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{{Short description|Laser-guided aerial bomb family}}
{{Refimprove|date=January 2009}}
{{More citations needed|date=January 2009}}

[[Image:Paveway III laser guided bomb seeker head.jpg|thumb|A Paveway III seeker head, at the [[RAF Museum]] in [[Hendon]], [[London]].]]
[[Image:Paveway III laser guided bomb seeker head.jpg|thumb|A Paveway III seeker head, at the [[RAF Museum]] in [[Hendon]], [[London]].]]
[[Image:Paveway ILA06.JPG|thumb|Paveway III at [[Berlin Air Show|ILA airshow 2006]]]]
[[Image:Paveway ILA06.JPG|thumb|Paveway III at [[Berlin Air Show|ILA airshow 2006]]]]
[[Image:Paveway II p1230135.jpg|thumb|Top to bottom: A Paveway 2 computer control group, an Enhanced GBU-12, and a Laser-Guided Training Round, at the [[Paris Air Show]] 2007]]
[[Image:Paveway II p1230135.jpg|thumb|Top to bottom: A Paveway II computer control group, an Enhanced GBU-12, and a Laser-Guided Training Round, at the [[Paris Air Show]] 2007]]
'''Paveway''' is a series of [[laser-guided bomb]]s (LGBs).
'''Paveway''' is a trademark of [[Raytheon]] for [[laser-guided bomb]]s and related goods and services, also used by [[Lockheed Martin]] for specific products under license.<ref>[http://www.law360.com/articles/579498/raytheon-lockheed-end-ip-war-over-paveway-bombs], retrieved on October 8, 2014.</ref>


''Pave'' or [[PAVE]] is sometimes used as an acronym for precision [[avionics]] vectoring equipment; literally, electronics for controlling the speed and direction of [[aircraft]]. Laser guidance is a form of Pave.
''Pave'' or [[PAVE]] is sometimes used as an acronym for ''precision avionics vectoring equipment''; literally, electronics for controlling the speed and direction of [[aircraft]]. [[Laser guidance]] is a form of Pave.


Pave, paired with other words, also names laser systems that designate targets for LGBs, for example [[Pave Penny]], [[Pave Spike]], [[Pave Tack]] and [[Pave Knife]], and for specialized military aircraft, such as [[Lockheed AC-130|AC-130U Pave Spectre]], [[MH-53]] Pave Low, and [[HH-60 Pave Hawk]].
Pave, paired with other words, is the first name for various laser systems that designate targets for LGBs, for example [[Pave Penny]], [[Pave Spike]], [[Pave Tack]] and [[Pave Knife]], and for specialized military aircraft, such as [[Lockheed AC-130|AC-130U Pave Spectre]], [[Sikorsky MH-53|MH-53 Pave Low]], and [[HH-60 Pave Hawk]].


== History ==
== Development ==
The Paveway series of laser-guided bombs was developed by [[Texas Instruments]] starting in [[1964 in aviation|1964]]. The program was conducted on a shoestring budget, but the resultant emphasis on simplicity and economical engineering proved to be a benefit, and a major advantage over other more complex guided weapons. The first test weapon, using a [[M117 bomb]] as the warhead, took place in April [[1965 in aviation|1965]]. Prototype weapons were sent to [[Vietnam War|Vietnam]] for combat testing starting in [[1968 in aviation|1968]].
The Paveway series of laser-guided bombs was developed by [[Texas Instruments]], with the project starting in 1964. The program was conducted on a shoestring budget, but the resultant emphasis on simplicity and economical engineering proved to be a benefit, and a major advantage over other more complex guided weapons. The first test, using a [[M117 bomb]] as the warhead, took place in April 1965.


Early version featured aerodynamic designs led by [[Dick Johnson (glider pilot)|Richard Johnson]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.precisionstrike.org/awards/richard-h-johnson-award|title=Precision Strike Association {{!}} Richard H. Johnson Award|website=www.precisionstrike.org|language=en|access-date=2019-09-25}}</ref>
In January 1967 the Air Force authorized Project 3169 as the formal engineering program for development of precision guided munitions, renewing its contract with TI in March to redesign the M117 kit, with a very aggressive timeline, projecting deployment to Vietnam for combat testing in one year. Direction of the program was assigned to the Guided Bomb Program Office at [[Wright-Patterson Air Force Base]] in August, and flight testing begun in November at [[Eglin Air Force Base]] under the direction of an interagency organization called the Pave Way Task Force. At that time the program had three divisions:

In January 1967 the US Air Force authorized Project 3169 as the formal engineering program for development of precision guided munitions, renewing its contract with TI in March to redesign the M117 kit, with a very aggressive timeline, projecting deployment for combat testing in the [[Vietnam War]] in one year. Direction of the program was assigned to the Guided Bomb Program Office at [[Wright-Patterson Air Force Base]] in August and flight testing begun in November at [[Eglin Air Force Base]] under the direction of an interagency organization called the Pave Way Task Force. At that time the program had three divisions:
* Paveway 1 – laser-guided munitions
* Paveway 1 – laser-guided munitions
* Paveway 2 – an [[electro-optical guidance]] (TV) munition developed by [[Rockwell International]] designated HOBO ("''Ho''ming ''Bo''mb"), of which 4,000 were eventually produced and 500 launched in combat, and
* Paveway 2 – an [[electro-optical guidance]] (TV) munition developed by [[Rockwell International]] designated HOBO ("''Ho''ming ''Bo''mb"), of which 4,000 were eventually produced and 500 launched in combat, and
* Paveway 3 – an [[infrared homing]] stem that was never deployed.
* Paveway 3 – an [[infrared homing]] system that was never deployed.

