Ottoman destroyer Yarhisar: Difference between revisions
| (11 intermediate revisions by 5 users not shown) | |||
| Line 3: | Line 3: | ||
{|{{Infobox ship begin}} |
{|{{Infobox ship begin}} |
||
{{Infobox ship image |
{{Infobox ship image |
||
|Ship image= |
|Ship image= |
||
|Ship caption=''Yarhisar'', 1910 |
|Ship caption=''Yarhisar'', 1910 |
||
}} |
}} |
||
| Line 49: | Line 49: | ||
Built at [[Bordeaux]] by [[Forges et Chantiers de la Gironde|SA Chantiers et Ateliers de la Gironde]],{{sfn|Noppen|2015|p=10}} ''Yarhisar'' was {{convert|56.3|m|ftin|sp=us}} long [[p/p|between the perpendiculars]] and {{convert|58.2|m|ftin|sp=us}} [[length overall|long overall]], with a [[Beam (nautical)|beam]] of {{convert|58.2|m|ftin|sp=us}} and a [[draft (ship)|draft]] of {{convert|3.17|m|ftin|abbr=on}}. The displacement of the ship was {{cvt|284|t|LT|0|lk=on}}. Her crew consisted of 7 officers and 60 sailors when she was built in 1907.{{sfn|Langensiepen|Güleryüz|1995|p=158}} |
Built at [[Bordeaux]] by [[Forges et Chantiers de la Gironde|SA Chantiers et Ateliers de la Gironde]],{{sfn|Noppen|2015|p=10}} ''Yarhisar'' was {{convert|56.3|m|ftin|sp=us}} long [[p/p|between the perpendiculars]] and {{convert|58.2|m|ftin|sp=us}} [[length overall|long overall]], with a [[Beam (nautical)|beam]] of {{convert|58.2|m|ftin|sp=us}} and a [[draft (ship)|draft]] of {{convert|3.17|m|ftin|abbr=on}}. The displacement of the ship was {{cvt|284|t|LT|0|lk=on}}. Her crew consisted of 7 officers and 60 sailors when she was built in 1907.{{sfn|Langensiepen|Güleryüz|1995|p=158}} |
||
The ship was powered by two vertical triple-expansion steam engines, fed by steam from two [[Normand boiler]]s built by SA Chantiers et Ateliers de la Gironde. The engines had {{convert|5950|ihp|lk=in}} and could accelerate the ship to {{convert|28|kn|lk=in}} in 1907. |
The ship was powered by two vertical triple-expansion steam engines, fed by steam from two [[Normand boiler]]s built by SA Chantiers et Ateliers de la Gironde. The engines had {{convert|5950|ihp|lk=in}} and could accelerate the ship to {{convert|28|kn|lk=in}} in 1907. Due to maintenance problems which were widespread throughout the Navy,{{sfn|Langensiepen|Güleryüz|1995|p=28}} the ship's speed dropped to {{convert|20|kn}} in 1912 and {{convert|17|kn}} in 1915. The ship could carry 60 tons of coal.{{sfn|Langensiepen|Güleryüz|1995|p=158}}{{sfn|Gardiner|1985|p=391}} |
||
As built, the ship carried a single [[Canon de 65 mm Modèle 1891]] naval gun in front of the bridge, six [[QF 3-pounder Hotchkiss]] guns (three on each side of the ship) and two single 450 mm torpedo tubes located amidships and astern.{{sfn|Langensiepen|Güleryüz|1995|p=158}} |
As built, the ship carried a single [[Canon de 65 mm Modèle 1891]] naval gun in front of the bridge, six [[QF 3-pounder Hotchkiss]] guns (three on each side of the ship) and two single 450 mm torpedo tubes located amidships and astern.{{sfn|Langensiepen|Güleryüz|1995|p=158}} |
||
==Construction and purchase== |
==Construction and purchase== |
||
During a program to strengthen the Ottoman Navy, large quantities of cannons, ammunition and supplies were ordered from [[Krupp]] in 1904. In order to maintain diplomatic and financial balance, the Ottoman government decided to place subsequent orders with [[French Third Republic|France]]. For this purpose, four [[Ottoman torpedo boat Sultanhisar|''Sultanhisar''-class torpedo boats]] were ordered from Schneider-Creusot to meet the needs of the navy. As this small order was not sufficient for the French, the 200-ton {{sclass|Refahiye|gunboat}}s and the 420-ton gunboat {{ship|Ottoman gunboat|Marmaris||2}} were also ordered. During negotiations in 1906, the French convinced the [[Ottoman government]] to purchase four more destroyers, which were ordered on 22 January 1906. Based on the French ''Durandal''-class destroyers, ''Yarhisar'', ''Samsun'' and ''Basra'' were built by Ateliers de la Gironde, while {{ship|Ottoman destroyer|Taşoz||2}} was built by [[Schneider et Cie]].{{sfn|Langensiepen|Güleryüz|1995|pp= |
During a program to strengthen the Ottoman Navy, large quantities of cannons, ammunition and supplies were ordered from [[Krupp]] in 1904. In order to maintain diplomatic and financial balance, the Ottoman government decided to place subsequent orders with [[French Third Republic|France]]. For this purpose, four [[Ottoman torpedo boat Sultanhisar|''Sultanhisar''-class torpedo boats]] were ordered from Schneider-Creusot to meet the needs of the navy. As this small order was not sufficient for the French, the 200-ton {{sclass|Refahiye|gunboat}}s and the 420-ton gunboat {{ship|Ottoman gunboat|Marmaris||2}} were also ordered. During negotiations in 1906, the French convinced the [[Ottoman government]] to purchase four more destroyers, which were ordered on 22 January 1906. Based on the French ''Durandal''-class destroyers, ''Yarhisar'', ''Samsun'' and ''Basra'' were built by Ateliers de la Gironde, while {{ship|Ottoman destroyer|Taşoz||2}} was built by [[Schneider et Cie]].{{sfn|Langensiepen|Güleryüz|1995|pp=12–13}} |
