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{{Short description|Extinct subfamily of lizards}}
[[Tylosaurinae]] (Williston, 1895; Williston, 1897) is a [[subfamily]] of [[mosasaur]]s, a diverse group of Late [[Cretaceous]] marine [[squamate]]s.
{{Automatic Taxobox
| name = Tylosaurinae
| fossil_range = [[Late Cretaceous]]
{{Fossilrange|89.3|66}}
| image = Tylosaurus kansasensis Clean.png
| image_caption = ''[[Tylosaurus nepaeolicus]]'' mounted skeleton in the [[Rocky Mountain Dinosaur Resource Center]] in Woodland Park, Colorado
| taxon = Tylosaurinae
| authority = Williston, 1895<ref name="Williston, 1895">Williston, S. W. 1895. New or little-known extinct vertebrates. ''Kansas University Quarterly'' 6:95-98.</ref>
| subdivision_ranks = [[Genus|Genera]]
| subdivision = *''[[Taniwhasaurus]]''
*''[[Tylosaurus]]''
*''[[Kaikaifilu]]''?
*''[[Hainosaurus]]''?
}}


The '''Tylosaurinae''' are a [[subfamily]] of [[mosasaur]]s,<ref name="Williston, 1897">Williston, S. W. 1897. Range and distribution of the mosasaurs with remarks on synonymy. ''Kansas University Quarterly'' 4(4):177-185.</ref> a diverse group of Late [[Cretaceous]] marine [[Squamata|squamates]]. Members of the subfamily are informally and collectively known as "tylosaurines" and have been recovered from every continent except for [[South America]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://paleobiodb.org/classic/checkTaxonInfo?taxon_no=128897|title=Fossilworks: Tylosaurinae|website=fossilworks.org|access-date=17 December 2021}}</ref> The subfamily includes the genera ''[[Tylosaurus]]'', ''[[Taniwhasaurus]]'', and ''[[Kaikaifilu]]'', although some scientists argue that only ''Tylosaurus'' and ''Taniwhasaurus'' should be included.<ref name=JimenezCaldwell/><ref>{{cite web|author=Garvey, S.T.|title=A New High-latitude Tylosaurus (Squamata, Mosasauridae) from Canada with Unique Dentition|year=2020|url=https://etd.ohiolink.edu/apexprod/rws_etd/send_file/send?accession=ucin1584001060097071&disposition=inline|pages=1–136|publisher=University of CinCinnati|location=Cincinnati, Ohio}}</ref>
⚫
Russell (1967, pp. 170) defined the Tylosaurinae as follows: "Large [[rostrum]] present anterior to [[premaxilla]]ry teeth. Twelve or more teeth in [[dentary]] and [[maxilla]]. Cranial nerves X, XI, and XII leave lateral wall of opsithotic through a single [[foramen]]. No canal in basioccipital or basispehnoid for basilar artery. Suprastapedial process of [[quadrate]] moderately large, distally pointed. [[Dorsal]] edge of surangular rounded and longitudinally horizontal...Twenty nine presacral [[vertebrae]] present. Length of presacral series less than that of postsacral series in ''[[Tylosaurus]]'', neural spines of posterior [[caudal]] vertebrae at most only slightly elongated, do not form an appreciable fin. Haemal arches unfused to caudal centra. Appendicular elements lack smoothly finished articular surfaces." In his 1997 revision of the [[phylogeny]] of the Mosasauroidea, Bell (1997. p. 321) supported the [[monophyly]] of the Tylosaurinae.

Tylosaurines first appeared in the [[Coniacian]]<ref name="Everhart, 2005b">Everhart MJ. 2005b. Earliest record of the genus ''Tylosaurus'' (Squamata; Mosasauridae) from the Fort Hays Limestone (Lower Coniacian) of western Kansas. ''Transactions'' <!--Of??? -->'''108''' (3/4): 149-155.</ref> and gave rise to some of the largest mosasaurs within the genera ''Tylosaurus'' and ''Hainosaurus'' which came to dominate as [[apex predator]]s in [[marine ecosystem]]s throughout the [[Santonian]] and [[Campanian]], but appear to have been largely replaced by large [[Mosasaurinae|mosasaurines]], such as ''[[Mosasaurus]]'', by the end of the [[Maastrichtian]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Polcyn|first1=Michael J.|last2=Jacobs|first2=Louis L.|last3=Araújo|first3=Ricardo|last4=Schulp|first4=Anne S.|last5=Mateus|first5=Octávio|date=2014-04-15|title=Physical drivers of mosasaur evolution|journal=Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology|series=Physical drivers in the evolution of marine tetrapods|volume=400|pages=17–27|doi=10.1016/j.palaeo.2013.05.018}}</ref> Nevertheless, the subfamily survived to the end of the Cretaceous, covering a period lasting approximately twenty million years.

