ONERA: Difference between revisions

ONERA
*Office national d'études et de recherches aérospatiales* (French)
	An ONERA site at Modane–Avrieux.
Motto	The French Aerospace Lab
Established	1946
Research type	Applied
Field of research	Aerospace
Location	Palaiseau, France
Operating agency	Minister of the Armed Forces
Website	onera.fr

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The Office national d'études et de recherches aérospatiales (ONERA) is the French national aerospace research centre. It is a public establishment with industrial and commercial operations, and carries out research to enhance innovation and competitiveness in the aerospace and defense sectors.

ONERA was created in 1946 as "Office National d’Études et de Recherches Aéronautiques". Since 1963, its official name has been "Office National d’Études et de Recherches Aérospatiales". However, in January 2007, ONERA has been dubbed "The French Aerospace Lab" to improve its international visibility.

History

ONERA's historic roots are in the Paris suburb of Meudon, south of Paris. As early as 1877, the Chalais-Meudon site hosted an aeronautical research center for military aerostats (balloons): Etablissement central de l’aérostation militaire.

ONERA was created in May 1946 to relaunch aeronautics research, an activity that had gone into hibernation during the Second World War and the German occupation. Its creation reflected the government's decision to recover the large wind tunnel in Ötztal, Austria, in the French administrative zone, and move it to France. Today, ONERA's extensive array of wind tunnels is one of its main assets. ONERA operates a world-class fleet of wind tunnels, the largest in Europe. The S1MA wind tunnel at Modane-Avrieux, developing 88 MW of total power, is Europe's largest transonic wind tunnel (tests at Mach 0.05 to Mach 1).

Organization

The Chairman and CEO of ONERA is appointed by the French Council of Ministers, acting on a proposal by the Minister of Defense. Since June 2014, the Chairman and CEO is Bruno Sainjon.^[1]

Sites of ONERA facilities

ONERA is organized in eight geographic areas. It has about 2,000 employees, with 1,500 engineers and scientists (including 230 doctoral candidates), as well as support staff.

Three centers in the greater Paris area (Ile-de-France):

ONERA Palaiseau, current headquarters
ONERA Châtillon
ONERA Meudon

Two centers in the Midi-Pyrenees region of southwest France:

ONERA Toulouse, near the leading aeronautical engineering schools ISAE-Sup’Aéro and ENAC
ONERA Fauga–Mauzac (wind tunnels), south of Toulouse.

Three other centers:

ONERA Lille, northern France (formerly the Lille Fluid Mechanics Institute)
ONERA Salon de Provence, southern France, on the site of the Ecole de l’air flying school
ONERA Modane-Avrieux (wind tunnels), in the Savoy region of southeast France.

Scientific departments

ONERA is organized in four scientific branches: Fluid Mechanics and Energetics; Materials and Structures; Physics; and Information Processing and Systems. Wind tunnel testing is managed in the GMT (Grands Moyens Techniques) department. Aerospace prospective depends on a specific department.

The Direction Technique et des Programmes (DTP) comprises the following departments:^[2]

DAAA - Aérodynamique, aéroélasticité, acoustique.
DEMR - Électromagnétisme et radar.
DMAS - Matériaux et structures.
DMPE - Multi-physique pour l'énergétique.
DOTA - Optique et techniques associées.
DPHY - Physique, instrumentation, environnement, espace.
DTIS - Traitement de l'information et systèmes.

Missions

Unlike NASA in the United States, ONERA is not an agency for space science and exploration. However, it carries out a wide range of research for space agencies, both CNES in France and the European Space Agency (ESA), as well as for the French defense agency, DGA (Direction générale de l’armement). ONERA also independently conducts its own long-term research to anticipate future technology needs. It focuses on scientific research, for example in aerodynamics for concrete applications on aircraft, the design of launchers and new defense technologies, such as drones or unmanned aerial systems (UAS).

ONERA also uses its research and innovation capabilities to support both French and European industry. ONERA has contributed to a number of landmark aerospace and defense programs in recent decades, including Airbus, Ariane, Rafale, Falcon, Mirage and Concorde.