<!-- Removed Paveway IV - the above details the now-obsolete original numbering system -->
Paveway 1 became the emphasis of the program because Paveway 2, although considerably more accurate and capable, cost 4-5 times more per unit and was much less applicable to most targeting situations in Vietnam. Prototype weapons were sent to Southeast Asia for combat testing with the [[8th Tactical Fighter Wing]] from May to August 1968. In the combat evaluations the [[BOLT-117]] achieved a [[Circular error probable|circular error probability]] (CEP) of {{convert|75|ft}} while the Paveway achieved a CEP of {{convert|20|feet}} with one in every four bombs scoring a direct hit.<ref>{{cite book|last=Poole|first=Walter|title=Adapting to Flexible Response, 1960-1968|publisher=Historical Office, Office of the Secretary of Defense|year=2013|isbn=|pages=352–3}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|magazine=Air Force Magazine|title=The Emergence of Smart Bombs|author=John Correll|date=1 March 2010|url=https://www.airforcemag.com/article/0310bombs/}}</ref>
Because Paveway 2, although considerably more accurate and capable, was four to five times more expensive per copy and much less applicable to most targeting situations in Vietnam, Paveway 1 became the emphasis of the program.


Paveway kits attach to a variety of warheads, and consist of a semi-active laser (SAL) seeker, a computer control group (CCG) containing guidance and control electronics, [[Molten salt battery|thermal battery]], and pneumatic control augmentation system (CAS). There are [[Canard (aeronautics)|front control canards]] and rear wings for stability. The weapon guides on reflected laser energy: the seeker detects the reflected light ("sparkle") of the designating laser, and actuates the canards to guide the bomb toward the designated point.
Paveway kits attach to a variety of warheads, and consist of a semi-active laser (SAL) seeker, a computer control group (CCG) containing guidance and control electronics, [[Molten salt battery|thermal battery]], and pneumatic control augmentation system (CAS). There are [[Canard (aeronautics)|front control canards]] and rear wings for stability. The weapon guides on reflected laser energy: the seeker detects the reflected light ("sparkle") of the designating laser, and actuates the canards to guide the bomb toward the designated point.


The original Paveway series, retroactively named '''Paveway I''', gave way in the early 1970s to the improved '''Paveway II''', which had a simplified, more reliable seeker and pop-out rear wings to improve the weapon's glide performance. Both Paveway I and Paveway II use a simple [[Bang-bang control|'bang-bang' control system]], where the CAS commands large [[Canard (aeronautics)|canard]] deflections to make course corrections, resulting in a noticeable wobble. This had relatively little effect on accuracy, but expends energy quickly, limiting effective range. As a consequence, most users release Paveway I and II weapons in a ballistic trajectory, activating the laser designator only late in the weapon's flight to refine the impact point.
The original Paveway series, retroactively named '''Paveway I''', gave way in the early 1970s to the improved '''Paveway II''', which had a simplified, more reliable seeker and pop-out rear wings to improve the weapon's glide performance. Both Paveway I and Paveway II use a simple [[Bang-bang control|'bang-bang' control system]], where the CAS commands large [[Canard (aeronautics)|canard]] deflections to make course corrections, resulting in a noticeable wobble. This had relatively little effect on accuracy, but expends energy quickly, limiting effective range. As a consequence, most users release Paveway I and II weapons in a ballistic trajectory, activating the [[laser designator]] only late in the weapon's flight to refine the impact point.


In [[1976 in aviation|1976]], the [[USAF]] issued a requirement for a new generation, dubbed '''Paveway III''', that finally entered service in [[1986 in aviation|1986]]. The Paveway III system used a much more sophisticated seeker with a wider field of view and proportional guidance, minimizing the energy loss of course corrections. Paveway III has a considerably longer glide range and greater accuracy than Paveway II, but it is substantially more expensive, limiting its use to high-value targets. Although Paveway III kits were developed for the smaller [[Mark 82 bomb|Mk 82]] weapons, limited effectiveness caused the [[USAF]] to adopt the kit only for the larger 2,000&nbsp;lb-class weapons (the [[Mark 84 bomb|Mk 84]] and [[BLU-109 bomb|BLU-109]]). Paveway III guidance kits were also used on the [[GBU-28]]/B penetration bomb fielded at the close of the [[Gulf War|1991 Gulf War]]. The Paveway III system was also used during the [[India]]n offensive in the [[Kargil War]] of 1999 by the [[Indian Air Force]] with the [[Mirage 2000]] as a launch platform. [[Raytheon]], the sole provider of Paveway III variants, is currently delivering both standard and enhanced versions to the [[US Government]] and foreign customers.
In 1976, the [[USAF]] issued a requirement for a new generation, dubbed '''Paveway III''', that finally entered service in 1986. The Paveway III system used a much more sophisticated seeker with a wider field of view and proportional guidance, minimizing the energy loss of course corrections. Paveway III has a considerably longer glide range and greater accuracy than Paveway II, but it is substantially more expensive, limiting its use to high-value targets. Although Paveway III kits were developed for the smaller [[Mark 82 bomb|Mk 82]] weapons, limited effectiveness caused the [[USAF]] to adopt the kit only for the larger 907&nbsp;kg (2,000&nbsp;lb) class weapons (the [[Mark 84 bomb|Mk 84]] and [[BLU-109 bomb|BLU-109]]). Paveway III guidance kits were also used on the [[GBU-28]]/B penetration bomb fielded at the close of the [[Gulf War|1991 Gulf War]]. The Paveway III system was also used during the Indian offensive in the [[Kargil War]] of 1999 by the [[Indian Air Force]] with the [[Mirage 2000]] as a launch platform. [[Raytheon]], the sole provider of Paveway III variants, is currently delivering both standard and enhanced versions to the [[US Government]] and foreign customers.