||
==Operational history== |
==Operational history== |
||
| Line 60: | Line 60: | ||
===Italo-Turkish war=== |
===Italo-Turkish war=== |
||
Prior to the [[Italo-Turkish war]], ''Yarhisar'' was on a flag display and training cruise in the Mediterranean with a significant part of the fleet. The squadron, which had been maneuvering and training since July, had embarked on its annual mission to visit [[Beirut]] despite increasing political tensions.{{sfn|Langensiepen|Güleryüz|1995|pp= |
Prior to the [[Italo-Turkish war]], ''Yarhisar'' was on a flag display and training cruise in the Mediterranean with a significant part of the fleet. The squadron, which had been maneuvering and training since July, had embarked on its annual mission to visit [[Beirut]] despite increasing political tensions.{{sfn|Langensiepen|Güleryüz|1995|pp=15–16}} Under the command of Colonel Tahir (Burak), the fleet, consisting of two battleships, two cruisers, eight destroyers and one repair ship,{{sfn|Büyüktuğrul|1974|pp=26–27}} left Istanbul on 6 July 1911, and sailed as far as Beirut, calling at important ports such as [[Midilli]], [[Ayvalık]], [[İzmir]], [[Antalya]], [[İskenderun]] and [[Latakia]]. When the fleet arrived at [[Chios Island]] on October 2 during its return, it learned that the war had started (the news brought by the yacht ''İzzettin'', which was sent from Istanbul) and the fleet was ordered to return to Marmara.{{sfn|Hergüner|2008|p=3}} On 5 October, ''Yarhisar'' and other ships arrived in Istanbul and completed their repairs, maintenance and preparations. On 16 October 1911, ''Yarhisar'' anchored at [[Nara Burnu]] with the rest of the Ottoman fleet.{{sfn|Hergüner|2008|p=4}}{{sfn|Langensiepen|Güleryüz|1995|pp=15–16}} She did not engage in direct combat with any Italian ships throughout the war.{{sfn|Langensiepen|Güleryüz|1995|pp=15–16}} |
||
===Balkan Wars=== |
===Balkan Wars=== |
||
On October |
On 29 October 1912, ''Yarhisar'' sailed for Varna with ''Mecidiye'', but during the voyage she was assigned to protect the troop shipment to Midye. ''Yarhisar'' handed over her duty to {{ship|Ottoman destroyer|Numune-i Hamiyet||2}} the next day and sailed to [[Varna, Bulgaria|Varna]] with ''Mecidiye''.{{sfn|Büyüktuğrul|1974|pp=185–187}} |
||
In early November, the Navy was tasked with supporting the Ottoman Army, which was retreating after the [[Battle of Lule Burgas]]. On |
In early November, the Navy was tasked with supporting the Ottoman Army, which was retreating after the [[Battle of Lule Burgas]]. On 3 November, ''Yarhisar'' sailed to [[Silivri]] with {{ship|Ottoman battleship|Barbaros Hayreddin||2}} and ''Nümune-i Hamiyet''. The next day she sailed alone to [[Tekirdağ]] to provide fire support for the retreating army and returned to Silivri on November 7. The withdrawal of the army ended on 8 November.{{sfn|Büyüktuğrul|1974|pp=197–199}} |
||
On 21 November 1912, ''Yarhisar'' took part in the [[Battle of Kaliakra (1912)|Battle of Kaliakra]]. An Ottoman force consisting of {{ship|Ottoman cruiser|Hamidiye||2}}, {{ship|Ottoman destroyer|Basra||2}} and ''Yarhisar'' was sent to Varna with the mission of preventing Bulgarian attacks on Ottoman merchant ships loaded with ammunition and, if possible, destroying Bulgarian torpedo boats; ''Basra'' broke down and was replaced by the torpedo boat ''Berkefşan''.{{sfn|Büyüktuğrul|1974|p=211}}{{sfn|Emir|1932|pp= |
On 21 November 1912, ''Yarhisar'' took part in the [[Battle of Kaliakra (1912)|Battle of Kaliakra]]. An Ottoman force consisting of {{ship|Ottoman cruiser|Hamidiye||2}}, {{ship|Ottoman destroyer|Basra||2}} and ''Yarhisar'' was sent to Varna with the mission of preventing Bulgarian attacks on Ottoman merchant ships loaded with ammunition and, if possible, destroying Bulgarian torpedo boats; ''Basra'' broke down and was replaced by the torpedo boat ''Berkefşan''.{{sfn|Büyüktuğrul|1974|p=211}}{{sfn|Emir|1932|pp=109–112}}{{sfn|Langensiepen|Güleryüz|1995|p=195}} The ships sailed into the Black Sea at 09:00 on the morning of November 20. ''Berkefşan'' experienced some engine trouble shortly after, but was repaired and joined ''Yarhisar'' and ''Hamidiye'' at 13:00.{{sfn|Langensiepen|Güleryüz|1995|p=21}}{{sfn|Emir|1932|p=112}} At a meeting held at 16:50 on board ''Hamidiye'', ''Yarhisar'' was ordered to take positions {{convert|8|mi}} south of Varna and ''Berkefşan'' 8 miles north of Varna, to observe the Bulgarian torpedo boats entering and leaving the harbor and to attack them if possible. After the meeting, the ships departed for Varna at 17:50 and dispersed at 20:00, heading for their duty areas.{{sfn|Emir|1932|p=113}} ''Yarhisar'' was in position at 21:30, followed by ''Berkefşan'' at 00:00 as ''Hamidiye'' was sailing towards Varna.{{sfn|Büyüktuğrul|1974|p=214}} |