Rockets

Various rockets have been developed through ONERA, some of which are listed below:

Daniel^[3]^[4]
Antarès^[5]^[6]^[7]^[8]
Bérénice^[9]^[10]^[11]^[12]^[13]
Tibère^[14]^[15]^[16]
Tacite^[17]^[18]^[19]^[20]
Titus^[21]^[22]^[23]^[24]
LEX^[25]^[26]^[27]^[28]

Commercial partnerships

ONERA's customer-partners include Airbus (Airbus Helicopters), Safran (Snecma, Turbomeca, Sagem), Dassault Aviation, Thales and other major industry players. Innovative small businesses are also encouraged to call on the expertise of ONERA's scientists and engineers, and to take advantage of technology transfer opportunities. The company Tefal was created by two ONERA engineers, the inventors of the “non-stick pan”. These products were produced and sold by Tefal S.A., which was subsequently acquired by Groupe SEB.

Notes and references

^ Romain Guillot (2014-05-28), Bruno Sainjon nommé à la tête de l'ONERA (in French), Le Journal de l'Aviation, retrieved 2015-05-27
^ www.onera.fr/fr/departements-scientifiques/mot-du-dtg
^ Wade, Mark (2019). "Daniel". Encyclopedia Astronautica. Archived from the original on 2022-05-16. Retrieved 2023-11-11.
^ Serra, Jean-Jacques (2007-01-13). "ONERA rockets". Rockets in Europe. Archived from the original on 2007-01-13. Retrieved 2023-11-11.
^ "Antarès (OPd-56-39-22D)". Gunter's Space Page. Retrieved 2023-11-13.
^ "Antares". www.astronautix.com. Retrieved 2023-11-13.
^ "ONERA rockets". 2012-11-14. Archived from the original on 2012-11-14. Retrieved 2023-11-13.
^ "La fusée Antarès". eurospace.free.fr. Retrieved 2023-11-14.
^ "ONERA rockets". 2012-11-14. Archived from the original on 2012-11-14. Retrieved 2023-11-13.
^ "Berenice" (PDF). S.E.P.R. Union Revue d'Information du Personnel (in French) (7): 34. February 1963. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-10-26. Retrieved 26 October 2014.
^ "Berenice". www.astronautix.com. Retrieved 2023-11-13.
^ "SEPR-739 with upper stages". Gunter's Space Page. Retrieved 2023-11-13.
^ "La fusée Bérénice". eurospace.free.fr. Retrieved 2023-11-14.
^ Serra, Jean-Jacques (2013-01-15). "Fusées de l'ONERA". Les fusées en Europe. Archived from the original on 2013-01-15. Retrieved 2023-11-13.
^ Wade, Mark (2019). "Tibere". Encyclopedia Astronautica. Retrieved 2023-11-13.
^ "La fusée Tibère". Europespace. 1999. Retrieved 2023-11-14.
^ Serra, Jean-Jacques (2013-01-15). "Fusées de l'ONERA". Les fusées en Europe. Archived from the original on 2013-01-15. Retrieved 2023-11-14.
^ "La fusée Tacite". Les fusées et les spationautes européens. 1999. Retrieved 2023-11-14.
^ Wade, Mark (2019). "Tacite". Encyclopedia Astronautica. Retrieved 2023-11-14.
^ Krebs, Gunter D. (2023). "SEPR-739". Gunter's Space Page. Retrieved 2023-11-14.
^ "La fusée Titus". Europespace. Retrieved 2023-11-14.
^ "SEPR-739 with upper stages". Gunter's Space Page. Retrieved 2023-11-14.
^ Wade. "Titus". Encyclopedia Astronomica. Retrieved 2023-11-14.
^ "Fusées de l'ONERA". Les fusées en Europe. 2013-01-15. Archived from the original on 2013-01-15. Retrieved 2023-11-14.
^ Gunter D., Krebs (2024). "LEX". Gunter's Space Page. Retrieved 2024-01-03.
^ Lestrade; Messineo; Hijlkema; Prévot; Casalis; Anthoine (June 2016). "Challenges in Combustion for Aerospace Propulsion - Hybrid Chemical Engines: Recent Advances from Sounding Rocket Propulsion and Vision for Spacecraft Propulsion" (PDF). Journal Aerospace Lab (11): 6.
^ Surmacz, Paweł & Rarata, Grzegorz. (2009). Hybrid Rocket Propulsion Development and Application. Progress in Astronautics.
^ Okninski, Adam; Kopacz, Wioleta; Kaniewski, Damian; Sobczak, Kamil (2021-12-01). "Hybrid rocket propulsion technology for space transportation revisited - propellant solutions and challenges". FirePhysChem. Progress in Hybrid Rocket Propulsion. 1 (4): 260–271. Bibcode:2021FPhCh...1..260O. doi:10.1016/j.fpc.2021.11.015. ISSN 2667-1344.