Existing LGBs in US service can be upgraded to Dual Mode Laser Guided Bombs (DMLGB) by adding [[GPS]] receivers which enable all [[weather]] employment. [[Lockheed Martin]] won the initial contract to provide DMLGBs to the US Navy (USN) in 2005, however subsequent-year money has been "zeroed" in favor of a follow-on Direct Attack Moving Target Capability (DAMTC) program. Raytheon's version, the "Enhanced Paveway II", has been contracted both within the US and abroad.
Existing LGBs in US service can be upgraded to Dual Mode Laser Guided Bombs (DMLGB) by adding [[GPS]] receivers which enable all [[weather]] employment. [[Lockheed Martin]] won the initial contract to provide DMLGBs to the US Navy (USN) in 2005, however subsequent-year money has been "zeroed" in favor of a follow-on Direct Attack Moving Target Capability (DAMTC) program. Raytheon's version, the "Enhanced Paveway II", has been contracted both within the US and abroad.


Raytheon's advanced [[Paveway IV]] 500&nbsp;lb bomb has been in service since 2008 with [[UK|Britain's]] [[Royal Air Force|RAF]], but it appears that the USAF remains committed to the GBU-39 [[Small Diameter Bomb]] program.
Raytheon's advanced [[Paveway IV]] 225&nbsp;kg (500&nbsp;lb) bomb has been in service since 2008 with [[UK|Britain's]] [[Royal Air Force|RAF]]. In US service it is designated the GBU-49. In 2017 the F-35 program office rushed to field the GBU-49 to use its ability to strike moving targets and fill the gap left by the early retirement of the [[CBU-103]] cluster bomb.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://aviationweek.com/combat-aircraft/f-35-excels-destroying-targets-if-they-don-t-move?NL=AW-19&Issue=AW-19_20170221_AW-19_232&sfvc4enews=42&cl=article_2 |title=F-35 Excels At Destroying Targets—If They Don't Move |last1=Drew |first1=James |last2=Seligman |first2=Lara |date=21 February 2017 |website=aviationweek.com |publisher=Penton |access-date=21 February 2017}}</ref>


In March 2017, Lockheed rebranded its Paveway Dual-Mode Plus weapon as the "Paragon" with the aim of competing against the laser-guided variant of the [[JDAM]], as it offers the same capability while being "at least 30 percent cheaper" due to new, less costly [[microprocessor]]s and engineering for the guidance electronics.<ref>[http://airforcemag.com/Features/Pages/2017/March%202017/Lockheed-%E2%80%9CParagon%E2%80%9D-Challenges-in-PGMs.aspx Lockheed “Paragon” Challenges in PGMs] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170312031305/http://airforcemag.com/Features/Pages/2017/March%202017/Lockheed-%E2%80%9CParagon%E2%80%9D-Challenges-in-PGMs.aspx |date=2017-03-12 }} - Airforcemag.com, 8 March 2017</ref>