||
Meanwhile, four Bulgarian torpedo boats had been patrolling en masse outside Varna harbor since 22:20.{{sfn|Büyüktuğrul|1974|p=214}} At 00:40, a battle started between the Bulgarian torpedo boats and ''Hamidiye''; she was damaged. ''Yarhisar'', seeing the battle to the north of her, remained in her duty area until 05:30, then went to the aid of ''Hamidiye''.{{sfn|Emir|1932|p=116}}{{sfn|Büyüktuğrul|1974|p=215}} Despite the damage ''Hamidiye'' received, she did not sink thanks to the successful work of her crew,{{sfn|Langensiepen|Güleryüz|1995|p=21}} but she was unable to continue her surveillance of Varna and decided to return to Constantinople. Thinking that ''Yarhisar'' and ''Berkefşan'' would be insufficient for the mission, ''Hamidiye'' called in the [[torpedo cruiser]] ''Berk-i Satvet'' to the area. Upon this message, ''Berk-i Satvet'' abandoned its mission in [[Constanta]] and immediately set off.{{sfn|Langensiepen|Güleryüz|1995|p=21}}{{sfn|Büyüktuğrul|1974|pp=216–217}} ''Berkefşan'' and ''Berk-i Satvet'' patrolled in front of the cape until morning.{{sfn|Büyüktuğrul|1974|p=217}} At 08:00 on 21 November, when ''Yarhisar'' arrived at the rendezvous point and could not find ''Hamidiye'' and ''Berkefşan'', the ship's commander decided to scout Varna. She made four passes within {{convert|4|mi}} of the city and was not subjected to fire from the shore or Bulgarian torpedo boats. Due to a storm, she sailed for Istanbul at 17:00.{{sfn|Emir|1932|p=120}}{{sfn|Büyüktuğrul|1974|p=217}} Meanwhile, the commander of ''Berk-i Satvet'', thinking that his mission to watch Varna was over, sailed for Constanta and sent ''Berkefşan'' to Istanbul.{{sfn|Büyüktuğrul|1974|p=217}} |
|||
| ⚫ | ''Yarhisar'' took part in the [[Battle of Elli]] on 16 December, attached to the |
||
| ⚫ | ''Yarhisar'' took part in the [[Battle of Elli]] on 16 December, attached to the 2nd Destroyer Division under the command of Lieutenant Colonel Hakkı Eşref. Departing at 07:05, the division did not follow the main fleet and remained at the entrance of the Dardanelles and thus did not engage in direct combat.{{sfn|Büyüktuğrul|1974|pp=238}} |
||
After the Battle of Elli, the Ottoman Navy planned a landing on [[Bozcaada]]. A force of destroyers and cruisers, including ''Yarhisar'', was to land outside the Dardanelles, engage enemy forces north and south of Bozcaada, while the steamer ''Plevne'' was to land ground troops in the town of Bozcaada.{{sfn|Büyüktuğrul|1974|pp=258}} The operation began on the morning of January 4; the force moved out of the strait and observed the Greek forces. However, the troops had not yet boarded the steamer ''Plevne'' because they had not yet completed their deployment, and the navy commander was unaware of this delay. The fleet departed at 06:00; at 07:31 they encountered Greek destroyers. The Greek destroyers attempted to draw the Ottoman force towards the main Greek force by staying out of gun range, but the Ottoman ships did not follow them and took up positions around Bozcaada.{{sfn|Büyüktuğrul|1974|pp=259}} The First Destroyer Division took up positions to the west of [[Tavşan Island]], while the Second Destroyer Division, which ''Yarhisar'' was attached to, took up positions to the east. ''Mecidiye'' and ''Berk-i Satvet'' took up positions to protect the north of the island, while ''Hamidiye'' took up positions to protect the south.{{sfn|Büyüktuğrul|1974|pp=260}} Meanwhile, the ''Plevne'', which was to bring the land troops to the island, was still not ready due to bad weather; upon receiving this news, the commander of ''Hamidiye'' ordered the 1st and 2nd destroyer divisions to return to [[Çanakkale]].{{sfn|Büyüktuğrul|1974|pp=260}} Meanwhile, the Third Destroyer Division and battleships under the command of Colonel Ramiz, the Deputy Commander of the Navy, also departed; while the destroyers took security measures against submarines, the battleships sailed to Bozcaada. The returning 1st and 2nd destroyer divisions joined the battleships. At 11:30 the main force sighted 11 Greek destroyers in the direction of Tavşan Island; when the ''Mecidiye'' and ''Hamidiye'' broke off from the fleet and attacked, the Greek destroyers turned back and sailed away.{sfn|Büyüktuğrul|1974|pp=261}} The battle between the two sides continued from 11:35 to 12:30, at which time the naval commander ordered to turn back. The ships anchored at Nara at 15:27. The operation failed because the troops could not be loaded onto the ''Plevne''.{{sfn|Büyüktuğrul|1974|pp=261}} |