External links

Official website

48°42′44″N 2°13′55″E / 48.712132°N 2.231852°E / 48.712132; 2.231852

[1] Romain Guillot (2014-05-28), Bruno Sainjon nommé à la tête de l'ONERA (in French), Le Journal de l'Aviation, retrieved 2015-05-27

[2] www.onera.fr/fr/departements-scientifiques/mot-du-dtg

[:0-3] Wade, Mark (2019). "Daniel". Encyclopedia Astronautica. Archived from the original on 2022-05-16. Retrieved 2023-11-11.

[:1-4] Serra, Jean-Jacques (2007-01-13). "ONERA rockets". Rockets in Europe. Archived from the original on 2007-01-13. Retrieved 2023-11-11.

[:03-5] "Antarès (OPd-56-39-22D)". Gunter's Space Page. Retrieved 2023-11-13.

[:13-6] "Antares". www.astronautix.com. Retrieved 2023-11-13.

[:22-7] "ONERA rockets". 2012-11-14. Archived from the original on 2012-11-14. Retrieved 2023-11-13.

[:3-8] "La fusée Antarès". eurospace.free.fr. Retrieved 2023-11-14.

[:02-9] "ONERA rockets". 2012-11-14. Archived from the original on 2012-11-14. Retrieved 2023-11-13.

[seprunion7-10] "Berenice" (PDF). S.E.P.R. Union Revue d'Information du Personnel (in French) (7): 34. February 1963. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-10-26. Retrieved 26 October 2014.

[astronautix-11] "Berenice". www.astronautix.com. Retrieved 2023-11-13.

[:12-12] "SEPR-739 with upper stages". Gunter's Space Page. Retrieved 2023-11-13.

[:2-13] "La fusée Bérénice". eurospace.free.fr. Retrieved 2023-11-14.

[:04-14] Serra, Jean-Jacques (2013-01-15). "Fusées de l'ONERA". Les fusées en Europe. Archived from the original on 2013-01-15. Retrieved 2023-11-13.

[:14-15] Wade, Mark (2019). "Tibere". Encyclopedia Astronautica. Retrieved 2023-11-13.

[:32-16] "La fusée Tibère". Europespace. 1999. Retrieved 2023-11-14.

[:05-17] Serra, Jean-Jacques (2013-01-15). "Fusées de l'ONERA". Les fusées en Europe. Archived from the original on 2013-01-15. Retrieved 2023-11-14.

[:15-18] "La fusée Tacite". Les fusées et les spationautes européens. 1999. Retrieved 2023-11-14.

[:23-19] Wade, Mark (2019). "Tacite". Encyclopedia Astronautica. Retrieved 2023-11-14.

[:33-20] Krebs, Gunter D. (2023). "SEPR-739". Gunter's Space Page. Retrieved 2023-11-14.

[:06-21] "La fusée Titus". Europespace. Retrieved 2023-11-14.

[:16-22] "SEPR-739 with upper stages". Gunter's Space Page. Retrieved 2023-11-14.

[:24-23] Wade. "Titus". Encyclopedia Astronomica. Retrieved 2023-11-14.

[:34-24] "Fusées de l'ONERA". Les fusées en Europe. 2013-01-15. Archived from the original on 2013-01-15. Retrieved 2023-11-14.

[:25-25] Gunter D., Krebs (2024). "LEX". Gunter's Space Page. Retrieved 2024-01-03.

[26] Lestrade; Messineo; Hijlkema; Prévot; Casalis; Anthoine (June 2016). "Challenges in Combustion for Aerospace Propulsion - Hybrid Chemical Engines: Recent Advances from Sounding Rocket Propulsion and Vision for Spacecraft Propulsion" (PDF). Journal Aerospace Lab (11): 6.