The [[etymology]] of this group derives from the genus ''Tylosaurus'' ([[Greek language|Greek]] ''tylos'' = "knob" + [[Greek language|Greek]] ''sauros'' = "lizard").

== Description ==
[[File:Taniwhasaurus.jpg|thumb|left|Reconstruction of ''[[Taniwhasaurus]]''.]]
In general, tylosaurines were large-bodied marine lizards armed with sturdy, conical teeth and an elongated premaxilla and extensions of the dentaries that do not bear teeth to the very end such as is found in other genera of mosasaurs. Cope's original concept of a "battering ram" snout is not supported by fossil evidence. Stomach contents from a tylosaur recovered in [[South Dakota]]<ref name="Martin & Bjork, 1987">Martin JE, Bjork PR. 1987. Gastric residues associated with a mosasaur from the late Cretaceous (Campanian) Pierre Shale in South Dakota. ''Dakoterra'' 3:68-72.</ref> included remains of another mosasaur, a [[bony fish]], the large, flightless [[seabird]] ''[[Hesperornis]]'', and possibly a [[shark]], indicating that tylosaurs were generalists. Another specimen collected by Charles Sternberg <ref name="Sternberg, 1922">Sternberg CH. 1922. Explorations of the Permian of Texas and the chalk of Kansas, 1918. Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science 30(1):119-120. (Papers - Fifty-first annual meeting, 1919), State Printer, Topeka.</ref> included the bones of a small [[Plesiosauria|plesiosaur]] (see also <ref name="Everhart, 2004">Everhart MJ. 2004. Plesiosaurs as the food of mosasaurs; new data on the stomach contents of a ''Tylosaurus proriger'' (Squamata; Mosasauridae) from the Niobrara Formation of western Kansas. ''The Mosasaur'' '''7''':41-46.</ref>).

Lingham-Soliar suggested that tylosaurines were not among the fastest swimming nor the strongest mosasaurids. However, they are lightly built, having greatly reduced the weight of their bodies and possessing relatively small [[pectoral girdle|pectoral]] and [[pelvic]] girdles, fore- and hindlimbs. Their bone is highly cancellous and may have been impregnated with [[fat]] cells during life, adding buoyancy. These traits suggest that tylosaurs may have been ambush [[predator]]s. Tylosaurs were among the largest mosasaurs, with some species of ''Tylosaurus'' and ''Hainosaurus'' reaching lengths of 9-12+ meters, making them among the largest of all marine reptiles.<!-- One of the largest known tylosaurines can be found in Morden, Manitoba, Canada, at the Canadian Fossil Discovery Center, at 43 ft long (13.1 m). This is the largest Mosasaur found in Canada to date and is one of the best preserved at 70-75% complete skeleton, missing mainly the top of the skull. Nicknamed 'Bruce'. -->

⚫
Russell (1967, pp.&nbsp;170 <ref name="Russell, 1967">Russell DA, 1967. Systematics and morphology of American mosasaurs. Peabody Museum of Natural History, Yale University, Bulletin 23.</ref>) defined the Tylosaurinae as follows: "Large [[rostrum (anatomy)|rostrum]] present anterior to [[premaxilla]]ry teeth. Twelve or more teeth in [[dentary]] and [[maxilla]]. Cranial nerves X, XI, and XII leave lateral wall of [[opisthotic]] through a single [[wikt:foramen|foramen]]. No canal in basioccipital or basispehnoid for basilar artery. Suprastapedial process of [[quadrate bone|quadrate]] moderately large, distally pointed. [[Dorsum (biology)|Dorsal]] edge of surangular rounded and longitudinally horizontal...Twenty nine presacral [[vertebrae]] present. Length of presacral series less than that of postsacral series in ''[[Tylosaurus]]'', [[neural spine]]s of posterior [[caudal vertebrae]] at most only slightly elongated, do not form an appreciable fin. [[Haemal arch]]es unfused to caudal centra. Appendicular elements lack smoothly finished articular surfaces."