|||
| ⚫ | On the morning of 18 January, the Ottoman fleet resumed operations. Three battleships, two cruisers and six destroyers, including ''Yarhisar'', and support ships from the Ottoman fleet started sailing at 07:15 in the morning before this battle, which would be known as the [[Battle of Lemnos (1913)|Battle of Lemnos]]. The Greek force also sailed from Lemnos at 09:10. At 11:35 the battle between the forces began. Due to the hits taken by the Ottoman battleships, the fleet turned back towards Çanakkale at 12:15. The battle lasted until 14:30, with the destroyers acting as support. At 14:55 the Ottoman fleet returned to the strait and anchored at Nara at 17:40. As a result of the battle, 4 officers and 37 sailors on ''Barbaros Hayreddin'' and ''Turgut Reis'' were killed while 7 officers and 97 sailors were wounded. ''Yarhisar'' was not damaged in the battle.{{sfn|Emir|1932|pp=297–311}} |
||
In January 1913, an operation was planned to blockade the Greek forces in port of Lemnos and confine them to the harbor. On January 11, the fleet including ''Hamidiye'', ''Mecidiye'', ''Basra'' and ''Yarhisar'' arrived in the area and started replenishing, the next evening these four ships were ready for the operation, ''Barbaros Hayreddin'' and {{ship|Ottoman battleship|Turgut Reis||2}} were also in the area. On January 13, plans were prepared at a war council held on board the ''Barbaros Hayreddin''. On January 14, the first diversion operation began. ''Hamidiye'', ''Yarhisar'' and ''Basra'' anchored near the Dardanelles after revealing themselves to the Greek forces on the lookout in Imbros. The combustible materials piled on ''Hamidiye'''s deck caught fire and was engulfed in black smoke; she then radioed ''Barbaros'' that there was a fire aboard and that there were wounded, then anchored alongside ''Mecidiye'' on the coast of [[Erenköy, Çanakkale|Erenköy]]. ''Hamidiye'' then crossed to the opposite side of the strait under the cover of night. ''Hamidiye'' secretly began her operation on 15 January after this diversion.{{sfn|Emir|1932|pp=287-291}} |
|||
| ⚫ | |||
| ⚫ | On the morning of 18 January, the Ottoman fleet resumed operations. Three battleships, two cruisers and six destroyers, including ''Yarhisar'', and support ships from the Ottoman fleet started sailing at 07:15 in the morning before this battle, which would be known as the [[Battle of Lemnos (1913)|Battle of Lemnos]]. The Greek force also sailed from Lemnos at 09:10. At 11:35 the battle between the forces began. Due to the hits taken by the Ottoman battleships, the fleet turned back towards Çanakkale at 12:15. The battle lasted until 14:30, with the destroyers acting as support. At 14:55 the Ottoman fleet returned to the strait and anchored at Nara at 17:40. As a result of the battle, 4 officers and 37 sailors on ''Barbaros Hayreddin'' and ''Turgut Reis'' were killed while 7 officers and 97 sailors were wounded. ''Yarhisar'' was not damaged in the battle.{{sfn|Emir|1932|pp= |
||
| ⚫ | On February 8, prior to the [[Battle of Şarköy]], |
||
===First World War=== |
===First World War=== |
||
''Yarhisar'' continued its active service in [[World War I]]. On 29 October 1914, during the [[Black Sea Raid]], which led to the Ottoman Empire's entry into the war, she patrolled the [[Bosphorus Strait]] with {{ship|Ottoman destroyer|Basra||2}}.{{sfn|Langensiepen|Güleryüz|1995|p=45}} |
''Yarhisar'' continued its active service in [[World War I]]. On 29 October 1914, during the [[Black Sea Raid]], which led to the Ottoman Empire's entry into the war, she patrolled the [[Bosphorus Strait]] with {{ship|Ottoman destroyer|Basra||2}}.{{sfn|Langensiepen|Güleryüz|1995|p=45}} |
||
As of mid-February 1915, ''Yarhisar'' was placed under the command of the [[Çanakkale Fortified Area Command]], which was under the command of Lieutenant Colonel Arif Bey, Second-in-Command of the Navy.{{sfn|Atabey|pp= |
