Pomeranian Voivodeship (1919–1939)
| Pomeranian Voivodeship Województwo Pomorskie (Polish) | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Voivodeship of Poland | |||||||||
| 1919–1939 | |||||||||
.png) Location of the Pomeranian Voivodeship (so-called "Greater Pomerania") (red) within the Second Polish Republic (1938). | |||||||||
| Capital | Toruń | ||||||||
| Area | |||||||||
• 1921 | 16,386 km2 (6,327 sq mi) | ||||||||
• 1939 | 28,402 km2 (10,966 sq mi) | ||||||||
| Population | |||||||||
• 1921 | 935,643 | ||||||||
• 1931 | 1,080,138 | ||||||||
| Government | |||||||||
| • Type | Voivodeship | ||||||||
| Voivodes | |||||||||
• 1919–1920 | Stefan Łaszewski | ||||||||
• 1936–1939 | Władysław Raczkiewicz | ||||||||
| Historical era | Interwar period | ||||||||
• Established | 12 August 1919 | ||||||||
| 1 April 1938 | |||||||||
| September 1939 | |||||||||
| Political subdivisions | 28 powiats | ||||||||
| |||||||||
| Today part of | Poland | ||||||||
The Pomeranian Voivodeship or Pomorskie Voivodeship (Polish: Województwo Pomorskie) was an administrative unit of Interwar poland (from 1919 to 1939). It ceased to function in September 1939, following the German and Soviet invasion of Poland.
Most of the territory of Pomeranian province became part of the current Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship, of which one of two capitals is the same as the interwar voivodeship's Toruń; the second one is Bydgoszcz.
The name Pomerania derives from the Slavic po more, meaning "by the sea" or "on the sea".[1]
History
[edit]This was a unit of administration and local government in the Republic of Poland (II Rzeczpospolita) established in 1919 after World War I from the majority of the Prussian province of West Prussia (made out of territories taken in Partitions of Poland which was returned to Poland. Toruń was the capital. In 1938–1939, the voivodeship extended to the south at the expense of Poznań Voivodeship and Warsaw Voivodeship, and was called Great Pomerania afterwards (see: Territorial changes of Polish Voivodeships on April 1, 1938).
During World War II, it was occupied by Nazi Germany and unilaterally annexed as Reichsgau Danzig-Westpreußen ("Reich province of Danzig-West Prussia"). Poles and Jews were classified as untermenschen by German authorities and their intended fate slavery and extermination. In 1945, the region was returned to Poland. In 1945 out of its northern territory, the new voivodeship of Gdańsk was formed, including annexed territories of the Free City of Danzig and of German Prussian Province of Pomerania and German Prussian Province of East Prussia. The bulk of the old voivodeship was enlarged by annexed territories of the German Prussian Province of Pomerania and later renamed into Bydgoszcz voivodeship. In the years 1975–1998, it was reorganized into the voivodeships of Gdańsk, Elbląg, Bydgoszcz, Toruń, and Włocławek.
Area and counties
[edit]Between April 1, 1938 and September 1, 1939, the Voivodeship's area was 25 683 km2, and its population - 1 884 400 (according to the 1931 census). It consisted of 28 powiats (counties), 64 cities, and 234 villages. Railroad density was high, with 11.4 km. per 100 km2 (total length of railroads within the Voivodeship's area was 1 887 km., second in the whole country). Forests covered 26.7% of the voivodeship, which was higher than the national average (in 1937, the average was 22.2%).
Pomorskie Voivodeship was one of the richest and best developed in interwar Poland. With numerous cities and well-developed rail, it also provided the country with access to the Baltic Sea. Only 8.3% of population was illiterate, which was much lower than the national average of 23.1% (as for 1931). Poles made up majority of population (88%). After World War I, the number of Germans was 117,251 in 1926 and 107,555 in 1934.[2] As of 1931, 9.8% of the populace were ethnic Germans and 0.3% Jews.
This is the list of the Pomorskie Voivodeship counties as of August 31, 1939:
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- Brodnica county (area 913 km2, pop. 56 300),
- city of Bydgoszcz county (area 75 km2, pop. 117 200),
- Bydgoszcz county (area 1 334 km2, pop. 58 100),
- Chełmno county (area 738 km2, pop. 52 800),
- Chojnice county (area 1 854 km2, pop. 76 900),
- city of Gdynia county (area 66 km2, pop. 38 600),
- city of Grudziądz county (area 28 km2, pop. 54 000),
- Grudziądz county (area 758 km2, pop. 42 800),
- city of Inowrocław county (area 37 km2, pop. 34 400),
- Inowrocław county (area 1 267 km2, pop. 67 500),
- Kartuzy county (area 1 302 km2, pop. 68 700),
- Kościerzyna county (area 1 162 km2, pop. 51 700),
- Lipno county (area 1 535 km2, pop. 104 500),
- Lubawa county (area 833 km2, pop. 53 600),
- Nieszawa county (area 1 278 km2, pop. 117 900),
- Rypin county (area 1 188 km2, pop. 84 900),
- Sępólno Krajeńskie county (area 681 km2, pop. 31 600),
- Starogard Gdański county (area 1 127 km2, pop. 71 800),
- Szubin county (area 917 km2, pop. 47 800),
- Świecie county (area 1 533 km2, pop. 88 000),
- Tczew county (area 716 km2, pop. 67 400),
- city of Toruń county (area 59 km2, pop. 61 900),
- Toruń county (area 864 km2, pop. 52 300),
- Tuchola county (area 1 039 km2, pop. 41 200),
- Maritime County (area 673 km2, pop. 49 900),
- Wejherowo county (area 1 281 km2, pop. 79 900),
- Włocławek county (area 1 325 km2, pop. 147 800),
- Wyrzysk county (area 1 101 km2, pop. 64 900).
