Timoric languages: Difference between revisions

Timoric
Timoric
Geographic; distribution	Indonesia ; East Timor
Linguistic classification	Austronesian Malayo-Polynesian Central–Eastern Timoric; ; ;
Proto-language	Proto-Timoric
Subdivisions	(disputed)
Language codes

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The Timoric languages are a group of Austronesian languages (belonging to the Central–Eastern subgroup) spoken on the islands of Timor, neighboring Wetar, and (depending on the classification) Southwest Maluku to the east.

Within the group, the languages with the most speakers are Uab Meto of West Timor, Indonesia and Tetum of East Timor, each with about half a million speakers, though in addition Tetum is an official language and a lingua franca among non-Tetum East Timorese.

Languages

Hull (1998) & van Engelenhoven (2009)

Geoffrey Hull (1998) proposes a Timoric group as follows:

Timoric
- Timoric A ("Extra-Ramelaic", Fabronic; whatever is not Ramelaic)
  - West: Dawan (Uab Meto)–Amarasi, Helong, Roti (Bilba, Dengka, Lole, Ringgou, Dela-Oenale, Termanu, Tii)
  - Central: Tetun, Bekais, Habu
  - North: Wetar, Galoli
  - East: Kairui, Waimaha, Midiki, Naueti
- Timoric B ("Ramelaic", near the Ramelau range)
  - West: Kemak, Tukudede
  - Central: Mambai
  - East (Idalaka): Idaté, Isní, Lakalei, Lolein

Van Engelenhoven (2009) accepts Hull's classification, but further includes Makuva and the Luangic–Kisaric languages (Kisar, Romang, Luang, Wetan, Leti) in the Eastern branch of Timoric A.^[1]

Taber (1993)

In a lexicostatistical classification of the languages of Southwest Maluku, Taber (1993:396) posits a "Southwest Maluku" branch of the Timoric languages, that comprises all languages of the area, except for West Damar and the Babar languages.

Timoric
- (other branches on Timor)
- Southwest Maluku
  - East Damar
  - Wetar: Talur, Wetar cluster (Aputai, Perai, Tugun, Iliun)
  - Kisar-Roma: Kisar, Roma
  - Luang: Leti, Luang, Wetan
  - TNS (Teun-Nila-Serua): Teun, Nila-Serua (Nila, Serua)
(other branches of CMP, including Babar languages and West Damar)

Edwards (2021)

Edwards (2021) divides the languages of Timor and Southwest Maluku into two main branches, Central Timor and Timor–Babar:^[3]

Central Timor: Kemak, Tokodede, Mambae, Welaun
Timor–Babar
- Helong
- Rote-Meto
  - West Rote-Meto
    - Dela, Oenale
    - Dengka-Meto
      - Dengka, Lelain
      - Meto
  - Nuclear Rote
    - Tii, Lole
    - Termanu, Ba'a, Korbafo, Bokai, Talae, Keka
    - Bilbaa, Diu, Lelenuk
    - Rikou, Landu, Oepao
- Lakalei–Idate: Lakalei, Idate
- Eastern Timor (Kawaimina): Kairui, Waimaha, Midiki, Naueti
- Wetar–Atauro: Atauran, Galoli, Wetarese
- Southwest Maluku: Kisar, Roma, Leti, Luang, Wetan, Teun, Nila, Serua, East Damar
  - Babar languages

References

^ van Engelenhoven, Aone (2009). "The position of Makuva among the Austronesian languages in East Timor and Southwest Maluku". In Adelaar, K. Alexander; Pawley, Andrew (eds.). Austronesian historical linguistics and culture history: a festschrift for Robert Blust. Canberra: Australian National University. pp. 425–442.
^ ^a ^b Edwards O (2020). Metathesis and unmetathesis in Amarasi (pdf). Berlin: Language Science Press. doi:10.5281/zenodo.3700413. ISBN 978-3-96110-223-5.
^ Edwards, Owen (2021). Rote-Meto Comparative Dictionary. Canberra: ANU Press.