As of mid-February 1915, ''Yarhisar'' was placed under the command of the [[Çanakkale Fortified Area Command]], which was under the command of Lieutenant Colonel Arif Bey, Second-in-Command of the Navy.{{sfn|Atabey|pp=90–91}} On 27 April 1915, the submarine {{HMAS|AE2}} under the command of Lieutenant Colonel [[Henry Hugh Gordon Stoker|H.G. Stoker]] attacked the ''Yarhisar'' at [[Gallipoli]], but when she failed to score a hit, the submarine fled to the [[Marmara Archipelago]].{{sfn|Langensiepen|Güleryüz|1995|p=35}}{{sfn|Atabey|p=242}} On 28 May, the submarine {{HMS|E11||}} detected ''Draç'' and ''Yarhisar'' with its periscope at around 02:00, but did not attack because of the risk of detection due to the cloudless night and bright moonlight.{{sfn|Langensiepen|Güleryüz|1995|p=37}} On 17 June, ''Samsun'' and ''Yarhisar'' spotted and chased the British submarine {{HMS|E14}} near the Bosphorus, but the submarine managed to escape.{{sfn|Langensiepen|Güleryüz|1995|p=38}} On 7 August, ''Yarhisar'', {{ship|Ottoman destroyer|Gayret-i Vataniye||2}} and {{ship|Ottoman torpedo boat|Musul||2}} departed from Istanbul and they guarded the salvage of the ''Peyk-i Şevket'', which had been torpedoed and sunk in shallow water in Güvercinlik between [[Selimpaşa]] and [[Celaliye]] the day before by the submarines ''E11'' and ''E14''. ''Peyk-i Şevket'' was refloated two days later and taken to Istanbul for repairs.{{sfn|Langensiepen|Güleryüz|1995|p=39}} On the morning of 22 August, ''Yarhisar'', escorted by the tug ''Dofen'' and four sailing barges, encountered ''E11'' near [[Marmara Island]]. After exchanging fire with the submarine, ''Yarhisar'' turned and sailed away while the submarine sank the ''Dofen'' and a barge, taking 20 crew members prisoner. The prisoners were later transferred to an Ottoman sailing vessel.{{sfn|Langensiepen|Güleryüz|1995|p=39}} On 5 October, ''Yarhisar'' attacked the submarine {{HMS|H1}} at [[Mudanya]], which sank three small sailboats and crippled the ship ''Edremit''; ''H1'' managed to escape under fire from the destroyer and nearby [[coastal batteries]].{{sfn|Langensiepen|Güleryüz|1995|p=41}} |
||
On 6 November 1915, ''E11'', which had started its third and last sortie in the Sea of Marmara, torpedoed ''Yarhisar'' while she was sailing between [[Tuzla, Istanbul|Tuzla]] and [[Yalova]] at 12:30 on 3 December 1915.{{sfn|Noppen|2015|p=38}}{{sfn|Atabey|pp= |
On 6 November 1915, ''E11'', which had started its third and last sortie in the Sea of Marmara, torpedoed ''Yarhisar'' while she was sailing between [[Tuzla, Istanbul|Tuzla]] and [[Yalova]] at 12:30 on 3 December 1915.{{sfn|Noppen|2015|p=38}}{{sfn|Atabey|pp=235–236}} The torpedo hit the destroyer's aft boiler room and it subsequently exploded, splitting the ship in two and sinking it.{{sfn|Langensiepen|Güleryüz|1995|p=43}} Seven officers and 33 enlisted men from the crew of ''Yarhisar'' were killed.{{sfn|Atabey|p=236}} ''E11'' surfaced and took the surviving Ottoman crew aboard it.{{sfn|Langensiepen|Güleryüz|1995|p=43}} The submarine rescued 3 officers, 42 enlisted men and 3 German privates, after which the crew was transferred to a passing sailboat and taken to [[Heybeliada]].{{sfn|Langensiepen|Güleryüz|1995|p=43}}{{sfn|Atabey|p=236}} |
||
==Footnotes== |
==Footnotes== |
||
| Line 196: | Line 194: | ||
{{DEFAULTSORT:Yarhisar}} |
{{DEFAULTSORT:Yarhisar}} |
||
[[Category:Italo-Turkish War naval ships of the Ottoman Empire]] |
|||
[[Category:World War I naval ships of the Ottoman Empire]] |
[[Category:World War I naval ships of the Ottoman Empire]] |
||
[[Category:1907 ships]] |
[[Category:1907 ships]] |
||
Latest revision as of 20:29, 6 October 2024
| History | |
|---|---|
 Ottoman Empire | |
| Name | Yarhisar |
| Ordered | 1906 |
| Builder | SA Chantiers et Ateliers de la Gironde, Bordeaux |
| Laid down | 1906 |
| Launched | 1907 |
| Commissioned | 1907 |
| Fate | Torpedoed and sunk by HMS E11, 3 December 1915 |
| General characteristics | |
| Class and type | Samsun-class destroyer |
| Displacement | 311 t (306 long tons) |
| Length | 56.3 m (184 ft 9 in) (p/p) |
| Beam | 6.3 m (20 ft 8 in) |
| Draft | 3.17 m (10 ft 5 in) |
| Depth | 4.1 m (13 ft 5 in) |
| Installed power |
|
| Propulsion |
|
| Speed | 28 knots (52 km/h; 32 mph) |
| Range | 2,300 nmi (4,300 km; 2,600 mi) at 10 knots (19 km/h; 12 mph) |
| Complement | 64 officers and enlisted men |
| Armament |
|
Yarhisar was one of the four Samsun-class destroyers, based on the Durandal class, purchased from France in 1907 by the Ottoman Navy Society. She joined the Ottoman Navy in 1907, but like the rest of the Ottoman fleet, she did not take part in any active engagement with the Italians during the Italo-Turkish war. During the Balkan Wars of 1912–1913, she took part in all major engagements such as the battles of Kaliakra, Elli and Lemnos, as well as patrol missions. During World War I, she took part in escort and interception missions, especially in the Sea of Marmara. She engaged in many battles with Allied submarines entering the Sea of Marmara. On 3 December 1915, she was torpedoed and sunk by the British submarine HMS E11 off the coast of Yalova. 7 officers and 33 enlisted men were killed in the sinking. The submarine picked up the remaining crew from the sea and delivered them to a nearby sailing ship.
