Villena: Difference between revisions

Villena
Villena
City
	Aerial view of Villena Archpriestal St. James Church Atalaya Castle Chapí Theatre at Paseo Chapí Municipal Palace (City Hall) Moors and Christians Festival
	Flag Coat of arms
	Motto: Villena ¡un tesoro!
	Villena Location of Villena in the Valencian Community Villena Villena (Valencian Community) Villena Villena (Spain)
	Coordinates: 38°38′6″N 0°51′57″W / 38.63500°N 0.86583°W
Country	Spain
Autonomous Community	Valencian Community
Province	Alicante
Comarca	Alto Vinalopó
Populated places	16 populated places Villena; Casas de Menor; Casas de Cabanes y las Fuentes; Casas de Jordán; Cascante; El Morrón; Las Chozas; La Gloria; La Encina; La Puentecilla; Las Tiesas; Las Virtudes; La Zafra; San Bernabé; Santa Eulalia; Sierra de Salinas;
Government
• Mayor	Francisco Javier Esquembre Menor (LVE)
Area
• Total	345.6 km2 (133.4 sq mi)
Elevation	505 m (1,657 ft)
Population (2018)
• Total	33,983
• Density	98/km2 (250/sq mi)
Time zone	UTC+1 (CET)
• Summer (DST)	UTC+2 (CEST)
Postal code	03400
Website	Official website (in Spanish)

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Villena (Spanish: [biˈʎena]; Valencian pronunciation: [viˈʎena]) is a city in Spain, in the Valencian Community. It is located at the northwest part of Alicante, and borders to the west with Castilla-La Mancha and Murcia, to the north with the province of Valencia and to the east and south with the province of Alicante. It is the capital of the comarca of the Alto Vinalopó. The municipality has an area of 345.6 km² and a population of 34,144 inhabitants as of INE 2023.^[3]

There is evidence of settlement in the area from Middle Paleolithic.^[4] However, it is on dispute if the current city dates from visigothic times or before, though certainly it existed in the 11th century, during the Muslim period.^[5] After the Christian conquest,^[6] it became Seigneury, Principality, Duchy and finally Marquisate,^[7] until the people, encouraged by the Catholic Monarchs, revolted against the marquis. In 1525 Charles V conceded the title of City to Villena.^[8] This is the most economically prosperous period, as shown by the monuments that survived to nowadays. Although a railway station was inaugurated in 1858,^[9] economy kept being mainly agricultural until the rural exode that took place in the 1960s. Then, the economic model changed rapidly so that currently economy is based mainly on tertiary sector and industry, chiefly footwear, construction and furniture.^[10]

The historical city and surroundings contain an important group of historical remains,^[11] including two castles and several churches, hermitages, palaces and squares, as well as a number of museums, standing out the Archaeological Museum "José María Soler". Among the main cultural events are the Moors and Christians festival and the Concurso de Jóvenes Intérpretes "Ruperto Chapí" (Young Interpreters Contest).

Toponymy

The first known name of the area is Ad Turres, which appears in the Vascula Apollinaria and has been identified with some of the Roman villas or postae in the Via Augusta itinerary, at some point between Villena and Font de la Figuera.^[12] Near the latter there is evidence of an old Tower already ruined by the 14th century.^[13] As for the origin of the term Villena, there is some polemic. Menéndez Pidal proposed an evolution from a hypothetic antroponym Bellius or Vellius and the sufix -ana, as in Lucena (Lucius + -ana) or Maracena (Marcus + -ana), which would give the Roman word Belliana or Velliana.^[14] However, Belliana or Bellius have not been documented in Roman times, as well as the evolution from Belliana to Villena involves several phonetic difficulties.^[15] So, Domene Verdú indicates that the origin of the toponym would be the term بليانة Bilyāna, purely Arabic, meaning "the filled (by Allah)".^[16] This Arabic term, documented from the 11th century on,^[5] evolved in two ways. On the one hand, following the rules of Medieval Spanish, to Belliena, as is written in the Historia Roderici (around 1180). On the other hand, Belliena was replaced by the Aragonese term Billena after the Christian conquest, which was carried out mostly by Aragonese. The current spelling was consolidated around the 15th century, since Spanish had totally lost the distinction between [b] and [v] and writing was attracted by the word villa, meaning "town".

Symbols

The coat of arms of Villena has been used traditionally since at least 1477, but has never been made official.^[17] The castle in the first quarter comes from the symbol of the Crown of Castile, whereas the lion in the second quarter and the winged hand in the third are legacy of don Juan Manuel, second lord of the city. The three pinetrees and the pond in the fourth quarter refer to the Lagoon of Villena or the Fuente del Chopo, formerly big wealth sources for the city; the first as a salt evaporation pond and the second as a source of fresh water. The crown is a symbol of the marquisate of Villena. As the coat of arms has never made official, there are different versions according to the City Hall's terms of office, as well as certain polemic about the position of the second and third quarter.^[17]^[18]

Physical geography

Villena is placed northwest in the province of Alicante, in the comarca of Alto Vinalopó. It is in the middle of an important crossroad which links the Valencian Community, the Region of Murcia and Castile-La Mancha, in a natural corridor known as Villena's Corridor or Vinalopó's Corridor, since the river Vinalopó flows through the municipal territory of Villena.^[19] This corridor has been of capital importance since prehistoric times (this is the place where the Via Augusta led first into the Meseta Central), and, being at the middle of towns as Biar, Sax, Font de la Figuera, Yecla or Caudete made Villena an important transports junction.^[20] Villena's municipality, having an area of 345,6 km² in the second widest in the province of Alicante.^[21]

History

Villena region played an important role during the Bronze Age, and in the development of early metallurgy.

Cabezo Redondo is an important archaeological site of the Bronze Age located on a hill 2 km from the town of Villena. It was a regional center inhabited between 1500 and 1100 BC, and probably belonged to Argaric culture.

After the Islamic conquest of the Iberian Peninsula the city was called Medina Bilyana (Arabic: مدينة بليانة) and was one of the seven cities mentioned in the Treaty of Tudmir. Calatrava knights conquered the city by the king James I of Aragon. This caused some tensions between Castile and Aragon, since Villena should have been reserved to Castile under the treaties of Tudilén and Cazorla, so both crowns had to sign news treaties: The Treaty of Almizra, Torrellas and Elche.