Hull, Geoffrey. 1998. "The basic lexical affinities of Timor's Austronesian languages: a preliminary investigation." Studies in Languages and Cultures of East Timor 1:97–202.
Taber, Mark (1993). "Toward a Better Understanding of the Indigenous Languages of Southwestern Maluku." Oceanic Linguistics, Vol. 32, No. 2 (Winter, 1993), pp. 389–441. University of Hawai'i.

External links

LexiRumah (part of the Lesser Sunda linguistic databases)
Reconstructing the past through languages of the present: the Lesser Sunda Islands
The Languages of East Timor: Some Basic Facts (Revised 24.8.2004) Geoffrey Hull

[1] van Engelenhoven, Aone (2009). "The position of Makuva among the Austronesian languages in East Timor and Southwest Maluku". In Adelaar, K. Alexander; Pawley, Andrew (eds.). Austronesian historical linguistics and culture history: a festschrift for Robert Blust. Canberra: Australian National University. pp. 425–442.

[Edwards2020-2] Edwards O (2020). Metathesis and unmetathesis in Amarasi (pdf). Berlin: Language Science Press. doi:10.5281/zenodo.3700413. ISBN 978-3-96110-223-5.

[3] Edwards, Owen (2021). Rote-Meto Comparative Dictionary. Canberra: ANU Press.

[1]

[2]

[3]