Design
[edit]Built at Bordeaux by SA Chantiers et Ateliers de la Gironde,[1] Yarhisar was 56.3 meters (184 ft 9 in) long between the perpendiculars and 58.2 meters (190 ft 11 in) long overall, with a beam of 58.2 meters (190 ft 11 in) and a draft of 3.17 m (10 ft 5 in). The displacement of the ship was 284 t (280 long tons). Her crew consisted of 7 officers and 60 sailors when she was built in 1907.[2]
The ship was powered by two vertical triple-expansion steam engines, fed by steam from two Normand boilers built by SA Chantiers et Ateliers de la Gironde. The engines had 5,950 indicated horsepower (4,440 kW) and could accelerate the ship to 28 knots (52 km/h; 32 mph) in 1907. Due to maintenance problems which were widespread throughout the Navy,[3] the ship's speed dropped to 20 knots (37 km/h; 23 mph) in 1912 and 17 knots (31 km/h; 20 mph) in 1915. The ship could carry 60 tons of coal.[2][4]
As built, the ship carried a single Canon de 65 mm Modèle 1891 naval gun in front of the bridge, six QF 3-pounder Hotchkiss guns (three on each side of the ship) and two single 450 mm torpedo tubes located amidships and astern.[2]
Construction and purchase
[edit]During a program to strengthen the Ottoman Navy, large quantities of cannons, ammunition and supplies were ordered from Krupp in 1904. In order to maintain diplomatic and financial balance, the Ottoman government decided to place subsequent orders with France. For this purpose, four Sultanhisar-class torpedo boats were ordered from Schneider-Creusot to meet the needs of the navy. As this small order was not sufficient for the French, the 200-ton Refahiye-class gunboats and the 420-ton gunboat Marmaris were also ordered. During negotiations in 1906, the French convinced the Ottoman government to purchase four more destroyers, which were ordered on 22 January 1906. Based on the French Durandal-class destroyers, Yarhisar, Samsun and Basra were built by Ateliers de la Gironde, while Taşoz was built by Schneider et Cie.[5]
Operational history
[edit]Having joined the Ottoman Navy in 1907, Yarhisar took part in a training mission as part of the reforming program of Admiral Douglas Gamble, commander of the British naval mission in Istanbul in May 1909. During this training, the ironclads Mesudiye and Asar-ı Tevfik alongside the cruiser Mecidiye were positioned between Büyükada and Maltepe, while the torpedo cruisers Peyk-i Şevket and Berk-i Satvet, Yarhisar and her sister Samsun guarded the passages between the Princes' Islands. The torpedo boats Draç, Mosul, Kütahya, Alpagot, Hamidiye, Demirhisar and Sivrihisar sailed from Sivriada and joined the fleet, practicing torpedo attacks against larger ships. Representatives of the United Kingdom observed the exercise from the Tirimüjgan. Although the exercise was not in realistic combat conditions, it was the first naval exercise of the Ottoman Navy in twenty years. At the end of the exercise, all ships passed in front of the royal yacht Ertuğrul, which was waiting off Sarayburnu.[6]
Italo-Turkish war
[edit]Prior to the Italo-Turkish war, Yarhisar was on a flag display and training cruise in the Mediterranean with a significant part of the fleet. The squadron, which had been maneuvering and training since July, had embarked on its annual mission to visit Beirut despite increasing political tensions.[7] Under the command of Colonel Tahir (Burak), the fleet, consisting of two battleships, two cruisers, eight destroyers and one repair ship,[8] left Istanbul on 6 July 1911, and sailed as far as Beirut, calling at important ports such as Midilli, Ayvalık, İzmir, Antalya, İskenderun and Latakia. When the fleet arrived at Chios Island on October 2 during its return, it learned that the war had started (the news brought by the yacht İzzettin, which was sent from Istanbul) and the fleet was ordered to return to Marmara.[9] On 5 October, Yarhisar and other ships arrived in Istanbul and completed their repairs, maintenance and preparations. On 16 October 1911, Yarhisar anchored at Nara Burnu with the rest of the Ottoman fleet.[10][7] She did not engage in direct combat with any Italian ships throughout the war.[7]
Balkan Wars
[edit]On 29 October 1912, Yarhisar sailed for Varna with Mecidiye, but during the voyage she was assigned to protect the troop shipment to Midye. Yarhisar handed over her duty to Numune-i Hamiyet the next day and sailed to Varna with Mecidiye.[11]
In early November, the Navy was tasked with supporting the Ottoman Army, which was retreating after the Battle of Lule Burgas. On 3 November, Yarhisar sailed to Silivri with Barbaros Hayreddin and Nümune-i Hamiyet. The next day she sailed alone to Tekirdağ to provide fire support for the retreating army and returned to Silivri on November 7. The withdrawal of the army ended on 8 November.[12]
On 21 November 1912, Yarhisar took part in the Battle of Kaliakra. An Ottoman force consisting of Hamidiye, Basra and Yarhisar was sent to Varna with the mission of preventing Bulgarian attacks on Ottoman merchant ships loaded with ammunition and, if possible, destroying Bulgarian torpedo boats; Basra broke down and was replaced by the torpedo boat Berkefşan.[13][14][15] The ships sailed into the Black Sea at 09:00 on the morning of November 20. Berkefşan experienced some engine trouble shortly after, but was repaired and joined Yarhisar and Hamidiye at 13:00.[16][17] At a meeting held at 16:50 on board Hamidiye, Yarhisar was ordered to take positions 8 miles (13 km) south of Varna and Berkefşan 8 miles north of Varna, to observe the Bulgarian torpedo boats entering and leaving the harbor and to attack them if possible. After the meeting, the ships departed for Varna at 17:50 and dispersed at 20:00, heading for their duty areas.[18] Yarhisar was in position at 21:30, followed by Berkefşan at 00:00 as Hamidiye was sailing towards Varna.[19]