After the Christian conquest, Villena becomes the capital of an important seigneury, later duchy, principality and marquisate, until the popular rebellion against the Marquis, instigated by the Catholic Monarchs.

Ancient gold hoards

The Cabezo Redondo gold hoard was an important archaeological find. It was made by the Spanish archaeologist José María Soler García. The treasure was found in 1959, and contains 35 items of jewelry, including a tiara, finger rings, bracelets, and pendants.

Treasure of Villena, another find that is much bigger, was also hidden in the Cabezo Redondo area, near Villena, by its ancient inhabitants.^[22] This was also found, in 1963, by José María Soler García. It is the most important ancient treasure find in the Iberian Peninsula and the second one in Europe, just behind that from the Royal Graves in Mycenae, Greece.^[23]

This find was not made at Cabezo Redondo, itself, but at the Rambla del Panadero, 5 km east of Villena. Nevertheless, it is believed that, based on its resemblance to the previous Cabezo Redondo hoard, the trove was buried by the ancient inhabitants of Cabezo Redondo.

Main sights

Castle of la Atalaya, built by the Moors in the 11th century.
Municipal Palace
Saint James Church, a late Gothic Catholic church.
Archaeological Museum. Founded by archaeologist José María Soler García, it contains the Treasure of Villena.

Events

Moors and Christians Festival, in September

Villena is home to the most crowded festival of Moros y Cristianos in Spain.

It is also home to one of the biggest rock / heavy metal festivals in Spain, Leyendas del Rock, which takes place every August.

Economy

The economy of the city is based on footwear (like in the neighbouring cities of Elda and Novelda), pottery, furnitures and wines.

Sport

Juan Carlos Ferrero, former world no. 1 tennis player, developed the Ferrero Tennis Academy, which has produced such players as Guillermo García-López and Carlos Alcaraz.

Transport

Villena is located close to Autovía A-31. It has two railway stations; Villena AV serving AVE high-speed rail services on the Madrid–Levante high-speed rail network, and Villena, which sees Renfe local and regional trains.

Famous citizens

Ambrosio Cotes, Reinassance composer.
José García Hidalgo, Baroque painter.
Joaquín María López, Spain's Prime Minister.
José María Soler, archaeologist.
Ruperto Chapí, zarzuela composer.
Juan Carlos Ferrero, tennis player.
Pablo Menor, jesuit priest.
Antonio Navarro Santafé, sculptor.
Carlos Alcaraz, tennis player.

Twin cities

Escalona, Spain, since 1982,^[24] on the occasion of the 700 anniversary of the birth of don Juan Manuel, who was lord of Villena, Escalona and Peñafiel.
Peñafiel, Spain, since 1982,^[24]^[25] on the occasion of the 700 anniversary of the birth of don Juan Manuel, who was lord of Villena, Escalona and Peñafiel.