[27] Surmacz, Paweł & Rarata, Grzegorz. (2009). Hybrid Rocket Propulsion Development and Application. Progress in Astronautics.

[28] Okninski, Adam; Kopacz, Wioleta; Kaniewski, Damian; Sobczak, Kamil (2021-12-01). "Hybrid rocket propulsion technology for space transportation revisited - propellant solutions and challenges". FirePhysChem. Progress in Hybrid Rocket Propulsion. 1 (4): 260–271. Bibcode:2021FPhCh...1..260O. doi:10.1016/j.fpc.2021.11.015. ISSN 2667-1344.

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+{{Short description|French national aerospace research centre}}
-{{refimprove|date=June 2015}}
+{{more citations needed|date=June 2015}}
 {{Infobox laboratory
 | name             = ONERA
-| native_name      =
+| native_name      = {{Native name|fr|Office national d'études et de recherches aérospatiales}}
 | image            = ONERA Modane-Avrieux.jpg
 | caption          = An ONERA site at [[Modane]]–[[Avrieux]].
 | latin_name       =
-| motto            =
+| motto            = The French Aerospace Lab
 | established      = 1946
 | type             = Applied
@@ Line 23: / Line 24: @@
 | alumni           =
 | address          =
-| city             = Palaiseau
+| city             = [[Palaiseau]]
 | state            =
 | province         =
@@ Line 33: / Line 34: @@
 | free             =
 | affiliations     =
-| operating_agency = [[Minister of Defence (France)|Minister of Defense]]
+| operating_agency = [[Minister of the Armed Forces (France)|Minister of the Armed Forces]]
 | nobel_laureates  =  <!--Number and/or names of Nobel laureates associated with the laboratory/institute-->
-| website          =  <!--{{URL|example.edu}}-->
+| website          =  {{URL|onera.fr}}
-| logo             =
+| logo             = ONERA logo.svg
 | footnotes        =
 }}
-{{Coord|48.712132|N|2.231852|E|display=title}}
-The '''Office National d'Etudes et de Recherches Aérospatiales''' ('''ONERA''') is the French national [[aerospace]] research centre. It is a public establishment with industrial and commercial operations, and carries out application-oriented research to support enhanced innovation and competitiveness in the aerospace and defense sectors.
+The '''Office national d'études et de recherches aérospatiales''' ('''ONERA''') is the French national [[aerospace]] research centre. It is a public establishment with industrial and commercial operations, and carries out research to enhance innovation and competitiveness in the aerospace and defense sectors.
 ONERA was created in 1946 as "Office National d’Études et de Recherches Aéronautiques". Since 1963, its official name has been "Office National d’Études et de Recherches Aérospatiales". However, in January 2007, ONERA has been dubbed "The French Aerospace Lab" to improve its international visibility.
 == History ==
+ONERA's historic roots are in the Paris suburb of [[Meudon]], south of Paris. As early as 1877, the [[Chalais-Meudon]] site hosted an aeronautical research center for military aerostats (balloons): Etablissement central de l’aérostation militaire.
+ONERA was created in May 1946 to relaunch aeronautics research, an activity that had gone into hibernation during the [[Second World War]] and the German occupation. Its creation reflected the government's decision to recover the large [[wind tunnel]] in [[Ötztal]], Austria, in the French administrative zone, and move it to France. Today, ONERA's extensive array of wind tunnels is one of its main assets. ONERA operates a world-class fleet of wind tunnels, the largest in Europe. The S1MA wind tunnel at Modane-Avrieux, developing 88 MW of total power, is Europe's largest transonic wind tunnel (tests at [[Mach number|Mach]] 0.05 to Mach 1).
-ONERA’s historic roots are in the Paris suburb of [[Meudon]], south of Paris. As early as 1877, this site hosted an aeronautical research center for military aerostats (balloons): Etablissement central de l’aérostation militaire.