@@ Line 4: / Line 4: @@
 {{Infobox language family
 |name=Timoric
-|region=[[Indonesia]], [[East Timor]]
+|region=[[Indonesia]] <br> [[East Timor]]
 |familycolor=Austronesian
 |fam2=[[Malayo-Polynesian languages|Malayo-Polynesian]]
@@ Line 10: / Line 10: @@
 |protoname=Proto-Timoric
 |children=(disputed)
-|glotto=none
+|glotto=
-|glotto2=timo1260
+|glotto2=
-|glottoname2=Ramelaic
+|glottoname2=
-|glottorefname2=Timoric B
+|glottorefname2=
-|glotto3=timo1259
+|glotto3=
-|glottoname3=Fabronic/Extra-Ramelaic
+|glottoname3=
-|glottorefname3=Timoric A
+|glottorefname3=
 }}
 The '''Timoric''' languages are a group of [[Austronesian languages]] (belonging to the [[Central–Eastern Malayo-Polynesian languages|Central–Eastern]] subgroup) spoken on the islands of [[Timor]], neighboring [[Wetar Island|Wetar]], and (depending on the classification) [[Southwest Maluku Regency|Southwest Maluku]] to the east.
-Within the group, the languages with the most speakers are [[Uab Meto]] of [[West Timor]] and [[Tetum]] of [[East Timor]], each with about half a million speakers, though in addition Tetum is an official language and a lingua franca among non-Tetum East Timorese.
+Within the group, the languages with the most speakers are [[Uab Meto]] of [[West Timor]], [[Indonesia]] and [[Tetum language|Tetum]] of [[East Timor]], each with about half a million speakers, though in addition Tetum is an official language and a lingua franca among non-Tetum East Timorese.
 ==Languages==
@@ Line 27: / Line 27: @@
 ===Hull (1998) & van Engelenhoven (2009)===
-[[Geoffrey Hull]] (1998) proposes a Timoric group (also referenced by ''Glottolog'') as follows:
+[[Geoffrey Hull]] (1998) proposes a Timoric group as follows:
+{{tree list}}
-* ''Timoric A languages ("Extra-Ramelaic", Fabronic; whatever is not Ramelaic):''
+*'''Timoric'''
-** ''Central:'' [[Tetun language|Tetun]], [[Bekais language|Bekais]], [[Habu language|Habu]]
+**Timoric A ("Extra-Ramelaic", Fabronic; whatever is not Ramelaic)
-** ''North:'' [[Wetar language|Wetar]], [[Galoli language|Galoli]]
-** ''East:'' [[Kairui language|Kairui]], [[Waimoa language|Waimaha]], [[Midiki language|Midiki]], [[Naueti language|Naueti]]
+***West: [[Dawan language|Dawan]] (Uab Meto)–[[Amarasi language|Amarasi]], [[Helong language|Helong]], Roti ([[Bilba language|Bilba]], [[Dengka language|Dengka]], [[Lole language|Lole]], [[Ringgou language|Ringgou]], [[Dela-Oenale language|Dela-Oenale]], [[Termanu language|Termanu]], [[Tii language|Tii]])
+***Central: [[Tetun language|Tetun]], [[Bekais language|Bekais]], [[Habu language|Habu]]
-** ''West:''
-*** [[Helong language|Helong]]
+***North: [[Wetar language|Wetar]], [[Galoli language|Galoli]]
-*** ''Uab Metoic (Dawan–Amarasi) languages'': [[Baikeno language|Baikeno]], [[Dawan language|Dawan]] (Uab Meto), [[Amarasi language|Amarasi]]
+***[[Kawaimina languages|East]]: [[Kairui language|Kairui]], [[Waimoa language|Waimaha]], [[Midiki language|Midiki]], [[Naueti language|Naueti]]
+**Timoric B ("Ramelaic", near the [[Ramelau]] range)
-*** ''Roti (or Rotinese) languages:''
-**** [[Dela-Oenale language|Dela-Oenale]], [[Dengka language|Dengka]]
+***West: [[Kemak language|Kemak]], [[Tukudede language|Tukudede]]
+***Central: [[Mambai language (Timor)|Mambai]]
-**** ''Nuclear Rotinese languages:'' [[Bilba language|Bilba]], [[Lole language|Lole]], [[Ringgou language|Ringgou]], [[Termanu language|Termanu]], [[Tii language|Tii]]''
+***East (Idalaka): [[Idaté language|Idaté]], [[Isní language|Isní]], [[Lakalei language|Lakalei]], [[Lolein language|Lolein]]
-* ''Timoric B languages ("Ramelaic", near the [[Ramelau]] range):''
+{{tree list/end}}
-** ''West:'' [[Kemak language|Kemak]], [[Tukudede language|Tukudede]]
-** ''Central:'' [[Mambai language (Timor)|Mambai]]
-** ''East (Idalaka):'' [[Idaté language|Idaté]], [[Isní language|Isní]], [[Lakalei language|Lakalei]], [[Lolein language|Lolein]]
 Van Engelenhoven (2009) accepts Hull's classification, but further includes [[Makuva language|Makuva]] and the Luangic–Kisaric languages ([[Kisar language|Kisar]], [[Romang language|Romang]], [[Luang language|Luang]], [[Wetan language|Wetan]], [[Leti language|Leti]]) in the Eastern branch of Timoric A.<ref>{{cite book |last=van Engelenhoven |first=Aone |date=2009 |chapter=The position of Makuva among the Austronesian languages in East Timor and Southwest Maluku |editor1=Adelaar, K. Alexander |editor2=Pawley, Andrew |title=Austronesian historical linguistics and culture history: a festschrift for Robert Blust |place=Canberra |publisher=Australian National University |pages=425–442 |url=https://www.academia.edu/3709296}}</ref>