==Variants==
The Paveway series of bombs includes:
The Paveway series of bombs includes:
* [[GBU-10 Paveway II]] – [[Mark 84 bomb|Mk 84]] or [[BLU-109 bomb|BLU-109]] 2,000&nbsp;lb (907&nbsp;kg) bomb
* [[GBU-10 Paveway II]] – [[Mark 84 bomb|Mk 84]] or [[BLU-109 bomb|BLU-109]] 2,000&nbsp;lb (907&nbsp;kg) bomb
* GBU-11 Paveway – M118 3,000 lb (1,360 kg) bomb. Saw limited use during the [[Vietnam War]]
* [[GBU-12 Paveway II]] – [[Mark 82 bomb|Mk 82]] 500&nbsp;lb (227&nbsp;kg) bomb
* [[GBU-12 Paveway II]] – [[Mark 82 bomb|Mk 82]] 500&nbsp;lb (227&nbsp;kg) bomb
* [[GBU-16 Paveway II]] – [[Mark 83 bomb|Mk 83]] 1,000&nbsp;lb (454&nbsp;kg) bomb
* [[GBU-16 Paveway II]] – [[Mark 83 bomb|Mk 83]] 1,000&nbsp;lb (454&nbsp;kg) bomb
* [[GBU-58 Paveway II]] – [[Mark 81 bomb|Mk 81]] 250&nbsp;lb (113.4&nbsp;kg) bomb
* [[GBU-58 Paveway II]] – [[Mark 81 bomb|Mk 81]] 250&nbsp;lb (113.4&nbsp;kg) bomb
* [[GBU-22 Paveway III]] – [[Mark 82 bomb|Mk 82]] 500&nbsp;lb (227&nbsp;kg) bomb. Developed at the same time as GBU-24, with some limited export success, but was not adopted by USA as it was felt to be too small a warhead for the desired effects at the time.
* [[GBU-22 Paveway III]] – [[Mark 82 bomb|Mk 82]] 500&nbsp;lb (227&nbsp;kg) bomb. Developed at the same time as GBU-24, with some limited export success, but was not adopted by United States as it was felt to be too small a warhead for the desired effects at the time.
* [[GBU-24 Paveway III]] – [[Mark 84 bomb|Mk 84]]/[[BLU-109 bomb|BLU-109]] 2,000&nbsp;lb (907&nbsp;kg) class bomb
* [[GBU-24 Paveway III]] – Mk 84/BLU-109 2,000&nbsp;lb (907&nbsp;kg) class bomb
* [[GBU-27 Paveway III]] – [[BLU-109 bomb|BLU-109]] 2,000&nbsp;lb (907&nbsp;kg) bomb with penetration warhead, specially designed for [[F-117]] because the large fins of GBU-24 couldn't fit into the bomb bay of [[F-117]].
* [[GBU-27 Paveway III]] – BLU-109 2,000&nbsp;lb (907&nbsp;kg) bomb with penetration warhead, specially designed for [[F-117]] because the large fins of GBU-24 couldn't fit into the bomb bay of F-117.
* [[GBU-28]] Paveway III – During the [[Gulf War]], the deepest and most hardened Iraqi bunkers could not be defeated by the [[BLU-109]]/B penetrator warhead, so a much more powerful "bunker buster" GBU-28 was developed. The latest warhead used in the GBU-28/B series is the BLU-122/B, a development of earlier BLU-113 on early GBU-28s.
* [[GBU-28]] Paveway III – During the [[Gulf War]], the deepest and most hardened Iraqi bunkers could not be defeated by the BLU-109/B penetrator warhead, so a much more powerful "bunker buster" GBU-28 was developed. The latest warhead used in the GBU-28/B series is the BLU-122/B, a development of earlier BLU-113 on early GBU-28s.
* [[Paveway IV]] – 500&nbsp;lb (227&nbsp;kg) bomb
* [[Paveway IV]] – 500&nbsp;lb (227&nbsp;kg) bomb
* [[GBU-48 Enhanced Paveway II]] – [[Mark 83 bomb|Mk 83]] 1,000&nbsp;lb (454&nbsp;kg) bomb. Raytheon's Enhanced dual-mode GPS and Laser guided version of the laser-only GBU-16.
* [[GBU-48 Enhanced Paveway II]] – Mk 83 1,000&nbsp;lb (454&nbsp;kg) bomb. Raytheon's Enhanced dual-mode GPS and Laser guided version of the laser-only GBU-16.
* [[GBU-49 Enhanced Paveway II]] – [[BLU-133 bomb|BLU-133]] 500&nbsp;lb (227&nbsp;kg) bomb. Raytheon's Enhanced dual-mode GPS and Laser guided version of the laser-only GBU-12.
* [[GBU-49 Enhanced Paveway II]] – [[BLU-133 bomb|BLU-133]] 500&nbsp;lb (227&nbsp;kg) bomb. Raytheon's Enhanced dual-mode GPS and Laser guided version of the laser-only GBU-12.
* [[GBU-50 Enhanced Paveway II]] – [[Mark 84 bomb|Mk 84]] or [[BLU-109 bomb|BLU-109]] 2,000&nbsp;lb (907&nbsp;kg) bomb. Raytheon's Enhanced dual-mode GPS and Laser guided version of the laser-only GBU-10.
* [[GBU-50 Enhanced Paveway II]] – Mk 84 or BLU-109 2,000&nbsp;lb (907&nbsp;kg) bomb. Raytheon's Enhanced dual-mode GPS and Laser guided version of the laser-only GBU-10.
* [[GBU-59 Enhanced Paveway II]] – [[Mark 81 bomb|Mk 81]] 250&nbsp;lb (113.4&nbsp;kg) bomb. Raytheon's Enhanced dual-mode GPS and Laser guided version of the laser-only GBU-58.
* [[GBU-59 Enhanced Paveway II]] – Mk 81 250&nbsp;lb (113.4&nbsp;kg) bomb. Raytheon's Enhanced dual-mode GPS and Laser guided version of the laser-only GBU-58.
Although GBU-48 etc. are the formal designation for the versions with GPS/INS, they are widely referred to as EGBU-16 etc. ("Enhanced GBU-16").<ref>http://www.designation-systems.net/dusrm/app5/paveway-2.html</ref>
Although GBU-48 etc. are the formal designation for the versions with GPS/INS, they are widely referred to as EGBU-16 etc. ("Enhanced GBU-16").<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.designation-systems.net/dusrm/app5/paveway-2.html|title=Raytheon Paveway II|website= designation-systems.net}}</ref>