-ONERA was created in May 1946 to relaunch aeronautics research, an activity that had gone into hibernation during the [[Second World War]] and the German occupation. Its creation reflected the government’s decision to recover the large [[wind tunnel]] in [[Otztal]], Austria, in the French administrative zone, and move it to France. Today, ONERA’s extensive array of wind tunnels is one of its main assets. ONERA operates a world-class fleet of wind tunnels, the largest in Europe. The S1MA wind tunnel at Modane-Avrieux, developing 88 MW of total power, is the world’s largest sonic wind tunnel (tests at [[Mach number|Mach]] 0.05 to Mach 1).
 == Organization ==
+The Chairman and [[CEO]] of ONERA is appointed by the [[French Council of Ministers]], acting on a proposal by the [[Minister of Defence (France)|Minister of Defense]]. Since June 2014, the Chairman and CEO is [[Bruno Sainjon]].<ref>{{citation | url=http://www.journal-aviation.com/actualites/26895-bruno-sainjon-nomme-a-la-tete-de-l-onera | title=Bruno Sainjon nommé à la tête de l'ONERA | publisher=Le Journal de l'Aviation | author=Romain Guillot | language=fr | date=2014-05-28 | access-date=2015-05-27 }}</ref>
+=== Sites of ONERA facilities ===
-The Chairman and [[CEO]] of ONERA is appointed by the [[French Council of Ministers]], acting on a proposal by the [[Minister of Defence (France)|Minister of Defense]]. Since June 2014, the Chairman and CEO is [[Bruno Sainjon]].<ref>{{citation | url=http://www.journal-aviation.com/actualites/26895-bruno-sainjon-nomme-a-la-tete-de-l-onera | title=Bruno Sainjon nommé à la tête de l’ONERA | publisher=Le Journal de l'Aviation | author=Romain Guillot | language=fr | date=2014-05-28 | access-date=2015-05-27 }}</ref>
 ONERA is organized in eight geographic areas. It has about 2,000 employees, with 1,500 engineers and [[scientists]] (including 230 doctoral candidates), as well as support staff.
-'''Three centers in the greater Paris area (Ile-de-France)''':
+Three centers in the greater Paris area (Ile-de-France):
-* Palaiseau, current headquarters
+* ONERA [[Palaiseau]], current headquarters
-* Châtillon
+* ONERA [[Châtillon, Hauts-de-Seine|Châtillon]]
-* Meudon
+* ONERA [[Chalais-Meudon|Meudon]]
-'''Two centers in the Midi-Pyrenees region of southwest France''':
+Two centers in the Midi-Pyrenees region of southwest France:
-* Toulouse, near the leading aeronautical engineering schools ISAE-Sup’Aéro and ENAC
+* ONERA [[Toulouse]], near the leading aeronautical engineering schools ''ISAE-Sup’Aéro'' and ENAC
-* Fauga-Mauzac, south of Toulouse.
+* ONERA [[Le Fauga|Fauga]]–[[Mauzac, Haute Garonne|Mauzac]] ([[wind tunnels]]), south of Toulouse.
-'''Three other centers''':
+Three other centers:
-* Lille, northern France (formerly the Lille Fluid Mechanics Institute)
+* ONERA [[Lille]], northern France (formerly the Lille Fluid Mechanics Institute)
-* Salon-de-Provence, southern France, on the site of the Ecole de l’air flying school
+* ONERA [[Salon de Provence]], southern France, on the site of the ''Ecole de l’air'' flying school
-* Modane-Avrieux, in the Savoy region of southeast France.
+* ONERA [[Modane|Modane-Avrieux]] ([[wind tunnels]]), in the Savoy region of southeast France.
+=== Scientific departments ===
 ONERA is organized in four scientific branches: [[Fluid Mechanics]] and Energetics; Materials and Structures; [[Physics]]; and Information Processing and Systems. Wind tunnel testing is managed in the GMT (Grands Moyens Techniques) department. Aerospace prospective depends on a specific department.
+The ''Direction Technique et des Programmes'' (''DTP'') comprises the following departments:<ref>{{url|https://www.onera.fr/fr/departements-scientifiques/mot-du-dtg}}</ref>
+* ''DAAA - Aérodynamique, aéroélasticité, acoustique.''
+* ''DEMR - Électromagnétisme et radar.''
+* ''DMAS - Matériaux et structures.''
+* ''DMPE - Multi-physique pour l'énergétique.''
+* ''DOTA - Optique et techniques associées.''
+* ''DPHY - Physique, instrumentation, environnement, espace.''
+* ''DTIS - Traitement de l'information et systèmes.''
 == Missions ==