References

^ "Nomenclátor. Relación de unidades poblacionales. Villena". ine.es. Retrieved 21 February 2010.
^ Municipal Register of Spain 2018. National Statistics Institute.
^ "Series de población de los municipios de España desde 1996". Instituto Nacional de Estadística (Spain).
^ SOLER GARCÍA, José María (2006). Historia de Villena: desde la Prehistoria hasta el siglo XVIII [History of Villena: from Prehistory to the 18th Century] (pdf) (in Spanish). Digitalised by the Biblioteca Virtual Miguel de Cervantes (1st ed.). Villena: Fundación Municipal José María Soler & M.I. Ayuntamiento de Villena. p. 5. ISBN 978-84-934950-0-8. Retrieved August 12, 2009.
^ ^a ^b SOLER GARCÍA, José María (2006). Historia de Villena: desde la Prehistoria hasta el siglo XVIII [History of Villena: from Prehistory to the 18th Century] (pdf) (in Spanish). Digitalised by the Biblioteca Virtual Miguel de Cervantes (1st ed.). Villena: Fundación Municipal José María Soler & M.I. Ayuntamiento de Villena. p. 42. ISBN 978-84-934950-0-8. Retrieved August 12, 2009.
^ GARRIDO, David (2008). "Reivindicación del Medioevo villenense" [Claim of Villena's Middle Ages]. Moros y Cristianos · Villena [Moors & Christians · Villena] (in Spanish). Villena: Ayuntamiento de Villena.
^ SOLER GARCÍA, José María (2006). Historia de Villena: desde la Prehistoria hasta el siglo XVIII [History of Villena: from Prehistory to the 18th Century] (pdf) (in Spanish). Digitalised by the Biblioteca Virtual Miguel de Cervantes (1st ed.). Villena: Fundación Municipal José María Soler & M.I. Ayuntamiento de Villena. p. 109. ISBN 978-84-934950-0-8. Retrieved August 12, 2009.
^ SOLER GARCÍA, José María (2006). Historia de Villena: desde la Prehistoria hasta el siglo XVIII [History of Villena: from Prehistory to the 18th Century] (pdf) (in Spanish). Digitalised by the Biblioteca Virtual Miguel de Cervantes (1st ed.). Villena: Fundación Municipal José María Soler & M.I. Ayuntamiento de Villena. p. 229. ISBN 978-84-934950-0-8. Retrieved August 12, 2009.
^ "La construcción de la red ferroviaria alicantina: Proceso de construcción" [Building of the railway network in Alicante: Building process]. 150 años del ferrocarril de Alicante [150 years of railway in Alicante] (in Spanish). Retrieved August 12, 2009.
^ Pateco. Cámaras de Comercio de la Comunidad Valenciana (Pateco. Commerce Chambers of the Valencian Community) (2002). "Análisis socioeconómico" [Socio-Economic Analysis] (PDF). Plan de Acción Comercial de Villena [Commercial Action Plan for Villena] (in Spanish).
^ Generalitat Valenciana. Conselleria de Cultura i Esport. Direcció General de Patrimoni Cultural Valencià [Valencian Government. Culture and Sport Council. General Direction of Valencian Cultural Heritage. "Casco antiguo" [Ancient City] (PDF) (in Spanish). Retrieved August 12, 2009.
^ RUBIERA, María José (1985). Villena en las calzadas romana y árabe [Villena in the Roman and Arabic roads] (in Spanish). Alicante: Universidad de Alicante.
^ PIQUERAS HABA, Juan, ed. (1995). "El marc territorial i els seus origens:Els antecedents ibero-romans" [Territorial frame and its origins : Ibero-Roman antecedents]. Geografia de les comarques valencianes [Geography of the Valencian comarcas] (in Catalan). Vol. 1. València: Foro. p. 328. ISBN 84-8186-019-0.
^ MENÉNDEZ PIDAL, Ramón (1952). Toponimia prerrománica hispana [Pre-Roman Hispanic toponymy] (in Spanish). Madrid: Gredos.
^ DOMENE VERDÚ, José Fernando (1986). "El nombre de Villena [The name of Villena]". Revista Villena (36). Villena: Ayuntamiento de Villena.
^ DOMENE VERDÚ, José Fernando (1983). "Influencia aragonesa en el habla de Villena [Aragonese influence on Villena's speech]". Revista Villena (33). Villena: Ayuntamiento de Villena.
^ ^a ^b "El auténtico escudo de la villa" [The real coat of arms of the town]. Diario La Verdad (in Spanish). January 27, 2008. Retrieved August 12, 2009.
^ "El león de la discordia" [The lion of contention]. Escaño 22: Análisis político de Villena (in Spanish). Retrieved August 12, 2009.
^ Hernández Alcaraz, Laura; Ayelo Pérez, José, eds. (2003). "Situación Geográfica" [Geographic location]. Villena ¡un tesoro! [Villena, a treasure!] (in Spanish) (3rd ed.). Villena: M.I. Ayuntamiento de Villena, en colaboración con el ITVA.
^ "Carreteras" [Roads]. Gran Enciclopedia Temática de la Comunidad Valenciana [Great Thematic Encyclopaedia of the Valencian Community] (in Spanish). Vol. Geografía [Geography]. Editorial Prensa Valenciana. 2009.
^ Portal Civis de la Dirección General de Administración Local. "Información Municipal - Datos de entidades locales · Villena" [Local Information - Local Entities Data · Villena] (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 2009-04-23. Retrieved August 12, 2009.
^ Decreto 66/2005, de 1 de abril, por el que se declara Bien de Interés Cultural la Colección Arqueológica del Tesoro de Villena
^ [Spanish] Culture and Education Ministry (26 February 2003). "RESOLUCIÓN de 7 de enero de 2003, de la Dirección General de Patrimonio Artístico de la Consejería de Cultura y Educación, por la que se incoa expediente de declaración de bien de interés cultural a favor de la colección arqueológica del Tesoro de Villena" [January 7, 2003, RESOLUTION of the General Direction on Artistic Heritage of the Culture and Education Council, which opens a file on the declaration as Good of Cultural Interest (BIC) the archaeologic collection known as Treasure of Villena] (pdf). Boletín Oficial del Estado (in Spanish) (49). Madrid: Spanish Government: 7798–7802. Retrieved December 6, 2009.
Desde el punto de vista histórico, artístico y arqueológico, el Tesoro de Villena constituye un «unicum», un depósito no normalizado, por su peso y contenido (A. Perea). De hecho, se trata del segundo tesoro de vajilla áurea más importante de Europa, tras el de las Tumbas Reales de Micenas en Grecia (A. Mederos). [From a historic, artistic and archaeological point of view, the Treasure of Villena constitutes a "unicum", a non-normalised deposit, according to its weight and content (A. Perea). In fact, it is the second most important golden tableware finding in Europe, after that of the Royal Graves in Mycenae in Greece (A. Mederos)
^ ^a ^b El Periódico de Villena (August 6, 2008). "Peñafiel, ciudad hermana de Villena, participará en la XIII Feria del Campo" [Peñafiel, twin city of Villena, will take part at the 13th Countryside Fair] (in Spanish). Retrieved August 30, 2009. La Concejalía de Agricultura ha invitado a los Ayuntamientos de Escalona y Peñafiel
^ Diario Información (September 26, 2008). "La Feria del Campo de Villena abre hoy con más de 160 expositores" [Villena's Countryside Fair open its doors today with more than 160 display stands] (in Spanish). Retrieved August 30, 2009. Por primera vez, Peñafiel, ciudad hermanada con Villena... [For the first time, Peñafiel, twin city of Villena...]

External links

Ayuntamiento de Villena (in Spanish)
Archaeological Museum "José María Soler" (in Spanish)
"Esculptor Navarro Santafé" Museum (in Spanish, Catalan, English, and French)
Moros y Cristianos Festival Central Assembly (in Spanish)
Kakv, Cultural Center (in Spanish)
Villena in English (in English)

[1] "Nomenclátor. Relación de unidades poblacionales. Villena". ine.es. Retrieved 21 February 2010.

[2] Municipal Register of Spain 2018. National Statistics Institute.

[3] "Series de población de los municipios de España desde 1996". Instituto Nacional de Estadística (Spain).

[historia5-4] SOLER GARCÍA, José María (2006). Historia de Villena: desde la Prehistoria hasta el siglo XVIII [History of Villena: from Prehistory to the 18th Century] (pdf) (in Spanish). Digitalised by the Biblioteca Virtual Miguel de Cervantes (1st ed.). Villena: Fundación Municipal José María Soler & M.I. Ayuntamiento de Villena. p. 5. ISBN 978-84-934950-0-8. Retrieved August 12, 2009.

[historia42-5] SOLER GARCÍA, José María (2006). Historia de Villena: desde la Prehistoria hasta el siglo XVIII [History of Villena: from Prehistory to the 18th Century] (pdf) (in Spanish). Digitalised by the Biblioteca Virtual Miguel de Cervantes (1st ed.). Villena: Fundación Municipal José María Soler & M.I. Ayuntamiento de Villena. p. 42. ISBN 978-84-934950-0-8. Retrieved August 12, 2009.

[medioevo-6] GARRIDO, David (2008). "Reivindicación del Medioevo villenense" [Claim of Villena's Middle Ages]. Moros y Cristianos · Villena [Moors & Christians · Villena] (in Spanish). Villena: Ayuntamiento de Villena.

[historia109-7] SOLER GARCÍA, José María (2006). Historia de Villena: desde la Prehistoria hasta el siglo XVIII [History of Villena: from Prehistory to the 18th Century] (pdf) (in Spanish). Digitalised by the Biblioteca Virtual Miguel de Cervantes (1st ed.). Villena: Fundación Municipal José María Soler & M.I. Ayuntamiento de Villena. p. 109. ISBN 978-84-934950-0-8. Retrieved August 12, 2009.