=== Numbering Systems===


=== Numbering systems===
Due to the aforementioned numbering systems, there is considerable scope for confusion regarding weapons called 'Paveway X'. The numbering systems include:
Due to the aforementioned numbering systems, there is considerable scope for confusion regarding weapons called 'Paveway X'. The numbering systems include:
* The original numbering system from 1-3, with the different planned variants differing in types of guidance. As 2 and 3 never entered service, this numbering system is obsolete.
* The original numbering system from 1-3, with the different planned variants differing in types of guidance. As 2 and 3 never entered service, this numbering system is obsolete.
* The system used currently by US forces, which numbers in chronological order
* The system used currently by US forces, which numbers in chronological order
* The system used by the RAF, which numbers earlier versions of the Paveway as 2 and 3 <ref>http://www.raf.mod.uk/equipment/paveway-2-and-3.cfm</ref> - with 2 referring to a 1,000lb bomb and 3 referring to a 2,000lb bomb - and Enhanced Paveway 2 and 3 to refer to GPS/INS-added versions of the same.<ref>http://www.raf.mod.uk/equipment/enhanced-paveway2-and-3.cfm</ref> The Paveway 4<ref>http://www.raf.mod.uk/equipment/paveway-iv.cfm</ref> is the same weapon in this and the above system.
* The system used by the RAF, which numbers earlier versions of the Paveway as 2 and 3<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.raf.mod.uk/equipment/paveway-2-and-3.cfm|title=RAF - Paveway II & III|first=RAF Details|last=here|website= raf.mod.uk|access-date=2015-05-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150525012911/http://www.raf.mod.uk/equipment/paveway-2-and-3.cfm|archive-date=2015-05-25|url-status=dead}}</ref> - with 2 referring to a 1,000&nbsp;lb bomb and 3 referring to a 2,000&nbsp;lb bomb - and Enhanced Paveway 2 and 3 to refer to GPS/INS-added versions of the same.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.raf.mod.uk/equipment/enhanced-paveway2-and-3.cfm|title=RAF - Enhanced Paveway II & III|first=RAF Details|last=here|website= raf.mod.uk|access-date=2016-11-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161028125016/http://www.raf.mod.uk/equipment/enhanced-paveway2-and-3.cfm|archive-date=2016-10-28|url-status=dead}}</ref> The Paveway 4<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.raf.mod.uk/equipment/paveway-iv.cfm|title=RAF - Paveway IV|first=RAF Details|last=here|website= raf.mod.uk|access-date=2015-05-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150516163617/http://www.raf.mod.uk/equipment/paveway-iv.cfm|archive-date=2015-05-16|url-status=dead}}</ref> is the same weapon in this and the above system.


==Assembly==
==Assembly==
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== Trademark ==
== Trademark ==
[[Lockheed Martin]] and [[Raytheon]] compete to supply LGBs to the [[United States Air Force]], and others. Raytheon claimed the exclusive right to use ''Paveway'' as a [[trademark]] for selling LGB-related products. Lockheed Martin claimed ''Paveway'' is a generic term in the defense industry. Lockheed objected to Raytheon's registration of ''Paveway'' in [[opposition proceeding]]s before the [[United States Patent and Trademark Office]].<ref>ttabvue.uspto.gov, [http://ttabvue.uspto.gov/ttabvue/v?qt=adv&procstatus=All&qs=paveway], retrieved on July 4, 2009.</ref> On September 27, 2011, the USPTO [[Trademark Trial and Appeal Board]] decided that ''Paveway'' is a generic term, in the United States, for LGBs.<ref>ttabvue.uspto.gov, [http://ttabvue.uspto.gov/ttabvue/v?pno=91167189&pty=OPP&eno=148], retrieved on October 3, 2011.</ref>
[[Lockheed Martin]] and [[Raytheon]] compete to supply LGBs to the [[United States Air Force]], and others. Raytheon claimed the exclusive right to use ''Paveway™'' as a [[trademark]] for selling LGB-related products. Lockheed Martin claimed ''Paveway'' is a generic term in the defense industry. Lockheed objected to Raytheon's registration of ''Paveway'' in [[opposition proceeding]]s before the [[United States Patent and Trademark Office]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ttabvue.uspto.gov/ttabvue/v?qt=adv&procstatus=All&qs=paveway|title=United States Patent and Trademark Office|website=ttabvue.uspto.gov|accessdate= July 4, 2009}}</ref> On September 27, 2011, the USPTO [[Trademark Trial and Appeal Board]] decided that ''Paveway'' is a generic term, in the United States, for LGBs.<ref>{{cite web|website=ttabvue.uspto.gov|url=http://ttabvue.uspto.gov/ttabvue/v?pno=91167189&pty=OPP&eno=148|title=THIS OPINION IS NOT A PRECEDENT OF THE TTAB|accessdate=October 3, 2011}}</ref>


Raytheon subsequently sued [[Lockheed Martin]] in Arizona [[United States district court|federal court]] alleging [[trademark infringement]], Lockheed filed [[counterclaim]]s in the suit. In September, 2014 the companies agreed that Raytheon is the exclusive owner of "paveway" for [[laser-guided bomb]]s and related goods and services and that "paveway" is a protectable [[trademark]], but that Raytheon will license the mark to Lockheed for use in connection with single-mode [[laser-guided bomb]] kits.<ref>http://www.law360.com/articles/579498/raytheon-lockheed-end-ip-war-over-paveway-bombs, retrieved on October 8, 2014.</ref>
Raytheon subsequently sued [[Lockheed Martin]] in Arizona [[United States district court|federal court]] alleging [[trademark infringement]], Lockheed filed [[counterclaim]]s in the suit. In September, 2014 the companies agreed that Raytheon is the exclusive owner of "Paveway™" for [[laser-guided bomb]]s and related goods and services and that "Paveway" is a protectable [[trademark]], but that Raytheon will license the mark to Lockheed for use in connection with single-mode [[laser-guided bomb]] kits.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.law360.com/articles/579498/raytheon-lockheed-end-ip-war-over-paveway-bombs |title=Raytheon, Lockheed End IP War over Paveway Bombs - Law360 |website=www.law360.com |access-date=October 8, 2014}}</ref> The two companies compete each year for U.S. and foreign orders.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/lockheed-advancing-dual-mode-plus-and-scalpel-bombs-423613/ |title=Lockheed advancing Dual Mode Plus and Scalpel bombs|website=flightglobal.com|date= 29 March 2016}}</ref>