== Species and taxonomy ==
'''Tylosaurinae'''<ref name=JimenezCaldwell>{{cite journal|author1=Paulina Jiménez-Huidobro|author2=Michael W. Caldwell|title=A New Hypothesis of the Phylogenetic Relationships of the Tylosaurinae (Squamata: Mosasauroidea)|year=2019|journal=Frontiers in Earth Science|volume=7|page=47|doi=10.3389/feart.2019.00047|bibcode=2019FrEaS...7...47J|s2cid=85513442|doi-access=free}}</ref>
*''[[Tylosaurus]]''
**''T. proriger''
**''T. nepaeolicus'' (=''T. kansasensis)''
**''T. pembinensis''
**''T. gaudryi''
**''T. saskatchewanensis''
**''T. ivoensis''
**''T. iembeensis''
*''[[Hainosaurus]]'' (=''[[Tylosaurus]]''?)
**''H. bernardi''
*''[[Taniwhasaurus]]''
**''T. oweni'' (=''Tylosaurus haumuriensis'')
**''T. antarcticus''
*''[[Kaikaifilu]]''
**''K. hervei''

==References==
<references />

== Further reading==
*Bell, G. L. Jr., 1997. A phylogenetic revision of North American and Adriatic Mosasauroidea. pp.&nbsp;293–332 In Callaway J. M. and E. L Nicholls, (eds.), ''Ancient Marine Reptiles'', Academic Press, 501 pp.
*Lindgren, J. et. Siverson, M. 2002.''Tylosaurus ivoensis'': a giant mosasaur from the early Campanian of Sweden. Royal Society of Edinburgh ''Transactions: Earth Sciences'' Vol. 93(1):73-93.
*Russell, D. A. 1970. The vertebrate fauna of the Selma Formation of Alabama, Part VII, The mosasaurs, ''Fieldiana: Geology Memoirs'' 3(7):369-380.

{{Mosasauridae}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q959895}}

[[Category:Tylosaurinae| ]]
[[Category:Mosasaurs| ]]

[[nl:Tylosaurus]]

Latest revision as of 09:13, 18 November 2024

Tylosaurinae
Temporal range: Late Cretaceous 89.3–66 Ma
Tylosaurus nepaeolicus mounted skeleton in the Rocky Mountain Dinosaur Resource Center in Woodland Park, Colorado
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Reptilia
Order: Squamata
Clade: †Mosasauria
Family: †Mosasauridae
Clade: †Russellosaurina
Subfamily: †Tylosaurinae
Williston, 1895[1]
Genera

The Tylosaurinae are a subfamily of mosasaurs,[2] a diverse group of Late Cretaceous marine squamates. Members of the subfamily are informally and collectively known as "tylosaurines" and have been recovered from every continent except for South America.[3] The subfamily includes the genera Tylosaurus, Taniwhasaurus, and Kaikaifilu, although some scientists argue that only Tylosaurus and Taniwhasaurus should be included.[4][5]

Tylosaurines first appeared in the Coniacian[6] and gave rise to some of the largest mosasaurs within the genera Tylosaurus and Hainosaurus which came to dominate as apex predators in marine ecosystems throughout the Santonian and Campanian, but appear to have been largely replaced by large mosasaurines, such as Mosasaurus, by the end of the Maastrichtian.[7] Nevertheless, the subfamily survived to the end of the Cretaceous, covering a period lasting approximately twenty million years.

The etymology of this group derives from the genus Tylosaurus (Greek tylos = "knob" + Greek sauros = "lizard").

Description

[edit]
Reconstruction of Taniwhasaurus.

In general, tylosaurines were large-bodied marine lizards armed with sturdy, conical teeth and an elongated premaxilla and extensions of the dentaries that do not bear teeth to the very end such as is found in other genera of mosasaurs. Cope's original concept of a "battering ram" snout is not supported by fossil evidence. Stomach contents from a tylosaur recovered in South Dakota[8] included remains of another mosasaur, a bony fish, the large, flightless seabird Hesperornis, and possibly a shark, indicating that tylosaurs were generalists. Another specimen collected by Charles Sternberg [9] included the bones of a small plesiosaur (see also [10]).