+Unlike [[NASA]] in the United States, ONERA is not an agency for space science and exploration. However, it carries out a wide range of [[research]] for [[space agencies]], both [[CNES]] in France and the [[European Space Agency]] (ESA), as well as for the French defense agency, [[Direction générale de l'armement|DGA]] (Direction générale de l’armement). ONERA also independently conducts its own long-term research to anticipate [[future technology]] needs. It focuses on [[scientific research]], for example in [[aerodynamics]] for concrete applications on [[aircraft]], the design of launchers and new defense technologies, such as drones or [[Unmanned aerial vehicle|unmanned aerial systems (UAS)]].
+ONERA also uses its research and [[innovation]] capabilities to support both French and European industry. ONERA has contributed to a number of landmark aerospace and defense programs in recent decades, including [[Airbus]], [[Ariane (rocket family)|Ariane]], [[Rafale]], [[Dassault Falcon|Falcon]], [[Dassault Mirage|Mirage]] and [[Concorde]].
-Unlike [[NASA]] in the United States, ONERA is not an agency for space science and exploration. However, it carries out a wide range of [[research]] for [[space agencies]], both [[CNES]] in France and the European Space Agency ([[ESA]]), as well as for the French defense agency, [[Direction générale de l'armement|DGA]] (Direction générale de l’armement). ONERA also independently conducts its own long-term research to anticipate [[future technology]] needs. It focuses on [[scientific research]], for example in [[aerodynamics]] for concrete applications on [[aircraft]], the design of launchers and new defense technologies, such as drones or [[Unmanned aerial vehicle|unmanned aerial systems (UAS)]].
+===Rockets===
-ONERA also uses its research and [[innovation]] capabilities to support both French and European industry. ONERA has contributed to a number of landmark aerospace and defense programs in recent decades, including [[Airbus]], [[Ariane (rocket family)|Ariane]], [[Rafale]], Falcon, [[Dassault Mirage|Mirage]] and [[Concorde]].
+[[File:Onera-family.gif|thumb|The Onera sounding rocket family]]
+Various rockets have been developed through ONERA, some of which are listed below:
+* [[Daniel (rocket)|Daniel]]<ref name=":0">{{cite web |last=Wade |first=Mark |date=2019 |title=Daniel |url=http://www.astronautix.com/d/daniel.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220516044056/http://astronautix.com/d/daniel.html |archive-date=2022-05-16 |access-date=2023-11-11 |website=Encyclopedia Astronautica}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Serra |first=Jean-Jacques |date=2007-01-13 |title=ONERA rockets |url=http://fuseurop.univ-perp.fr/onera_e.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070113212303/http://fuseurop.univ-perp.fr/onera_e.htm |archive-date=2007-01-13 |access-date=2023-11-11 |website=Rockets in Europe}}</ref>
+* [[Antarès (OPd-56-39-22D)|Antarès]]<ref name=":03">{{Cite web |title=Antarès (OPd-56-39-22D) |url=https://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau/antares.htm |access-date=2023-11-13 |website=Gunter's Space Page |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":13">{{Cite web |title=Antares |url=http://www.astronautix.com/a/antares.html |access-date=2023-11-13 |website=www.astronautix.com}}</ref><ref name=":22">{{Cite web |date=2012-11-14 |title=ONERA rockets |url=http://fuseurop.univ-perp.fr/onera_e.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121114060454/http://fuseurop.univ-perp.fr/onera_e.htm |archive-date=2012-11-14 |access-date=2023-11-13}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=La fusée Antarès |url=http://eurospace.free.fr/antares.html |access-date=2023-11-14 |website=eurospace.free.fr}}</ref>