== Platforms ==
Source(s):<ref>{{Cite web |title=Paveway® II Plus Laser Guided Bomb (LGB) |url=https://www.lockheedmartin.com/content/dam/lockheed-martin/mfc/documents/business-area-landing/Fast-Facts-Paveway-II-LGB.pdf |access-date=25 April 2024 |website=Lockheed Martin}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Development of Precision Guided Bombs |url=https://media.defense.gov/2017/Dec/28/2001861715/-1/-1/0/T_BLACKWELDER_ROAD_TO_DESERT.PDF |website=[[United States Department of Defense]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=PavewayTM - Laser and GPS/Laser Precision Guided Bombs |url=http://www.raytheon.com/products/stellent/groups/public/documents/content/cms04_018951.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061020015711/http://www.raytheon.com/products/stellent/groups/public/documents/content/cms04_018951.pdf |archive-date=20 Oct 2006 |access-date=29 Apr 2024 |website=Raytheon}}</ref>

* [[Boeing B-52 Stratofortress]]
* [[Rockwell B-1 Lancer]]
* [[Northrop Grumman B-2 Spirit]]
* [[General Dynamics F-111 Aardvark|General Dynamics F-111F Aardvark]]
* [[Lockheed F-117 Nighthawk]]
* [[McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom II]]
* [[Northrop F-5]]
* [[Grumman F-14 Tomcat]]
* [[McDonnell Douglas F-15 Eagle]] variants ([[F-15E]] and [[F-15EX]])
* [[General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon]]
* [[McDonnell Douglas F/A-18 Hornet]]
* [[Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II]]
* [[Douglas A-4 Skyhawk]]
* [[Grumman A-6 Intruder]]
* [[LTV A-7 Corsair II]]
* [[McDonnell Douglas AV-8B Harrier II]]
* [[Fairchild Republic A-10 Thunderbolt II]]
* [[General Atomics MQ-9 Reaper]]
* [[SEPECAT Jaguar]]
* [[AMX International AMX]]
* [[Blackburn Buccaneer]]
* [[Harrier jump jet]]
* [[BAE Systems Hawk]]
* [[Dassault/Dornier Alpha Jet]]
* [[Dassault-Breguet Super Étendard]]
* [[Dassault Rafale]]
* [[Dassault Mirage F1]]
* [[Dassault Mirage 2000]]
* [[Dassault Mirage III]]
* [[Panavia Tornado]]


==See also==
==See also==
* [[Laser designator]]
* [[Armement Air-Sol Modulaire]]
* [[Joint Direct Attack Munition]] (JDAM) – a [[GPS]] guidance pack for a standard iron bomb, made by [[Boeing]]
* [[Joint Direct Attack Munition]] (JDAM) – a [[GPS]] guidance pack for a standard iron bomb, made by [[Boeing]]
* [[SCALPEL]]
* [[SCALPEL]]
Line 75: Line 114:


== External links ==
== External links ==
{{Commonscatinline}}
{{Commons|Paveway}}
* [http://www.designation-systems.net/dusrm/app5/paveway-1.html Paveway - Designation Systems]
* [http://www.designation-systems.net/dusrm/app5/paveway-1.html Paveway - Designation Systems]


{{PAVE US}}
[[Category:Raytheon products]]
{{Raytheon}}
[[Category:Texas Instruments]]

[[Category:Guided bombs of the United States]]
[[Category:Guided bombs of the United States]]
[[Category:Laser ranging]]
[[Category:Raytheon Company products]]
[[Category:Texas Instruments]]

Latest revision as of 15:54, 3 September 2024

A Paveway III seeker head, at the RAF Museum in Hendon, London.
Paveway III at ILA airshow 2006
Top to bottom: A Paveway II computer control group, an Enhanced GBU-12, and a Laser-Guided Training Round, at the Paris Air Show 2007

Paveway is a series of laser-guided bombs (LGBs).

Pave or PAVE is sometimes used as an acronym for precision avionics vectoring equipment; literally, electronics for controlling the speed and direction of aircraft. Laser guidance is a form of Pave.

Pave, paired with other words, is the first name for various laser systems that designate targets for LGBs, for example Pave Penny, Pave Spike, Pave Tack and Pave Knife, and for specialized military aircraft, such as AC-130U Pave Spectre, MH-53 Pave Low, and HH-60 Pave Hawk.

Development

[edit]

The Paveway series of laser-guided bombs was developed by Texas Instruments, with the project starting in 1964. The program was conducted on a shoestring budget, but the resultant emphasis on simplicity and economical engineering proved to be a benefit, and a major advantage over other more complex guided weapons. The first test, using a M117 bomb as the warhead, took place in April 1965.

