1279 - 1213 BC
Ramesses II (most well-known)
• c. 1191 - 1189 BC
Twosret (last)
Historical eraNew Kingdom of Egypt
• Established
1292 BC
• Disestablished
1189 BC
Preceded by		 Succeeded by
Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt
Twentieth Dynasty of Egypt

The Nineteenth Dynasty of Egypt (notated Dynasty XIX), also known as the Ramessid dynasty,[1] is classified as the second Dynasty of the Ancient Egyptian New Kingdom period, lasting from 1292 BC to 1189 BC. The 19th Dynasty and the 20th Dynasty furthermore together constitute an era known as the Ramesside period. This Dynasty was founded by Vizier Ramesses I, whom Pharaoh Horemheb chose as his successor to the throne.

History

[edit]

Background

[edit]

The warrior kings of the early 18th Dynasty had encountered only little resistance from neighbouring kingdoms, allowing them to expand their realm of influence easily, but the international situation had changed radically towards the end of the dynasty. The Hittites had gradually extended their influence into Syria and Canaan to become a major power in international politics, a power that both Seti I and his son Ramesses II would confront in the future.

19th Dynasty

[edit]

Seti I and Ramesses II

[edit]
Periods and dynasties of ancient Egypt
All years are BC
Early
Pre-dynastic period
First Dynasty I c. 3150–2890
Second Dynasty II 2890–2686
Old Kingdom
Third Dynasty III 2686–2613
Fourth Dynasty IV 2613–2498
Fifth Dynasty V 2498–2345
Sixth Dynasty VI 2345–2181
First Intermediate
Seventh Dynasty VII spurious
Eighth Dynasty VIII 2181–2160
Ninth Dynasty IX 2160–2130
Tenth Dynasty X 2130–2040
Early Eleventh Dynasty XI 2134–2061
Middle Kingdom
Late Eleventh Dynasty XI 2061–1991
Twelfth Dynasty XII 1991–1803
Thirteenth Dynasty XIII 1803–1649
Second Intermediate
Fourteenth Dynasty XIV 1705–1690
Fifteenth Dynasty (Hyksos) XV 1674–1535
Sixteenth Dynasty XVI 1660–1600
Abydos Dynasty 1650–1600
Seventeenth Dynasty XVII 1580–1549
New Kingdom
Eighteenth Dynasty XVIII 1549–1292
Nineteenth Dynasty XIX 1292–1189
Twentieth Dynasty XX 1189–1077
Third Intermediate
Twenty-first Dynasty XXI 1069–945
Twenty-second Dynasty XXII 945–720
Twenty-third Dynasty XXIII 837–728
Twenty-fourth Dynasty XXIV 732–720
Twenty-fifth Dynasty (Nubian) XXV 732–653
Late Period
Twenty-sixth Dynasty XXVI 672–525
XXVII 525–404
Twenty-eighth Dynasty XXVIII 404–398
Twenty-ninth Dynasty XXIX 398–380
Thirtieth Dynasty XXX 380–343
XXXI 343–332
Hellenistic Egypt
Thirty-second Dynasty XXXII 332–305
Thirty-third Dynasty XXXIII 305–30
Roman Egypt
XXXIV 30 BC – 313 AD
Byzantine Egypt
XXXV 379 AD – 641 AD

The New Kingdom of Egypt reached the zenith of its power under Seti I and Ramesses II ("The Great"), who campaigned vigorously against the Libyans and the Hittites. The city of Kadesh was first captured by Seti I, who decided to concede it to Muwatalli of Hatti in an informal peace treaty between Egypt and Hatti. Ramesses II later attempted unsuccessfully to alter this situation in his fifth regnal year by launching an attack on Kadesh in his Second Syrian campaign in 1274 BC; he was caught in history's first recorded military ambush, but thanks to the arrival of the Ne'arin (a force allied with Egypt), Ramesses was able to rally his troops and turn the tide of battle against the Hittites. Ramesses II later profited from the Hittites' internal difficulties, during his eighth and ninth regnal years, when he campaigned against their Syrian possessions, capturing Kadesh and portions of Southern Syria, and advancing as far north as Tunip, where no Egyptian soldier had been seen for 120 years. He ultimately accepted that a campaign against the Hittites was an unsupportable drain on Egypt's treasury and military.[2] In his 21st regnal year, Ramesses signed the earliest recorded peace treaty with Urhi-Teshub's successor, Hattusili III, and with that act Egypt-Hittite relations improved significantly. Ramesses II even married two Hittite princesses, the first after his second Sed Festival.