[historia229-8] SOLER GARCÍA, José María (2006). Historia de Villena: desde la Prehistoria hasta el siglo XVIII [History of Villena: from Prehistory to the 18th Century] (pdf) (in Spanish). Digitalised by the Biblioteca Virtual Miguel de Cervantes (1st ed.). Villena: Fundación Municipal José María Soler & M.I. Ayuntamiento de Villena. p. 229. ISBN 978-84-934950-0-8. Retrieved August 12, 2009.

[150ferrocarril-9] "La construcción de la red ferroviaria alicantina: Proceso de construcción" [Building of the railway network in Alicante: Building process]. 150 años del ferrocarril de Alicante [150 years of railway in Alicante] (in Spanish). Retrieved August 12, 2009.

[pateco-10] Pateco. Cámaras de Comercio de la Comunidad Valenciana (Pateco. Commerce Chambers of the Valencian Community) (2002). "Análisis socioeconómico" [Socio-Economic Analysis] (PDF). Plan de Acción Comercial de Villena [Commercial Action Plan for Villena] (in Spanish).

[cascoantiguo-11] Generalitat Valenciana. Conselleria de Cultura i Esport. Direcció General de Patrimoni Cultural Valencià [Valencian Government. Culture and Sport Council. General Direction of Valencian Cultural Heritage. "Casco antiguo" [Ancient City] (PDF) (in Spanish). Retrieved August 12, 2009.

[12] RUBIERA, María José (1985). Villena en las calzadas romana y árabe [Villena in the Roman and Arabic roads] (in Spanish). Alicante: Universidad de Alicante.

[geografia_ibero-13] PIQUERAS HABA, Juan, ed. (1995). "El marc territorial i els seus origens:Els antecedents ibero-romans" [Territorial frame and its origins : Ibero-Roman antecedents]. Geografia de les comarques valencianes [Geography of the Valencian comarcas] (in Catalan). Vol. 1. València: Foro. p. 328. ISBN 84-8186-019-0.

[14] MENÉNDEZ PIDAL, Ramón (1952). Toponimia prerrománica hispana [Pre-Roman Hispanic toponymy] (in Spanish). Madrid: Gredos.

[nombre-15] DOMENE VERDÚ, José Fernando (1986). "El nombre de Villena [The name of Villena]". Revista Villena (36). Villena: Ayuntamiento de Villena.

[16] DOMENE VERDÚ, José Fernando (1983). "Influencia aragonesa en el habla de Villena [Aragonese influence on Villena's speech]". Revista Villena (33). Villena: Ayuntamiento de Villena.

[escudo-17] "El auténtico escudo de la villa" [The real coat of arms of the town]. Diario La Verdad (in Spanish). January 27, 2008. Retrieved August 12, 2009.

[18] "El león de la discordia" [The lion of contention]. Escaño 22: Análisis político de Villena (in Spanish). Retrieved August 12, 2009.

[tesoro_sit_geograf-19] Hernández Alcaraz, Laura; Ayelo Pérez, José, eds. (2003). "Situación Geográfica" [Geographic location]. Villena ¡un tesoro! [Villena, a treasure!] (in Spanish) (3rd ed.). Villena: M.I. Ayuntamiento de Villena, en colaboración con el ITVA.

[20] "Carreteras" [Roads]. Gran Enciclopedia Temática de la Comunidad Valenciana [Great Thematic Encyclopaedia of the Valencian Community] (in Spanish). Vol. Geografía [Geography]. Editorial Prensa Valenciana. 2009.

[21] Portal Civis de la Dirección General de Administración Local. "Información Municipal - Datos de entidades locales · Villena" [Local Information - Local Entities Data · Villena] (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 2009-04-23. Retrieved August 12, 2009.

[22] Decreto 66/2005, de 1 de abril, por el que se declara Bien de Interés Cultural la Colección Arqueológica del Tesoro de Villena

[23] [Spanish] Culture and Education Ministry (26 February 2003). "RESOLUCIÓN de 7 de enero de 2003, de la Dirección General de Patrimonio Artístico de la Consejería de Cultura y Educación, por la que se incoa expediente de declaración de bien de interés cultural a favor de la colección arqueológica del Tesoro de Villena" [January 7, 2003, RESOLUTION of the General Direction on Artistic Heritage of the Culture and Education Council, which opens a file on the declaration as Good of Cultural Interest (BIC) the archaeologic collection known as Treasure of Villena] (pdf). Boletín Oficial del Estado (in Spanish) (49). Madrid: Spanish Government: 7798–7802. Retrieved December 6, 2009.
Desde el punto de vista histórico, artístico y arqueológico, el Tesoro de Villena constituye un «unicum», un depósito no normalizado, por su peso y contenido (A. Perea). De hecho, se trata del segundo tesoro de vajilla áurea más importante de Europa, tras el de las Tumbas Reales de Micenas en Grecia (A. Mederos). [From a historic, artistic and archaeological point of view, the Treasure of Villena constitutes a "unicum", a non-normalised deposit, according to its weight and content (A. Perea). In fact, it is the second most important golden tableware finding in Europe, after that of the Royal Graves in Mycenae in Greece (A. Mederos)

[ciudad_hermanada-24] El Periódico de Villena (August 6, 2008). "Peñafiel, ciudad hermana de Villena, participará en la XIII Feria del Campo" [Peñafiel, twin city of Villena, will take part at the 13th Countryside Fair] (in Spanish). Retrieved August 30, 2009. La Concejalía de Agricultura ha invitado a los Ayuntamientos de Escalona y Peñafiel

[25] Diario Información (September 26, 2008). "La Feria del Campo de Villena abre hoy con más de 160 expositores" [Villena's Countryside Fair open its doors today with more than 160 display stands] (in Spanish). Retrieved August 30, 2009. Por primera vez, Peñafiel, ciudad hermanada con Villena... [For the first time, Peñafiel, twin city of Villena...]