+* [[Bérénice (rocket)|Bérénice]]<ref name=":02">{{Cite web |date=2012-11-14 |title=ONERA rockets |url=http://fuseurop.univ-perp.fr/onera_e.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121114060454/http://fuseurop.univ-perp.fr/onera_e.htm |archive-date=2012-11-14 |access-date=2023-11-13}}</ref><ref name="seprunion7">{{cite journal |date=February 1963 |title=Berenice |url=http://dev.museesafran.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/10/1350048140-revues-sep-union-saf2012_0047326.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=S.E.P.R. Union Revue d'Information du Personnel |language=French |issue=7 |page=34 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141026135151/http://dev.museesafran.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/10/1350048140-revues-sep-union-saf2012_0047326.pdf |archive-date=2014-10-26 |accessdate=26 October 2014}}</ref><ref name="astronautix">{{Cite web |title=Berenice |url=http://www.astronautix.com/b/berenice.html |access-date=2023-11-13 |website=www.astronautix.com}}</ref><ref name=":12">{{Cite web |title=SEPR-739 with upper stages |url=https://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau/sepr739_up.htm |access-date=2023-11-13 |website=Gunter's Space Page |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=La fusée Bérénice |url=http://eurospace.free.fr/berenice.html |access-date=2023-11-14 |website=eurospace.free.fr}}</ref>
+* [[Tibère]]<ref name=":04">{{Cite web |last=Serra |first=Jean-Jacques |date=2013-01-15 |title=Fusées de l'ONERA |url=http://fuseurop.univ-perp.fr/onera_f.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130115040332/http://fuseurop.univ-perp.fr/onera_f.htm |archive-date=2013-01-15 |access-date=2023-11-13 |website=Les fusées en Europe}}</ref><ref name=":14">{{Cite web |last=Wade |first=Mark |date=2019 |title=Tibere |url=http://www.astronautix.com/t/tibere.html |access-date=2023-11-13 |website=Encyclopedia Astronautica}}</ref><ref name=":32">{{Cite web |date=1999 |title=La fusée Tibère |url=http://eurospace.free.fr/tibere.html |access-date=2023-11-14 |website=Europespace}}</ref>
+* [[Tacite (rocket)|Tacite]]<ref name=":05">{{Cite web |last=Serra |first=Jean-Jacques |date=2013-01-15 |title=Fusées de l'ONERA |url=http://fuseurop.univ-perp.fr/onera_f.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130115040332/http://fuseurop.univ-perp.fr/onera_f.htm |archive-date=2013-01-15 |access-date=2023-11-14 |website=Les fusées en Europe}}</ref><ref name=":15">{{Cite web |date=1999 |title=La fusée Tacite |url=http://eurospace.free.fr/tacite.html |access-date=2023-11-14 |website=Les fusées et les spationautes européens}}</ref><ref name=":23">{{Cite web |last=Wade |first=Mark |date=2019 |title=Tacite |url=http://www.astronautix.com/t/tacite.html |access-date=2023-11-14 |website=Encyclopedia Astronautica}}</ref><ref name=":33">{{Cite web |last=Krebs |first=Gunter D. |date=2023 |title=SEPR-739 |url=https://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau/sepr739.htm |access-date=2023-11-14 |website=Gunter's Space Page |language=en}}</ref>
+* [[Titus (rocket)|Titus]]<ref name=":06">{{Cite web |title=La fusée Titus |url=http://eurospace.free.fr/titus.html |access-date=2023-11-14 |website=Europespace}}</ref><ref name=":16">{{Cite web |title=SEPR-739 with upper stages |url=https://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau/sepr739_up.htm |access-date=2023-11-14 |website=Gunter's Space Page |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":24">{{Cite web |last=Wade |title=Titus |url=http://www.astronautix.com/t/titus.html |access-date=2023-11-14 |website=Encyclopedia Astronomica}}</ref><ref name=":34">{{Cite web |date=2013-01-15 |title=Fusées de l'ONERA |url=http://fuseurop.univ-perp.fr/onera_f.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130115040332/http://fuseurop.univ-perp.fr/onera_f.htm |archive-date=2013-01-15 |access-date=2023-11-14 |website=Les fusées en Europe}}</ref>