Merneptah and successors

[edit]
Main article: End of the 19th Dynasty

This dynasty declined as infighting for the throne between the heirs of Merneptah increased. Amenmesse apparently usurped the throne from Merneptah's son and successor, Seti II, but he ruled Egypt for only four years. After his death, Seti regained power and destroyed most of Amenmesse's monuments. Seti was served at court by Chancellor Bay, who was originally just a 'royal scribe' but quickly became one of the most powerful men in Egypt, gaining the unprecedented privilege of constructing his own tomb in the Valley of the Kings (KV13). Both Bay and Seti's chief wife, Twosret, had a sinister reputation in Ancient Egyptian folklore.[3] After Siptah's death, Twosret ruled Egypt for two more years, but she proved unable to maintain her hold on power amid the conspiracies and powerplays being hatched at the royal court. She was likely ousted in a revolt led by Setnakhte, founder of the 20th Dynasty.

Pharaohs of the 19th Dynasty

[edit]
Main article: Nineteenth Dynasty of Egypt family tree

The pharaohs of the 19th Dynasty ruled for approximately 110 years: from c. 1292 to 1187 BC. Many of the pharaohs were buried in the Valley of the Kings in Thebes (designated KV). More information can be found on the Theban Mapping Project website.[4]

Dynasty XIX Kings of Egypt
Pharaoh Image Prenomen (throne name) Horus-name Reign Burial Consort(s) / Spouse(s)
Ramesses I Menpehtyre Kanakhtwadjnesyt 1292–1290 BC KV16 Sitre
Seti I Menmaatre Kanakhtkhaem Wasetsankhtawy 1290–1279 BC[5] KV17 (Mut-)Tuya
Ramesses II Usermaatre Setepenre Kanakhtmeryre 1279–1213 BC KV7 Nefertari
Isetnofret
Maathorneferure
Meritamen
Bintanath
Nebettawy
Henutmire
Merneptah Baenre Merynetjeru Kanakhthaemmaat 1213–1203 BC KV8 Isetnofret II
Takhat?
Seti II Userkheperure Setepenre Kanakhtwerpehty 1203–1197 BC KV15 Takhat?
Twosret?
Tiaa
Amenmesse Menmire Setepenre Kanakhtmery Maatsementawy 1201–1198 BC KV10 Tiye or Tiy?[citation needed]
Siptah Sekhaienre Meryamun (originally)
Akhenre Setepenre (later)		 Kanakhtmeryhapy Sankhtanebemkaef 1197–1191 BC KV47 Unknown
Twosret Sitre Meryamun Kanakhtmerymaat 1191–1189 BC KV14 Seti II?

Timeline of the 19th Dynasty

[edit]
TwosretSiptahSeti IIAmenmesseMerneptahRamesses IISeti IRamesses I
[edit]
  • Seti I
    Seti I
  • Ramesses II
    Ramesses II
  • Twosret
    Twosret
  • Shabti of Siptah
    Shabti of Siptah
  • Chancellor Bay
    Chancellor Bay
  • Seti II
    Seti II

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "The Rise of the Ramessides: How a Military Family from the Nile Delta Founded One of Egypt's Most Celebrated Dynasties". www.arce.org. Retrieved 2021-09-20.
  2. ^ N. Grimal, A History of Ancient Egypt (Oxford: Blackwell, 1992), pp. 256f.
  3. ^ Grimal, p. 270
  4. ^ "Sites in the Valley of the Kings". Thebanmappingproject.com. Retrieved 2012-09-22.
  5. ^ J. von Beckerath (1997) (in German). Chronologie des Äegyptischen Pharaonischen. Phillip von Zabern. p. 190
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