 ===Taber (1993)===
-[[Image:Timor Sprache.jpg|thumb|right|350px|Languages of [[Timor Island]]]]
+[[File:Timor Sprache en.png|thumb|right|350px|Languages of [[Timor Island]]]]
 In a [[lexicostatistics|lexicostatistical]] classification of the languages of Southwest Maluku, Taber (1993:396) posits a "Southwest Maluku" branch of the Timoric languages, that comprises all languages of the area, except for [[West Damar language|West Damar]] and the [[Babar languages]].
+{{tree list}}
-*Timoric
+*'''Timoric'''
 **(other branches on Timor)
 **Southwest Maluku
@@ Line 59: / Line 58: @@
 ***TNS (Teun-Nila-Serua): [[Te’un language|Teun]], Nila-Serua (''[[Nila language|Nila]]'', ''[[Serua language|Serua]]'')
 *(other branches of CMP, including [[Babar languages]] and [[West Damar language|West Damar]])
+{{tree list/end}}
-===Edwards (2018, 2019)===
+===Edwards (2021)===
 [[File:Timor languages according to Edwards (2020).pdf|thumb|Timor languages according to Edwards (2020)<ref name="Edwards2020">{{Cite book
@@ Line 79: / Line 79: @@
 [[File:Metos cluster according to Edwards (2020).pdf|thumb|Map of the Meto language cluster<ref name="Edwards2020"/>]]
-Edwards (2018, 2019) divides the languages of Timor and Southwest Maluku into three branches:<ref>Edwards, Owen (2018). [http://hdl.handle.net/10524/52421 Top-down Historical Phonology of Rote-Meto]. ''JSEALS'' '''11.1''' (2018).</ref><ref>Edwards, Owen (2019). Reintroducing Welaun. ''Oceanic Linguistics'', Volume 58, Number 1, June 2019, pp. 31-58. https://doi.org/10.1353/ol.2019.0002</ref>
+Edwards (2021) divides the languages of Timor and Southwest Maluku into two main branches, ''Central Timor'' and ''Timor–Babar'':<ref>Edwards, Owen (2021). [https://press-files.anu.edu.au/downloads/press/n8704/pdf/book.pdf Rote-Meto Comparative Dictionary]. Canberra: ANU Press.</ref>
+{{tree list}}
-*[[Helong language|Helong]]
 *Central Timor: [[Kemak language|Kemak]], [[Tokodede language|Tokodede]], [[Mambae language|Mambae]], [[Welaun language|Welaun]]
+*Timor–Babar
-*"Timor-Wetar-Babar"
+**[[Helong language|Helong]]
+**[[Rote-Meto languages|Rote-Meto]]
-The latter subgroup includes all other languages grouped by Hull as Timoric, as well all languages of Southwest Maluku (including the Babar languages). Within "Timor-Wetar-Babar", Edwards proposes a Rote-Meto branch (previously named Rotinese in ''Glottolog''), with languages spoken on [[Rote Island]] and in [[West Timor]].
+***West Rote-Meto
+****[[Dela language|Dela]], [[Oenale language|Oenale]]
-; Rote-Meto
+****Dengka-Meto
-* ''West Rote-Meto languages:''
-** [[Dela language|Dela]], [[Oenale language|Oenale]]
+*****[[Dengka language|Dengka]], [[Lelain language|Lelain]]
-** ''Dengka-Meto languages:''
+*****[[Meto language|Meto]]
+***Nuclear Rote
-*** [[Dengka language|Dengka]], [[Lelain language|Lelain]]
-*** [[Meto language|Meto]]
+****[[Tii language|Tii]], [[Lole language|Lole]]
+****[[Termanu language|Termanu]], [[Ba'a language|Ba'a]], [[Korbafo language|Korbafo]], [[Bokai language|Bokai]], [[Talae language|Talae]], [[Keka language|Keka]]
-* ''Nuclear Rote languages:''
-** [[Tii language|Tii]], [[Lole language|Lole]]
+****[[Bilbaa language|Bilbaa]], [[Diu language|Diu]], [[Lelenuk language|Lelenuk]]
-** [[Termanu language|Termanu]], [[Ba'a language|Ba'a]], [[Korbafo language|Korbafo]], [[Bokai language|Bokai]], [[Talae language|Talae]], [[Keka language|Keka]]
+****[[Rikou language|Rikou]], [[Landu language|Landu]], [[Oepao language|Oepao]]
-** [[Bilbaa language|Bilbaa]], [[Diu language|Diu]], [[Lelenuk language|Lelenuk]]
+**Lakalei–Idate: [[Lakalei language|Lakalei]], [[Idate language|Idate]]
-** [[Rikou language|Rikou]], [[Landu language|Landu]], [[Oepao language|Oepao]]
+**[[Kawaimina languages|Eastern Timor (Kawaimina)]]: [[Kairui language|Kairui]], [[Waimoa language|Waimaha]], [[Midiki language|Midiki]], [[Naueti language|Naueti]]
+**Wetar–Atauro: [[Atauran language|Atauran]], [[Galoli language|Galoli]], [[Wetarese language|Wetarese]]
+**Southwest Maluku: [[Kisar language|Kisar]], [[Romang language|Roma]], [[Leti language|Leti]], [[Luang language|Luang]], [[Wetan language|Wetan]], [[Teun language|Teun]], [[Nila language|Nila]], [[Serua language|Serua]], [[East Damar language|East Damar]]
+***[[Babar languages]]
+{{tree list/end}}
 ==References==