Early version featured aerodynamic designs led by Richard Johnson.[1]

In January 1967 the US Air Force authorized Project 3169 as the formal engineering program for development of precision guided munitions, renewing its contract with TI in March to redesign the M117 kit, with a very aggressive timeline, projecting deployment for combat testing in the Vietnam War in one year. Direction of the program was assigned to the Guided Bomb Program Office at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base in August and flight testing begun in November at Eglin Air Force Base under the direction of an interagency organization called the Pave Way Task Force. At that time the program had three divisions:

Paveway 1 became the emphasis of the program because Paveway 2, although considerably more accurate and capable, cost 4-5 times more per unit and was much less applicable to most targeting situations in Vietnam. Prototype weapons were sent to Southeast Asia for combat testing with the 8th Tactical Fighter Wing from May to August 1968. In the combat evaluations the BOLT-117 achieved a circular error probability (CEP) of 75 feet (23 m) while the Paveway achieved a CEP of 20 feet (6.1 m) with one in every four bombs scoring a direct hit.[2][3]

Paveway kits attach to a variety of warheads, and consist of a semi-active laser (SAL) seeker, a computer control group (CCG) containing guidance and control electronics, thermal battery, and pneumatic control augmentation system (CAS). There are front control canards and rear wings for stability. The weapon guides on reflected laser energy: the seeker detects the reflected light ("sparkle") of the designating laser, and actuates the canards to guide the bomb toward the designated point.

The original Paveway series, retroactively named Paveway I, gave way in the early 1970s to the improved Paveway II, which had a simplified, more reliable seeker and pop-out rear wings to improve the weapon's glide performance. Both Paveway I and Paveway II use a simple 'bang-bang' control system, where the CAS commands large canard deflections to make course corrections, resulting in a noticeable wobble. This had relatively little effect on accuracy, but expends energy quickly, limiting effective range. As a consequence, most users release Paveway I and II weapons in a ballistic trajectory, activating the laser designator only late in the weapon's flight to refine the impact point.

In 1976, the USAF issued a requirement for a new generation, dubbed Paveway III, that finally entered service in 1986. The Paveway III system used a much more sophisticated seeker with a wider field of view and proportional guidance, minimizing the energy loss of course corrections. Paveway III has a considerably longer glide range and greater accuracy than Paveway II, but it is substantially more expensive, limiting its use to high-value targets. Although Paveway III kits were developed for the smaller Mk 82 weapons, limited effectiveness caused the USAF to adopt the kit only for the larger 907 kg (2,000 lb) class weapons (the Mk 84 and BLU-109). Paveway III guidance kits were also used on the GBU-28/B penetration bomb fielded at the close of the 1991 Gulf War. The Paveway III system was also used during the Indian offensive in the Kargil War of 1999 by the Indian Air Force with the Mirage 2000 as a launch platform. Raytheon, the sole provider of Paveway III variants, is currently delivering both standard and enhanced versions to the US Government and foreign customers.

Existing LGBs in US service can be upgraded to Dual Mode Laser Guided Bombs (DMLGB) by adding GPS receivers which enable all weather employment. Lockheed Martin won the initial contract to provide DMLGBs to the US Navy (USN) in 2005, however subsequent-year money has been "zeroed" in favor of a follow-on Direct Attack Moving Target Capability (DAMTC) program. Raytheon's version, the "Enhanced Paveway II", has been contracted both within the US and abroad.

Raytheon's advanced Paveway IV 225 kg (500 lb) bomb has been in service since 2008 with Britain's RAF. In US service it is designated the GBU-49. In 2017 the F-35 program office rushed to field the GBU-49 to use its ability to strike moving targets and fill the gap left by the early retirement of the CBU-103 cluster bomb.[4]

In March 2017, Lockheed rebranded its Paveway Dual-Mode Plus weapon as the "Paragon" with the aim of competing against the laser-guided variant of the JDAM, as it offers the same capability while being "at least 30 percent cheaper" due to new, less costly microprocessors and engineering for the guidance electronics.[5]

Variants

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The Paveway series of bombs includes:

  • GBU-10 Paveway IIMk 84 or BLU-109 2,000 lb (907 kg) bomb
  • GBU-11 Paveway – M118 3,000 lb (1,360 kg) bomb. Saw limited use during the Vietnam War
  • GBU-12 Paveway IIMk 82 500 lb (227 kg) bomb
  • GBU-16 Paveway IIMk 83 1,000 lb (454 kg) bomb
  • GBU-58 Paveway IIMk 81 250 lb (113.4 kg) bomb
  • GBU-22 Paveway IIIMk 82 500 lb (227 kg) bomb. Developed at the same time as GBU-24, with some limited export success, but was not adopted by United States as it was felt to be too small a warhead for the desired effects at the time.
  • GBU-24 Paveway III – Mk 84/BLU-109 2,000 lb (907 kg) class bomb
  • GBU-27 Paveway III – BLU-109 2,000 lb (907 kg) bomb with penetration warhead, specially designed for F-117 because the large fins of GBU-24 couldn't fit into the bomb bay of F-117.
  • GBU-28 Paveway III – During the Gulf War, the deepest and most hardened Iraqi bunkers could not be defeated by the BLU-109/B penetrator warhead, so a much more powerful "bunker buster" GBU-28 was developed. The latest warhead used in the GBU-28/B series is the BLU-122/B, a development of earlier BLU-113 on early GBU-28s.
  • Paveway IV – 500 lb (227 kg) bomb
  • GBU-48 Enhanced Paveway II – Mk 83 1,000 lb (454 kg) bomb. Raytheon's Enhanced dual-mode GPS and Laser guided version of the laser-only GBU-16.
  • GBU-49 Enhanced Paveway IIBLU-133 500 lb (227 kg) bomb. Raytheon's Enhanced dual-mode GPS and Laser guided version of the laser-only GBU-12.
  • GBU-50 Enhanced Paveway II – Mk 84 or BLU-109 2,000 lb (907 kg) bomb. Raytheon's Enhanced dual-mode GPS and Laser guided version of the laser-only GBU-10.
  • GBU-59 Enhanced Paveway II – Mk 81 250 lb (113.4 kg) bomb. Raytheon's Enhanced dual-mode GPS and Laser guided version of the laser-only GBU-58.