Meanwhile, four Bulgarian torpedo boats had been patrolling en masse outside Varna harbor since 22:20.[19] At 00:40, a battle started between the Bulgarian torpedo boats and Hamidiye; she was damaged. Yarhisar, seeing the battle to the north of her, remained in her duty area until 05:30, then went to the aid of Hamidiye.[20][21] Despite the damage Hamidiye received, she did not sink thanks to the successful work of her crew,[16] but she was unable to continue her surveillance of Varna and decided to return to Constantinople. Thinking that Yarhisar and Berkefşan would be insufficient for the mission, Hamidiye called in the torpedo cruiser Berk-i Satvet to the area. Upon this message, Berk-i Satvet abandoned its mission in Constanta and immediately set off.[16][22] Berkefşan and Berk-i Satvet patrolled in front of the cape until morning.[23] At 08:00 on 21 November, when Yarhisar arrived at the rendezvous point and could not find Hamidiye and Berkefşan, the ship's commander decided to scout Varna. She made four passes within 4 miles (6.4 km) of the city and was not subjected to fire from the shore or Bulgarian torpedo boats. Due to a storm, she sailed for Istanbul at 17:00.[24][23] Meanwhile, the commander of Berk-i Satvet, thinking that his mission to watch Varna was over, sailed for Constanta and sent Berkefşan to Istanbul.[23]
Yarhisar took part in the Battle of Elli on 16 December, attached to the 2nd Destroyer Division under the command of Lieutenant Colonel Hakkı Eşref. Departing at 07:05, the division did not follow the main fleet and remained at the entrance of the Dardanelles and thus did not engage in direct combat.[25]
On the morning of 18 January, the Ottoman fleet resumed operations. Three battleships, two cruisers and six destroyers, including Yarhisar, and support ships from the Ottoman fleet started sailing at 07:15 in the morning before this battle, which would be known as the Battle of Lemnos. The Greek force also sailed from Lemnos at 09:10. At 11:35 the battle between the forces began. Due to the hits taken by the Ottoman battleships, the fleet turned back towards Çanakkale at 12:15. The battle lasted until 14:30, with the destroyers acting as support. At 14:55 the Ottoman fleet returned to the strait and anchored at Nara at 17:40. As a result of the battle, 4 officers and 37 sailors on Barbaros Hayreddin and Turgut Reis were killed while 7 officers and 97 sailors were wounded. Yarhisar was not damaged in the battle.[26]
On February 8, prior to the Battle of Şarköy, Yarhisar took Lieutenant Hamdi Bey to the frontline there.[27] The next day, she was assigned to dispatch the incoming caravans to the port of Karabiga.[28]
First World War
[edit]Yarhisar continued its active service in World War I. On 29 October 1914, during the Black Sea Raid, which led to the Ottoman Empire's entry into the war, she patrolled the Bosphorus Strait with Basra.[29]
As of mid-February 1915, Yarhisar was placed under the command of the Çanakkale Fortified Area Command, which was under the command of Lieutenant Colonel Arif Bey, Second-in-Command of the Navy.[30] On 27 April 1915, the submarine HMAS AE2 under the command of Lieutenant Colonel H.G. Stoker attacked the Yarhisar at Gallipoli, but when she failed to score a hit, the submarine fled to the Marmara Archipelago.[31][32] On 28 May, the submarine HMS E11 detected Draç and Yarhisar with its periscope at around 02:00, but did not attack because of the risk of detection due to the cloudless night and bright moonlight.[33] On 17 June, Samsun and Yarhisar spotted and chased the British submarine HMS E14 near the Bosphorus, but the submarine managed to escape.[34] On 7 August, Yarhisar, Gayret-i Vataniye and Musul departed from Istanbul and they guarded the salvage of the Peyk-i Şevket, which had been torpedoed and sunk in shallow water in Güvercinlik between Selimpaşa and Celaliye the day before by the submarines E11 and E14. Peyk-i Şevket was refloated two days later and taken to Istanbul for repairs.[35] On the morning of 22 August, Yarhisar, escorted by the tug Dofen and four sailing barges, encountered E11 near Marmara Island. After exchanging fire with the submarine, Yarhisar turned and sailed away while the submarine sank the Dofen and a barge, taking 20 crew members prisoner. The prisoners were later transferred to an Ottoman sailing vessel.[35] On 5 October, Yarhisar attacked the submarine HMS H1 at Mudanya, which sank three small sailboats and crippled the ship Edremit; H1 managed to escape under fire from the destroyer and nearby coastal batteries.[36]
On 6 November 1915, E11, which had started its third and last sortie in the Sea of Marmara, torpedoed Yarhisar while she was sailing between Tuzla and Yalova at 12:30 on 3 December 1915.[37][38] The torpedo hit the destroyer's aft boiler room and it subsequently exploded, splitting the ship in two and sinking it.[39] Seven officers and 33 enlisted men from the crew of Yarhisar were killed.[40] E11 surfaced and took the surviving Ottoman crew aboard it.[39] The submarine rescued 3 officers, 42 enlisted men and 3 German privates, after which the crew was transferred to a passing sailboat and taken to Heybeliada.[39][40]
Footnotes
[edit]- ^ Noppen 2015, p. 10.