Lingham-Soliar suggested that tylosaurines were not among the fastest swimming nor the strongest mosasaurids. However, they are lightly built, having greatly reduced the weight of their bodies and possessing relatively small pectoral and pelvic girdles, fore- and hindlimbs. Their bone is highly cancellous and may have been impregnated with fat cells during life, adding buoyancy. These traits suggest that tylosaurs may have been ambush predators. Tylosaurs were among the largest mosasaurs, with some species of Tylosaurus and Hainosaurus reaching lengths of 9-12+ meters, making them among the largest of all marine reptiles.

Russell (1967, pp. 170 [11]) defined the Tylosaurinae as follows: "Large rostrum present anterior to premaxillary teeth. Twelve or more teeth in dentary and maxilla. Cranial nerves X, XI, and XII leave lateral wall of opisthotic through a single foramen. No canal in basioccipital or basispehnoid for basilar artery. Suprastapedial process of quadrate moderately large, distally pointed. Dorsal edge of surangular rounded and longitudinally horizontal...Twenty nine presacral vertebrae present. Length of presacral series less than that of postsacral series in Tylosaurus, neural spines of posterior caudal vertebrae at most only slightly elongated, do not form an appreciable fin. Haemal arches unfused to caudal centra. Appendicular elements lack smoothly finished articular surfaces."

Species and taxonomy

[edit]

Tylosaurinae[4]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Williston, S. W. 1895. New or little-known extinct vertebrates. Kansas University Quarterly 6:95-98.
  2. ^ Williston, S. W. 1897. Range and distribution of the mosasaurs with remarks on synonymy. Kansas University Quarterly 4(4):177-185.
  3. ^ "Fossilworks: Tylosaurinae". fossilworks.org. Retrieved 17 December 2021.
  4. ^ a b Paulina Jiménez-Huidobro; Michael W. Caldwell (2019). "A New Hypothesis of the Phylogenetic Relationships of the Tylosaurinae (Squamata: Mosasauroidea)". Frontiers in Earth Science. 7: 47. Bibcode:2019FrEaS...7...47J. doi:10.3389/feart.2019.00047. S2CID 85513442.
  5. ^ Garvey, S.T. (2020). "A New High-latitude Tylosaurus (Squamata, Mosasauridae) from Canada with Unique Dentition". Cincinnati, Ohio: University of CinCinnati. pp. 1–136.
  6. ^ Everhart MJ. 2005b. Earliest record of the genus Tylosaurus (Squamata; Mosasauridae) from the Fort Hays Limestone (Lower Coniacian) of western Kansas. Transactions 108 (3/4): 149-155.
  7. ^ Polcyn, Michael J.; Jacobs, Louis L.; Araújo, Ricardo; Schulp, Anne S.; Mateus, Octávio (2014-04-15). "Physical drivers of mosasaur evolution". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. Physical drivers in the evolution of marine tetrapods. 400: 17–27. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2013.05.018.
  8. ^ Martin JE, Bjork PR. 1987. Gastric residues associated with a mosasaur from the late Cretaceous (Campanian) Pierre Shale in South Dakota. Dakoterra 3:68-72.
  9. ^ Sternberg CH. 1922. Explorations of the Permian of Texas and the chalk of Kansas, 1918. Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science 30(1):119-120. (Papers - Fifty-first annual meeting, 1919), State Printer, Topeka.
  10. ^ Everhart MJ. 2004. Plesiosaurs as the food of mosasaurs; new data on the stomach contents of a Tylosaurus proriger (Squamata; Mosasauridae) from the Niobrara Formation of western Kansas. The Mosasaur 7:41-46.
  11. ^ Russell DA, 1967. Systematics and morphology of American mosasaurs. Peabody Museum of Natural History, Yale University, Bulletin 23.

Further reading

[edit]
  • Bell, G. L. Jr., 1997. A phylogenetic revision of North American and Adriatic Mosasauroidea. pp. 293–332 In Callaway J. M. and E. L Nicholls, (eds.), Ancient Marine Reptiles, Academic Press, 501 pp.
  • Lindgren, J. et. Siverson, M. 2002.Tylosaurus ivoensis: a giant mosasaur from the early Campanian of Sweden. Royal Society of Edinburgh Transactions: Earth Sciences Vol. 93(1):73-93.
  • Russell, D. A. 1970. The vertebrate fauna of the Selma Formation of Alabama, Part VII, The mosasaurs, Fieldiana: Geology Memoirs 3(7):369-380.
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