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@@ Line 7: / Line 7: @@
 | other_name              =
 | settlement_type         = City
-| image_skyline           = CastilloDeVillena3.jpg
+|image_skyline                    = {{Multiple image
+  | perrow = 1/2/2/1
-| imagesize               = 250px
+  | border = infobox
-| image_alt               =
+  | total_width = 280
-| image_caption           = Aerial view of Villena
+  | caption_align = center
+ | image1 = Sierra de la Villa. Villena 4.jpg{{!}}Oldtown quarter of Villena
+ | caption1 = Aerial view of Villena
+ | image2 = Iglesia Arciprestal de Santiago interior 1.JPG{{!}}St. James Church interior and its helicoidal columns
+ | caption2 = Archpriestal St. James Church
+ | image3 = Castillo de la Atalaya, Villena.JPG{{!}}Atalaya Castle
+ | caption3 = [[Atalaya Castle (Spain)|Atalaya Castle]]
+ | image4 = Paseo de Chapí. Monumento a Ruperto Chapí y Teatro.JPG{{!}}Chapí Theatre and Chapí Monument
+ | caption4 = Chapí Theatre at Paseo Chapí
+ | image5 = Frontón del Ayuntamiento de Villena.JPG{{!}}Pediment from the gates of Municipal Palace
+ | caption5 = Municipal Palace (City Hall)
+ | image6= Comparsa de Marruecos.jpg{{!}}Moors and Chistians Festival Sep. 5 parade
+ | caption6 = Moors and Christians Festival
+}}
 | image_flag              = Flag of Villena.svg
 | flag_alt                =
@@ Line 23: / Line 37: @@
 | motto                   = Villena ¡un tesoro!
 | anthem                  =
-| image_map               = Localització de Villena respecte el País Valencià.png
+| image_map               =
 | mapsize                 = 150px
 | map_alt                 =
@@ Line 90: / Line 104: @@
 | footnotes               =
 }}
-'''Villena''' ({{IPA-es|biˈʎena}}) is a city in [[Spain]], in the [[Valencian Community]]. It is located at the northwest part of [[Alicante (province)|Alicante]], and borders to the west with [[Castilla-La Mancha]] and [[Region of Murcia|Murcia]], to the north with the [[province of Valencia]] and to the east and south with the province of Alicante. It is the capital of the [[Comarques of the Valencian Community|comarca]] of the [[Alto Vinalopó]]. The municipality has an area of 345.6&nbsp;km² and a population of 34,928 inhabitants as of [[Instituto Nacional de Estadística (Spain)|INE]] 2008.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.ine.es/inebase2/leer.jsp?L=0&divi=DPOP&his=0|title= Series de población de los municipios de España desde 1996|last= INE|author-link= Instituto Nacional de Estadística (Spain)|date= January 2008|language= es|trans-title= Series of population of Spanish municipalities from 1996|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041224223118/http://www.ine.es/inebase2/leer.jsp?L=0&divi=DPOP&his=0|archive-date=2004-12-24|access-date= 12 August 2009|url-status= dead}}</ref>
+'''Villena''' ({{IPA|es|biˈʎena|lang}}; {{IPA-va|viˈʎena}}) is a city in [[Spain]], in the [[Valencian Community]]. It is located at the northwest part of [[Alicante (province)|Alicante]], and borders to the west with [[Castilla-La Mancha]] and [[Region of Murcia|Murcia]], to the north with the [[province of Valencia]] and to the east and south with the province of Alicante. It is the capital of the [[Comarques of the Valencian Community|comarca]] of the [[Alto Vinalopó]]. The municipality has an area of 345.6&nbsp;km² and a population of 34,144 inhabitants as of [[Instituto Nacional de Estadística (Spain)|INE]] 2023.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.ine.es/jaxiT3/Datos.htm?t=2856|title= Series de población de los municipios de España desde 1996| publisher= Instituto Nacional de Estadística (Spain)}}</ref>
 There is evidence of settlement in the area from [[Middle Paleolithic]].<ref name=historia5>{{cite book |last1= SOLER GARCÍA|first1= José María|author-link1= José María Soler|others= Digitalised by the Biblioteca Virtual Miguel de Cervantes|title= Historia de Villena: desde la Prehistoria hasta el siglo XVIII|trans-title= History of Villena: from Prehistory to the 18th Century|url= http://descargas.cervantesvirtual.com/servlet/SirveObras/soler/01394953155915639191802/023057_009.pdf|format= pdf |access-date= August 12, 2009|edition= 1st|year= 2006|publisher= Fundación Municipal José María Soler & M.I. Ayuntamiento de Villena|location= Villena|language= es|isbn= 978-84-934950-0-8|page= 5}}</ref> However, it is on dispute if the current city dates from [[Visigoths|visigothic]] times or before, though certainly it existed in the 11th century, during the [[al-Andalus|Muslim period]].<ref name=historia42>{{cite book |last1= SOLER GARCÍA|first1= José María|author-link1= José María Soler|others= Digitalised by the Biblioteca Virtual Miguel de Cervantes|title= Historia de Villena: desde la Prehistoria hasta el siglo XVIII|trans-title= History of Villena: from Prehistory to the 18th Century|url= http://descargas.cervantesvirtual.com/servlet/SirveObras/soler/01394953155915639191802/023057_050.pdf|format= pdf |access-date= August 12, 2009|edition= 1st|year= 2006|publisher= Fundación Municipal José María Soler & M.I. Ayuntamiento de Villena|location= Villena|language= es|isbn= 978-84-934950-0-8|page= 42}}</ref> After the [[Reconquista|Christian conquest]],<ref name=medioevo>{{cite book |title=Moros y Cristianos · Villena |trans-title= Moors & Christians · Villena|last= GARRIDO|first= David|year= 2008|publisher= Ayuntamiento de Villena|location= Villena|language= es|trans-chapter= Claim of Villena's Middle Ages|chapter= Reivindicación del Medioevo villenense}}</ref> it became [[Seigneury of Villena|Seigneury]], [[Principality]], [[Duchy]] and finally [[Marquisate]],<ref name=historia109>{{cite book |last1= SOLER GARCÍA|first1= José María|author-link1= José María Soler|others= Digitalised by the Biblioteca Virtual Miguel de Cervantes|title= Historia de Villena: desde la Prehistoria hasta el siglo XVIII|trans-title= History of Villena: from Prehistory to the 18th Century|url= http://descargas.cervantesvirtual.com/servlet/SirveObras/soler/01394953155915639191802/023057_117.pdf|format= pdf |access-date= August 12, 2009|edition= 1st|year= 2006|publisher= Fundación Municipal José María Soler & M.I. Ayuntamiento de Villena|location= Villena|language= es|isbn= 978-84-934950-0-8|page= 109}}</ref> until the people, encouraged by the [[Catholic Monarchs]], revolted against the marquis. In 1525 [[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor|Charles V]] conceded the title of ''City'' to Villena.