Main cities
[edit]Biggest cities of the Voivodeship were (data according to the 1931 Polish census):
- Bydgoszcz (pop. 117 200) - since 1938
- Toruń (pop. 61 900) - the capital
- Włocławek (pop. 56 000) - since 1938
- Grudziądz (pop. 54 000)
- Gdynia (pop. 38 600)
- Inowrocław (pop. 34 400) - since 1938
- Tczew (pop. 22 500)
- Chojnice (pop. 14 100)
Ethnic and religious structure
[edit]According to the 1921 census the voivodeship was inhabited by 935,643 people, of whom by nationality 757,801 were Poles (81%), 175,771 were Germans (18.8%), 419 were Jews (0.04%) and 1,652 were all others (0.2%). By religion - according to the census of 1921 - 744,699 were Roman Catholics (79.6%), 186,224 were Protestants of all kinds (19.9%), 2,927 were Jews (0.3%) and 1,793 were all others (0.2%).[3]
The detailed results of the 1931 census by county are presented below:
| County | Pop. | Polish | % | Yiddish & Hebrew | % | German | % | Other language % | Roman Catholic | % | Jewish | % | Protestant | % | Other religion % |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Brodnica | 56287 | 50990 | 90.6% | 96 | 0.2% | 5100 | 9.1% | 0.2% | 50642 | 90.0% | 126 | 0.2% | 5281 | 9.4% | 0.4% |
| Chełmno | 52765 | 44700 | 84.7% | 23 | 0.0% | 7930 | 15.0% | 0.2% | 43944 | 83.3% | 53 | 0.1% | 8354 | 15.8% | 0.8% |
| Chojnice | 76935 | 68999 | 89.7% | 8 | 0.0% | 7631 | 9.9% | 0.4% | 73960 | 96.1% | 86 | 0.1% | 2680 | 3.5% | 0.3% |
| Działdowo | 42716 | 39645 | 92.8% | 117 | 0.3% | 2862 | 6.7% | 0.2% | 35448 | 83.0% | 173 | 0.4% | 6979 | 16.3% | 0.3% |
| Gdynia City | 33217 | 32554 | 98.0% | 24 | 0.1% | 329 | 1.0% | 0.9% | 32205 | 97.0% | 84 | 0.3% | 515 | 1.6% | 1.2% |
| Grudziądz City | 54014 | 49636 | 91.9% | 454 | 0.8% | 3608 | 6.7% | 0.6% | 48554 | 89.9% | 677 | 1.3% | 3805 | 7.0% | 1.8% |
| Grudziądz County | 42801 | 34902 | 81.5% | 0 | 0.0% | 7760 | 18.1% | 0.3% | 34037 | 79.5% | 16 | 0.0% | 7953 | 18.6% | 1.9% |
| Kartuzy | 68674 | 64103 | 93.3% | 19 | 0.0% | 4445 | 6.5% | 0.2% | 64192 | 93.5% | 50 | 0.1% | 4358 | 6.3% | 0.1% |
| Kościerzyna | 51716 | 45658 | 88.3% | 0 | 0.0% | 5978 | 11.6% | 0.2% | 45362 | 87.7% | 34 | 0.1% | 6202 | 12.0% | 0.2% |
| Lubawa | 53621 | 51812 | 96.6% | 65 | 0.1% | 1612 | 3.0% | 0.2% | 51627 | 96.3% | 86 | 0.2% | 1640 | 3.1% | 0.5% |
| Maritime County | 85295 | 79658 | 93.4% | 104 | 0.1% | 5213 | 6.1% | 0.4% | 80091 | 93.9% | 229 | 0.3% | 4624 | 5.4% | 0.4% |
| Sępólno | 29563 | 17538 | 59.3% | 31 | 0.1% | 11942 | 40.4% | 0.2% | 19661 | 66.5% | 140 | 0.5% | 9585 | 32.4% | 0.6% |
| Starogard | 71829 | 67937 | 94.6% | 258 | 0.4% | 3433 | 4.8% | 0.3% | 67922 | 94.6% | 351 | 0.5% | 3261 | 4.5% | 0.4% |
| Świecie | 87998 | 74171 | 84.3% | 129 | 0.1% | 13422 | 15.3% | 0.3% | 73809 | 83.9% | 338 | 0.4% | 13156 | 15.0% | 0.8% |
| Tczew | 67399 | 62832 | 93.2% | 64 | 0.1% | 4359 | 6.5% | 0.2% | 63843 | 94.7% | 112 | 0.2% | 3198 | 4.7% | 0.4% |
| Toruń City | 53993 | 51006 | 94.5% | 272 | 0.5% | 2450 | 4.5% | 0.5% | 50453 | 93.4% | 493 | 0.9% | 2617 | 4.8% | 0.8% |