Although GBU-48 etc. are the formal designation for the versions with GPS/INS, they are widely referred to as EGBU-16 etc. ("Enhanced GBU-16").[6]

Numbering systems

[edit]

Due to the aforementioned numbering systems, there is considerable scope for confusion regarding weapons called 'Paveway X'. The numbering systems include:

  • The original numbering system from 1-3, with the different planned variants differing in types of guidance. As 2 and 3 never entered service, this numbering system is obsolete.
  • The system used currently by US forces, which numbers in chronological order
  • The system used by the RAF, which numbers earlier versions of the Paveway as 2 and 3[7] - with 2 referring to a 1,000 lb bomb and 3 referring to a 2,000 lb bomb - and Enhanced Paveway 2 and 3 to refer to GPS/INS-added versions of the same.[8] The Paveway 4[9] is the same weapon in this and the above system.

Assembly

[edit]

Trademark

[edit]

Lockheed Martin and Raytheon compete to supply LGBs to the United States Air Force, and others. Raytheon claimed the exclusive right to use Paveway™ as a trademark for selling LGB-related products. Lockheed Martin claimed Paveway is a generic term in the defense industry. Lockheed objected to Raytheon's registration of Paveway in opposition proceedings before the United States Patent and Trademark Office.[10] On September 27, 2011, the USPTO Trademark Trial and Appeal Board decided that Paveway is a generic term, in the United States, for LGBs.[11]

Raytheon subsequently sued Lockheed Martin in Arizona federal court alleging trademark infringement, Lockheed filed counterclaims in the suit. In September, 2014 the companies agreed that Raytheon is the exclusive owner of "Paveway™" for laser-guided bombs and related goods and services and that "Paveway" is a protectable trademark, but that Raytheon will license the mark to Lockheed for use in connection with single-mode laser-guided bomb kits.[12] The two companies compete each year for U.S. and foreign orders.[13]

Platforms

[edit]

Source(s):[14][15][16]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Precision Strike Association | Richard H. Johnson Award". www.precisionstrike.org. Retrieved 2019-09-25.
  2. ^ Poole, Walter (2013). Adapting to Flexible Response, 1960-1968. Historical Office, Office of the Secretary of Defense. pp. 352–3.
  3. ^ John Correll (1 March 2010). "The Emergence of Smart Bombs". Air Force Magazine.
  4. ^ Drew, James; Seligman, Lara (21 February 2017). "F-35 Excels At Destroying Targets—If They Don't Move". aviationweek.com. Penton. Retrieved 21 February 2017.
  5. ^ Lockheed “Paragon” Challenges in PGMs Archived 2017-03-12 at the Wayback Machine - Airforcemag.com, 8 March 2017
  6. ^ "Raytheon Paveway II". designation-systems.net.
  7. ^ here, RAF Details. "RAF - Paveway II & III". raf.mod.uk. Archived from the original on 2015-05-25. Retrieved 2015-05-19.
  8. ^ here, RAF Details. "RAF - Enhanced Paveway II & III". raf.mod.uk. Archived from the original on 2016-10-28. Retrieved 2016-11-21.
  9. ^ here, RAF Details. "RAF - Paveway IV". raf.mod.uk. Archived from the original on 2015-05-16. Retrieved 2015-05-19.
  10. ^ "United States Patent and Trademark Office". ttabvue.uspto.gov. Retrieved July 4, 2009.
  11. ^ "THIS OPINION IS NOT A PRECEDENT OF THE TTAB". ttabvue.uspto.gov. Retrieved October 3, 2011.
  12. ^ "Raytheon, Lockheed End IP War over Paveway Bombs - Law360". www.law360.com. Retrieved October 8, 2014.
  13. ^ "Lockheed advancing Dual Mode Plus and Scalpel bombs". flightglobal.com. 29 March 2016.
  14. ^ "Paveway® II Plus Laser Guided Bomb (LGB)" (PDF). Lockheed Martin. Retrieved 25 April 2024.
  15. ^ "The Development of Precision Guided Bombs" (PDF). United States Department of Defense.
  16. ^ "PavewayTM - Laser and GPS/Laser Precision Guided Bombs" (PDF). Raytheon. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 Oct 2006. Retrieved 29 Apr 2024.
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Media related to Paveway at Wikimedia Commons