<ref name=historia229>{{cite book |last1= SOLER GARCÍA|first1= José María|author-link1= José María Soler|others= Digitalised by the Biblioteca Virtual Miguel de Cervantes|title= Historia de Villena: desde la Prehistoria hasta el siglo XVIII|trans-title= History of Villena: from Prehistory to the 18th Century|url= http://descargas.cervantesvirtual.com/servlet/SirveObras/soler/01394953155915639191802/023057_239.pdf|format= pdf |access-date= August 12, 2009|edition= 1st|year= 2006|publisher= Fundación Municipal José María Soler & M.I. Ayuntamiento de Villena|location= Villena|language= es|isbn= 978-84-934950-0-8|page= 229}}</ref> This is the most economically prosperous period, as shown by the monuments that survived to nowadays. Although a railway station was inaugurated in 1858,<ref name=150ferrocarril>{{cite web |url= http://www.150ferrocarrilalicante.gva.es/historia/historia.asp?ID=2&tema=4|title= La construcción de la red ferroviaria alicantina: Proceso de construcción|work= 150 años del ferrocarril de Alicante [150 years of railway in Alicante]|language= es|trans-title= Building of the railway network in Alicante: Building process|access-date= August 12, 2009}}</ref> economy kept being mainly agricultural until the rural exode that took place in the 1960s. Then, the economic model changed rapidly so that currently economy is based mainly on [[Tertiary sector of the economy|tertiary sector]] and [[Industrial sector|industry]], chiefly [[footwear]], [[construction]] and [[furniture]].<ref name=pateco>{{cite web |url= http://www.pateco.org/administracion/ficheros/PAC-VILLENA-03.-Analisis%20socioeconomico.pdf|title= Análisis socioeconómico|last= Pateco. Cámaras de Comercio de la Comunidad Valenciana (Pateco. Commerce Chambers of the Valencian Community)|year= 2002|work= Plan de Acción Comercial de Villena [Commercial Action Plan for Villena]|language= es|trans-title= Socio-Economic Analysis}}</ref>
@@ Line 97: / Line 111: @@
 ==Toponymy==
-The first known name of the area is ''Ad Turres'', which appears in the [[Vascula Apollinaria]] and has been identified with some of the [[Roman villa]]s or [[wikt:posta|posta]]e in the [[Via Augusta]] itinerary, at some point between Villena and [[Font de la Figuera]].<ref>{{cite book |title= Villena en las calzadas romana y árabe|trans-title= Villena in the Roman and Arabic roads|last= RUBIERA|first= María José|year= 1985|publisher= [[Universidad de Alicante]]|location= Alicante|language= es}}</ref> Near the latter there is evidence of an old Tower already ruined by the 14th century.<ref name="geografia ibero">{{cite book |title= Geografia de les comarques valencianes|trans-title= Geography of the Valencian comarcas|editor1-first= Juan |editor1-last= PIQUERAS HABA|volume = 1|year= 1995|publisher= Foro|location= València|language= ca|isbn= 84-8186-019-0|pages= 328|trans-chapter= Territorial frame and its origins : Ibero-Roman antecedents|chapter= El marc territorial i els seus origens:Els antecedents ibero-romans}}</ref> As for the origin of the term ''Villena'', there is some polemic. [[Menéndez Pidal]] proposed an evolution from a hypothetic antroponym ''Bellius'' or ''Vellius'' and the sufix -ana, as in [[Lucena, Córdoba|Lucena]] (Lucius + -ana) or [[Maracena]] (Marcus + -ana), which would give the Roman word ''Belliana'' or ''Velliana''.<ref>{{cite book |title= Toponimia prerrománica hispana|trans-title= Pre-Roman Hispanic toponymy|last= MENÉNDEZ PIDAL|first= Ramón|author-link= Menéndez Pidal|year= 1952|publisher= Gredos|location= Madrid|language= es}}</ref> However, Belliana or Bellius have not been documented in Roman times, as well as the evolution from ''Belliana'' to ''Villena'' involves several phonetic difficulties.<ref name=nombre>{{cite journal |last= DOMENE VERDÚ|first= José Fernando|title= El nombre de Villena [The name of Villena]|journal= Revista Villena|year= 1986|issue= 36|publisher = Ayuntamiento de Villena|location =Villena}}</ref> So, Domene Verdú indicates that the origin of the toponym would be the term {{lang|ar|بليانة}} ''Bilyāna'', purely [[arabic language|Arabic]], meaning "the filled (by [[Allah]])".<ref>{{cite journal |last= DOMENE VERDÚ|first= José Fernando|title= Influencia aragonesa en el habla de Villena [Aragonese influence on Villena's speech]|journal= Revista Villena|year= 1983|issue= 33|publisher = Ayuntamiento de Villena|location =Villena}}</ref> This Arabic term, documented from the 11th century on,<ref name=historia42 /> evolved in two ways. On the one hand, following the rules of Medieval Spanish, to ''Belliena'', as is written in the [[Historia Roderici]] (around 1180). On the other hand, ''Belliena'' was replaced by the [[aragonese language|Aragonese]] term ''Billena'' after the Christian conquest, which was carried out mostly by Aragonese and Catalan. The current spelling was consolidated around the 15th century, since Spanish had totally lost the distinction between [b] and [v] and writing was attracted by the word ''villa'', meaning "town".