+* [[LEX (sounding rocket)|LEX]]<ref name=":25">{{Cite web |last=Gunter D. |first=Krebs |date=2024 |title=LEX |url=https://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau/lex.htm |access-date=2024-01-03 |website=Gunter's Space Page |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Lestrade |last2=Messineo |last3=Hijlkema |last4=Prévot |last5=Casalis |last6=Anthoine |date=June 2016 |title=Challenges in Combustion for Aerospace Propulsion - Hybrid Chemical Engines: Recent Advances from Sounding Rocket Propulsion and Vision for Spacecraft Propulsion |url=https://aerospacelab.onera.fr/sites/w3.onera.fr.aerospacelab/files/AL11-14_0_1.pdf |journal=Journal Aerospace Lab |issue=11 |pages=6}}</ref><ref>[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/283216967_Hybrid_Rocket_Propulsion_Development_and_Application Surmacz, Paweł & Rarata, Grzegorz. (2009). Hybrid Rocket Propulsion Development and Application. Progress in Astronautics.]</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Okninski |first1=Adam |last2=Kopacz |first2=Wioleta |last3=Kaniewski |first3=Damian |last4=Sobczak |first4=Kamil |date=2021-12-01 |title=Hybrid rocket propulsion technology for space transportation revisited - propellant solutions and challenges |journal=FirePhysChem |series=Progress in Hybrid Rocket Propulsion |volume=1 |issue=4 |pages=260–271 |bibcode=2021FPhCh...1..260O |doi=10.1016/j.fpc.2021.11.015 |issn=2667-1344 |doi-access=free}}</ref>
 == Commercial partnerships ==
+ONERA's customer-partners include [[Airbus]] ([[Airbus Helicopters]]), [[Safran]] ([[Snecma]], [[Turbomeca]], [[Sagem]]), [[Dassault Aviation]], [[Thales Group|Thales]] and other major industry players. Innovative small businesses are also encouraged to call on the expertise of ONERA's scientists and engineers, and to take advantage of [[technology transfer]] opportunities. The company [[Tefal]] was created by two ONERA [[engineers]], the inventors of the “[[Non-stick surface|non-stick]] pan”. These products were produced and sold by Tefal S.A., which was subsequently acquired by [[Groupe SEB]].
-ONERA’s customer-partners include [[Airbus]] ([[Airbus Helicopters]]), [[Safran]] ([[Snecma]], [[Turbomeca]], [[Sagem]]), [[Dassault Aviation]], [[Thales]] and other major industry players. Innovative small businesses are also encouraged to call on the expertise of ONERA’s scientists and engineers, and to take advantage of [[technology transfer]] opportunities. The company [[Tefal]] was created by two ONERA [[engineers]], the inventors of the “[[Non-stick surface|non-stick]] pan”. These products were produced and sold by  Tefal S.A., which was subsequently acquired by [[Groupe SEB|SEB]]
-== Sites of Onera facilities ==
-* ONERA [[Meudon]] – [[Châtillon, Hauts-de-Seine|Châtillon]] – [[Palaiseau]]
-* ONERA [[Lille]]
-* ONERA [[Salon de Provence]]
-* ONERA [[Le Fauga|Fauga]]–[[Mauzac, Haute Garonne|Mauzac]] ([[wind tunnels]])
-* ONERA [[Toulouse]]
-* ONERA [[Modane]] ([[wind tunnels]])
 == Notes and references ==
 {{Reflist}}
 == See also ==
 * [[French space program]]
 * [[CNES]]
@@ Line 98: / Line 108: @@
 ==External links==
-* {{official website | http://www.onera.fr/en/ }}
+* {{official website | https://www.onera.fr/en/ }}
 {{Scientific research in France}}
+{{authority control}}
+{{Coord|48.712132|N|2.231852|E|display=title}}
 {{DEFAULTSORT:ONERA}}
-[[Category:Organizations based in France]]
+[[Category:Aviation organizations based in France]]
 [[Category:Research institutes in France]]
 [[Category:Space program of France]]
 [[Category:Aerospace engineering organizations]]
 [[Category:Computer science institutes in France]]
-[[Category:Computer science institutes|France]]
 [[Category:Scientific agencies of the government of France]]
-[[Category:1946 establishments in France]]
+[[Category:French companies established in 1946]]
-[[Category:Technology]]
+[[Category:Onera sounding rockets]]

v t e French scientific research facilities
University-grade institutes	Universities Autonomous institutes Écoles normales supérieures Grands établissements
Public research institutes	IRSTEA (agriculture) CNRS (fundamental sciences) INED (demography) INRA (agronomy) IFSTTAR (transports and civil engineering) INRIA (computer science and control) INSERM (medicine) IRD (development)
Public industry	BRGM (geoscience) CEA (nuclear industry and renewables) IFREMER (maritime applications) ONERA (aerospace)

Authority control databases
International	ISNI VIAF
National	Germany United States Israel
Other	IdRef