| Toruń County | 60214 | 52909 | 87.9% | 39 | 0.1% | 7124 | 11.8% | 0.2% | 52491 | 87.2% | 53 | 0.1% | 7326 | 12.2% | 0.6% |
| Tuchola | 41249 | 37990 | 92.1% | 3 | 0.0% | 3151 | 7.6% | 0.3% | 38829 | 94.1% | 67 | 0.2% | 2237 | 5.4% | 0.3% |
| Wąbrzeźno | 49852 | 42346 | 84.9% | 259 | 0.5% | 7051 | 14.1% | 0.4% | 41950 | 84.1% | 279 | 0.6% | 7041 | 14.1% | 1.2% |
| Total | 1080138 | 969386 | 89.7% | 1965 | 0.2% | 105400 | 9.8% | 0.3% | 969020 | 89.7% | 3447 | 0.3% | 100812 | 9.3% | 0.6% |
German minority
[edit]In 1926 and 1934 German minority in Pomeranian Voivodeship carried out their own censuses, counting themselves. Here are their results:
| County (German name in brackets)[5] |
ethnic German population (1926) | ethnic German population (1934) |
|---|---|---|
| Kościerzyna (Berent) | 6,884 | 5,974 |
| Wąbrzeźno (Briesen) | 7,615 | 7,344 |
| Chełmno (Culm) | 7,905 | 7,673 |
| Tczew (Dirschau)/ Gniew (Mewe)/ Świecie (Schwetz) | 20,446 | 17,571 |
| Grudziądz (Graudenz, town) | 3,542 | 3,875 |
| Grudziądz (Graudenz, district) | 9,317 | 8,190 |
| Kartuzy (Karthaus) | 4,800 | 3,927 |
| Chojnice (Konitz) | 9,022 | 8,070 |
| Lubawa (Löbau) | 2,078 | 1,689 |
| Wejherowo (Neustadt)/ Puck (Putzig) | 6,556 | 6,305 |
| Starogard Gdański (Pr. Stargard) | 2,909 | 3,418 |
| Działdowo (Soldau)/ Brodnica (Strasburg) | 12,779 | 10,733 |
| Toruń (Thorn, town) | 2,255 | 2,057 |
| Toruń (Thorn, district) | 7,107 | 6,738 |
| Tuchola (Tuchel) | 3,170 | 2,861 |
| Sępólno Krajeńskie (Zempelburg) | 10,866 | 11,130 |
| Pomeranian Voivodship (total) | 117,251 | 107,555 |
Voivodes
[edit]- Stefan Łaszewski – 19 October 1919 – 2 July 1920
- Jan Brejski – 2 July 1920 – 24 March 1924
- Stanisław Wachowiak – 24 October 1924-August 1926
- Mieczysław Seydlitz – August 1926 – October 1926
- Kazimierz Młodzianowski – 12 October 1926 – 4 July 1928
- Wiktor Wrona-Lamot – 28 August 1928 – 18 November 1931
- Stefan Kirtiklis – 18 November 1931 – 14 July 1936
- Władysław Raczkiewicz – 16 July 1936 – 30 September 1939
Notes
[edit]- ^ Der Name Pommern (po more) ist slawischer Herkunft und bedeutet so viel wie „Land am Meer“. (Pommersches Landesmuseum, German)
- ^ Kotowski, Albert S. (1998). Polens Politik gegenüber seiner deutschen Minderheit 1919-1939 (in German). Forschungsstelle Ostmitteleuropa, University of Dortmund. p. 55. ISBN 3-447-03997-3.
- ^ "Plik:Woj.pomorskie-Polska spis powszechny 1921.pdf – Wikipedia, wolna encyklopedia" (PDF). commons.wikimedia.org (in Polish). 1927. Retrieved 2024-06-16.
- ^ Statystyczny, Główny Urząd (1938), English: Dane spisu powszechnego 1931- województwo pomorskie (PDF), retrieved 2024-06-16
- ^ Kotowski, Albert S. (1998). Polens Politik gegenüber seiner deutschen Minderheit 1919-1939 (in German). Forschungsstelle Ostmitteleuropa, University of Dortmund. p. 55. ISBN 3-447-03997-3.
References
[edit]- Maly rocznik statystyczny 1939, Nakladem Glownego Urzedu Statystycznego, Warszawa 1939 (Concise Statistical Year-Book of Poland, Warsaw 1939).
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