+The first known name of the area is ''Ad Turres'', which appears in the [[Vascula Apollinaria]] and has been identified with some of the [[Roman villa]]s or [[wikt:posta|posta]]e in the [[Via Augusta]] itinerary, at some point between Villena and [[Font de la Figuera]].<ref>{{cite book |title= Villena en las calzadas romana y árabe|trans-title= Villena in the Roman and Arabic roads|last= RUBIERA|first= María José|year= 1985|publisher= [[Universidad de Alicante]]|location= Alicante|language= es}}</ref> Near the latter there is evidence of an old Tower already ruined by the 14th century.<ref name="geografia ibero">{{cite book |title= Geografia de les comarques valencianes|trans-title= Geography of the Valencian comarcas|editor1-first= Juan |editor1-last= PIQUERAS HABA|volume = 1|year= 1995|publisher= Foro|location= València|language= ca|isbn= 84-8186-019-0|pages= 328|trans-chapter= Territorial frame and its origins : Ibero-Roman antecedents|chapter= El marc territorial i els seus origens:Els antecedents ibero-romans}}</ref> As for the origin of the term ''Villena'', there is some polemic. [[Menéndez Pidal]] proposed an evolution from a hypothetic antroponym ''Bellius'' or ''Vellius'' and the sufix -ana, as in [[Lucena, Córdoba|Lucena]] (Lucius + -ana) or [[Maracena]] (Marcus + -ana), which would give the Roman word ''Belliana'' or ''Velliana''.<ref>{{cite book |title= Toponimia prerrománica hispana|trans-title= Pre-Roman Hispanic toponymy|last= MENÉNDEZ PIDAL|first= Ramón|author-link= Menéndez Pidal|year= 1952|publisher= Gredos|location= Madrid|language= es}}</ref> However, Belliana or Bellius have not been documented in Roman times, as well as the evolution from ''Belliana'' to ''Villena'' involves several phonetic difficulties.<ref name=nombre>{{cite journal |last= DOMENE VERDÚ|first= José Fernando|title= El nombre de Villena [The name of Villena]|journal= Revista Villena|year= 1986|issue= 36|publisher = Ayuntamiento de Villena|location =Villena}}</ref> So, Domene Verdú indicates that the origin of the toponym would be the term {{lang|ar|بليانة}} ''Bilyāna'', purely [[arabic language|Arabic]], meaning "the filled (by [[Allah]])".<ref>{{cite journal |last= DOMENE VERDÚ|first= José Fernando|title= Influencia aragonesa en el habla de Villena [Aragonese influence on Villena's speech]|journal= Revista Villena|year= 1983|issue= 33|publisher = Ayuntamiento de Villena|location =Villena}}</ref> This Arabic term, documented from the 11th century on,<ref name=historia42 /> evolved in two ways. On the one hand, following the rules of Medieval Spanish, to ''Belliena'', as is written in the [[Historia Roderici]] (around 1180). On the other hand, ''Belliena'' was replaced by the [[aragonese language|Aragonese]] term ''Billena'' after the Christian conquest, which was carried out mostly by Aragonese. The current spelling was consolidated around the 15th century, since Spanish had totally lost the distinction between [b] and [v] and writing was attracted by the word ''villa'', meaning "town".
 ==Symbols==
@@ Line 103: / Line 117: @@
 ==Physical geography==
-Villena is placed northwest in the [[province of Alicante]], in the comarca of [[Alto Vinalopó]]. It is in the middle of an important crossroad which links the Valencian Community, the Region of Murcia and [[Castile-La Mancha]], in a natural corridor known as ''Villena's Corridor'' or ''Vinalopó's Corridor'', since the river [[Vinalopó]] flows through the municipal term of Villena.<ref name="tesoro sit geograf">{{cite book |title= Villena ¡un tesoro!|trans-title= Villena, a treasure!|editor1-first= Laura|editor1-last= Hernández Alcaraz|editor2-first= José|editor2-last= Ayelo Pérez|year= 2003 |edition = 3rd|publisher= M.I. Ayuntamiento de Villena, en colaboración con el ITVA|location= Villena|language= es|trans-chapter= Geographic location|chapter= Situación Geográfica}}</ref> This corridor has been of capital importance since prehistoric times (this is the place where the [[Via Augusta]] led first into the [[Meseta Central]]), and, being at the middle of towns as [[Biar]], [[Sax, Alicante|Sax]], [[Font de la Figuera]], [[Yecla]] or [[Caudete]] made Villena an important transports junction.<ref>{{cite book |title= Gran Enciclopedia Temática de la Comunidad Valenciana|trans-title= Great Thematic Encyclopaedia of the Valencian Community|year= 2009|publisher= Editorial Prensa Valenciana|language= es|trans-chapter= Roads|volume = Geografía [Geography]|chapter= Carreteras}}</ref> Villena's municipality, having an area of 345,6&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup> in the second widest in the province of Alicante.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.civis.gva.es/civis/es/|title=Información Municipal - Datos de entidades locales · Villena|last=Portal Civis de la Dirección General de Administración Local|language=es|trans-title=Local Information - Local Entities Data · Villena|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090423113754/http://www.civis.gva.es/civis/es/|archive-date=2009-04-23|access-date=August 12, 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref>
+Villena is placed northwest in the [[province of Alicante]], in the comarca of [[Alto Vinalopó]]. It is in the middle of an important crossroad which links the Valencian Community, the Region of Murcia and [[Castile-La Mancha]], in a natural corridor known as ''Villena's Corridor'' or ''Vinalopó's Corridor'', since the river [[Vinalopó]] flows through the [[municipal territory]] of Villena.<ref name="tesoro sit geograf">{{cite book |title= Villena ¡un tesoro!|trans-title= Villena, a treasure!|editor1-first= Laura|editor1-last= Hernández Alcaraz|editor2-first= José|editor2-last= Ayelo Pérez|year= 2003 |edition = 3rd|publisher= M.I. Ayuntamiento de Villena, en colaboración con el ITVA|location= Villena|language= es|trans-chapter= Geographic location|chapter= Situación Geográfica}}</ref> This corridor has been of capital importance since prehistoric times (this is the place where the [[Via Augusta]] led first into the [[Meseta Central]]), and, being at the middle of towns as [[Biar]], [[Sax, Alicante|Sax]], [[Font de la Figuera]], [[Yecla]] or [[Caudete]] made Villena an important transports junction.<ref>{{cite book |title= Gran Enciclopedia Temática de la Comunidad Valenciana|trans-title= Great Thematic Encyclopaedia of the Valencian Community|year= 2009|publisher= Editorial Prensa Valenciana|language= es|trans-chapter= Roads|volume = Geografía [Geography]|chapter= Carreteras}}</ref> Villena's municipality, having an area of 345,6&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup> in the second widest in the province of Alicante.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.civis.gva.es/civis/es/|title=Información Municipal - Datos de entidades locales · Villena|last=Portal Civis de la Dirección General de Administración Local|language=es|trans-title=Local Information - Local Entities Data · Villena|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090423113754/http://www.civis.gva.es/civis/es/|archive-date=2009-04-23|access-date=August 12, 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref>