- ^ a b c Langensiepen & Güleryüz 1995, p. 158.
- ^ Langensiepen & Güleryüz 1995, p. 28.
- ^ Gardiner 1985, p. 391.
- ^ Langensiepen & Güleryüz 1995, pp. 12–13.
- ^ Langensiepen & Güleryüz 1995, p. 14.
- ^ a b c Langensiepen & Güleryüz 1995, pp. 15–16.
- ^ Büyüktuğrul 1974, pp. 26–27.
- ^ Hergüner 2008, p. 3.
- ^ Hergüner 2008, p. 4.
- ^ Büyüktuğrul 1974, pp. 185–187.
- ^ Büyüktuğrul 1974, pp. 197–199.
- ^ Büyüktuğrul 1974, p. 211.
- ^ Emir 1932, pp. 109–112.
- ^ Langensiepen & Güleryüz 1995, p. 195.
- ^ a b c Langensiepen & Güleryüz 1995, p. 21.
- ^ Emir 1932, p. 112.
- ^ Emir 1932, p. 113.
- ^ a b Büyüktuğrul 1974, p. 214.
- ^ Emir 1932, p. 116.
- ^ Büyüktuğrul 1974, p. 215.
- ^ Büyüktuğrul 1974, pp. 216–217.
- ^ a b c Büyüktuğrul 1974, p. 217.
- ^ Emir 1932, p. 120.
- ^ Büyüktuğrul 1974, pp. 238.
- ^ Emir 1932, pp. 297–311.
- ^ Erickson & Bush 2003, p. 264.
- ^ Demirsoy 1942, p. 15.
- ^ Langensiepen & Güleryüz 1995, p. 45.
- ^ Atabey, pp. 90–91.
- ^ Langensiepen & Güleryüz 1995, p. 35.
- ^ Atabey, p. 242.
- ^ Langensiepen & Güleryüz 1995, p. 37.
- ^ Langensiepen & Güleryüz 1995, p. 38.
- ^ a b Langensiepen & Güleryüz 1995, p. 39.
- ^ Langensiepen & Güleryüz 1995, p. 41.
- ^ Noppen 2015, p. 38.
- ^ Atabey, pp. 235–236.
- ^ a b c Langensiepen & Güleryüz 1995, p. 43.
- ^ a b Atabey, p. 236.
References
[edit]- Atabey, Figen. Çanakkale Savaşları'nın Deniz Cephesi (PhD). Ankara: Ankara University Institute of Social Sciences, Department of History.
- Büyüktuğrul, Afif (1974). Osmanlı Deniz Harp Tarihi (PDF). Genelkurmay Başkanlığı Deniz Kuvvetleri Komutanlığı. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 October 2020. Retrieved 23 August 2022.
- Demirsoy, İlyas (1942). Muhtelif Harplerdeki Sahil Çıkarmaları. Istanbul: İstanbul Askeri Matbaası.
- Emir, Ali Haydar (1932). Balkan Harbinde Türk Filosu (PDF). Deniz Matbaası. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 October 2020. Retrieved 23 August 2022.
- Erickson, Edward J.; Bush, Brighton C. (2003). Defeat in Detail: The Ottoman Army in the Balkans, 1912–1913. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 0275978885.
- Gardiner, Robert (1985). Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1906–1921. London: Conway Maritime Press. ISBN 9780870219078.
- Hergüner, Mustafa (2008). Kurtuluş Savaşı'nda Deniz Şehitlerimiz ve Kahraman Gemilerimiz (2nd ed.). Istanbul: Deniz Basımevi Müdürlüğü. ISBN 978-975-409-488-6.
- Langensiepen, Bernd; Güleryüz, Ahmet (1995). The Ottoman Steam Navy 1828–1923. London: Conway Maritime Press. ISBN 978-0-85177-610-1.
- Noppen, Ryan K. (2015). Ottoman Navy Warships 1914–18. Oxford: Osprey Books. ISBN 978-1-4728-0620-8.