-[[File:Sierra de la Villa. Castillo de Salvatierra durante la puesta de sol.jpg|200px|thumb|Sierra de la Villa mountain; close-up the pine grove, up in the right the [[Salvatierra Castle (Villena)|Salvatierra castle]] ruins.]]
 == History ==
-[[File:Don Juan Manuel.jpg|thumb|50px|left|[[Juan Manuel, Prince of Villena|Don Juan Manuel, Prince of Villena]]]]
 Villena region played an important role during the [[Bronze Age]], and in the development of early metallurgy.
@@ Line 114: / Line 125: @@
 [[Cabezo Redondo]] is an important archaeological site of the Bronze Age located on a hill 2&nbsp;km from the town of Villena. It was a regional center inhabited between 1500 and 1100 BC, and probably belonged to [[Argaric culture]].
-After the [[Islamic conquest of the Iberian Peninsula]] the city was called ''Medina Bilyana'' and was one of the seven cities mentioned in the [[Treaty of Orihuela|Treaty of Tudmir]]. Calatrava knights [[Reconquista|reconquered]] the city by the king [[James I of Aragon]]. This caused some tensions between [[Kingdom of Castile|Castile]] and [[Aragon]], since Villena should have been reserved to Castile under the treaties of [[Treaty of Tudilén|Tudilén]] and [[Treaty of Cazorla|Cazorla]], so both crowns had to sign news treaties: The [[Treaty of Almizra]], [[Treaty of Torrellas|Torrellas]] and [[Treaty of Elche|Elche]].
+After the [[Islamic conquest of the Iberian Peninsula]] the city was called ''Medina Bilyana'' ({{Langx|ar|مدينة بليانة}}) and was one of the seven cities mentioned in the [[Treaty of Orihuela|Treaty of Tudmir]]. Calatrava knights [[Reconquista|conquered]] the city by the king [[James I of Aragon]]. This caused some tensions between [[Kingdom of Castile|Castile]] and [[Aragon]], since Villena should have been reserved to Castile under the treaties of [[Treaty of Tudilén|Tudilén]] and [[Treaty of Cazorla|Cazorla]], so both crowns had to sign news treaties: The [[Treaty of Almizra]], [[Treaty of Torrellas|Torrellas]] and [[Treaty of Elche|Elche]].
 After the Christian conquest, Villena becomes the capital of an important [[Seigneury of Villena|seigneury]], later duchy, [[Juan Manuel, Prince of Villena|principality]] and marquisate, until the popular rebellion against the Marquis, instigated by the [[Catholic Monarchs]].
 ===Ancient gold hoards===
-[[File:Tesoro de Villena.jpg|thumb|350px|[[Treasure of Villena]], the second biggest gold find in [[Europe]]]]
+[[File:Tesoro de Villena.jpg|thumb|[[Treasure of Villena]], the second biggest gold find in [[Europe]]]]
 The Cabezo Redondo gold hoard was an important archaeological find. It was made by the Spanish [[archaeologist]] [[José María Soler García]]. The treasure was found in 1959, and contains 35 items of jewelry, including a tiara, finger rings, bracelets, and pendants.
@@ Line 126: / Line 137: @@
 This find was not made at Cabezo Redondo, itself, but at the Rambla del Panadero, 5&nbsp;km east of Villena. Nevertheless, it is believed that, based on its resemblance to the previous Cabezo Redondo hoard, the trove was buried by the ancient inhabitants of Cabezo Redondo.
+[[File:Sierra de la Villa. Castillo de Salvatierra durante la puesta de sol.jpg|thumb|Sierra de la Villa mountain; close-up the pine grove, up in the right the [[Salvatierra Castle (Villena)|Salvatierra castle]] ruins.]]
 ==Main sights==
-[[File:Villena.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Atalaya Castle (Spain)|Atalaya Castle]].]]
 *[[Atalaya Castle (Spain)|Castle of ''la Atalaya'']], built by the [[Moors]] in the 11th century.
 *Municipal Palace
@@ Line 135: / Line 145: @@
 ==Events==
+[[File:Nazaríes.jpg|thumb|[[Moros y Cristianos|Moors and Christians]] Festival, in September]]
 Villena is home to the most crowded festival of ''[[Moros y Cristianos]]'' in Spain.
 It is also home to one of the biggest rock / heavy metal festivals in Spain, [[:es:Leyendas del Rock|Leyendas del Rock]], which takes place every August.
-[[File:Villena, Alt Vinalopó, Alicante province, Spain.jpg|200px|thumb|Aerial view of Villena.]]
 ==Economy==
@@ Line 145: / Line 155: @@
 ==Sport==
-[[Juan Carlos Ferrero]], former world no. 1 tennis player has developed the [[JC Ferrero Equelite Tennis Academy]], which has produced such players as [[Guillermo García-López]].
+[[Juan Carlos Ferrero]], former world no. 1 tennis player, developed the [[Ferrero Tennis Academy]], which has produced such players as [[Guillermo García-López]] and [[Carlos Alcaraz]].
 ==Transport==
@@ Line 151: / Line 161: @@
 ==Famous citizens==
+[[File:Don Juan Manuel.jpg|140px|thumb|[[Juan Manuel, Prince of Villena|Don Juan Manuel, Prince of Villena]]]]
-*[[José María Soler]]
-*[[Ruperto Chapí]], [[zarzuela]] composer
+*[[Ambrosio Cotes]], Reinassance composer.
-*[[Juan Carlos Ferrero]], tennis player
+*[[José García Hidalgo]], Baroque painter.
+*[[Joaquín María López]], Spain's Prime Minister.
+*[[José María Soler]], archaeologist.
+*[[Ruperto Chapí]], [[zarzuela]] composer.
+*[[Juan Carlos Ferrero]], tennis player.
 *[[Pablo Menor]], jesuit priest.
 *[[Antonio Navarro Santafé]], sculptor.
-*[[Carlos Alcaraz]], Tennis Player.
+*[[Carlos Alcaraz]], tennis player.
 ==Twin cities==

Authority control databases
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Geographic	MusicBrainz area