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Revision as of 20:51, 11 July 2024
Wang Huning (Chinese: 王沪宁; pinyin: Wáng Hùníng; born 6 October 1955) is a Chinese political theorist and one of the top leaders of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP), who is currently the chairman of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference (CPPCC). He has been a leading ideologist in the country since the 1980s. He has been a member of the CCP's Politburo Standing Committee, China's top decision-making body since 2017, and is its fourth-ranking member since 2022.
A former academic, Wang was a professor of international politics and dean of the law school at Fudan University. During this time, he gained attention due to his belief in "neoconservatism", which held that a strong leadership was needed for China's stability and political reforms. He started to work for the CCP leadership in 1995 as a director of a research team at the CCP's Central Policy Research Office (CPRO). He became the CPRO's deputy director in 1998, and was promoted to the party's Central Committee and director of the office in 2002, remaining the latter until 2020, the longest tenure in the office. He assisted CCP general secretary Jiang Zemin, and was believed to be instrumental in developing Jiang's signature political theory, the Three Represents. He later became a close confidant of CCP general secretary Hu Jintao, believed to be key to developing his primary theory, Scientific Outlook on Development, and became a secretary of the CCP secretariat in 2007.
Wang became a member of the CCP Politburo in 2012, and is believed to have developed close relations with CCP general secretary Xi Jinping, becoming one of his closer advisors. In 2017, he was promoted to the 5th-ranked member of the Politburo Standing Committee and the first-ranking secretary of the CCP Secretariat. He has also chaired leading commissions on ideology and reforms and is believed to have been instrumental in developing key concepts under Xi, including Xi Jinping Thought, Chinese-style modernization, the Chinese Dream and the Belt and Road Initiative. In 2022, he was succeeded by Cai Qi as the first secretary, and became the 4th-ranking member of the PSC. He became the CPPCC chairman in March 2023, succeeding Wang Yang.
Widely regarded as the "Grey Eminence" of the CCP, Wang is believed to be the chief ideologue of the Communist Party and principal architect behind the official political ideologies of three CCP general secretaries since the 1990s. He has held significant influence over policy and decision-making of all three paramount leaders, an exceptionally rare feat in Chinese politics. Wang believes that a strong, centralized state is needed in China to resist foreign influence, an idea that has been influential under Xi Jinping.
Early life
Wang Was born on 6 October 1955 in Nanshi, Shanghai.[1] He traces his heritage to Ye County, Shandong province, though he never lived in Shandong. Wang's name, "Huning (沪宁)", literally means "the peace (宁) of Shanghai (沪)", a typical name given by his Red Army parents, who fought in the Shanghai Campaign of the Chinese Civil War and remained in the city thereafter. As a military official, Wang Huning's father was implicated during the anti–Peng Dehuai campaign launched by Mao Zedong and suffered persecution during the Cultural Revolution. His mother was hospitalized several times due to illness after 1965, requiring Wang and his two older brothers had to look after her.[2] During his youth, Wang went to the Shanghai Yongqiang Middle School, where he obtained books that were forbidden during that era from his teachers. After the school opened a mechanic class, Wang participated in it as a apprentice worker. He graduated from this junior high school in 1972.[3]
After Nixon's visit to China, the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) found itself lacking of diplomats familiar with foreign languages. Following an order by the CCP Central Committee, the Shanghai Revolutionary Committee established the Foreign Language Training Class in the Fudan University, the Shanghai Normal University[note 1] and the Shanghai International Studies College, with each university being required to enroll 200 students in the first enrollment year of 1977. Wang was recommended to enter Shanghai Normal University May 7 Cadre School's Foreign Language Training Class to study French with 24 other classmates.[note 2][3][4] The Training Class was first located in Dafeng County, Jiangsu Province, where Wang began his study in October 1972. The May 7 Cadre School later moved to Fengxian, Shanghai in April 1973.[4]
After his graduation in February 1977,[note 3] he became a cadre at the Shanghai Publishing Bureau. In 1978, he participated in the Graduate Entrance Examination and was admitted as a postgraduate student in the Department of International Politics of Fudan University. His mentor was Chen Qiren, who later recalled Wang was late during the interview, but he gave Wang a pass due to his excellence in the primary exam.[5] Wang's Master dissertation was "From Bodin to Maritain: A review on the development of the Western sovereignty theory". The thesis was highly approved by the defense committee. He received a Master of Laws degree[note 4] in 1981 and stayed in Fudan as an instructor at the Political Science Teaching and Research Department.[6] During this time, he was highly appreciated by Wang Bangzuo, then director of the Department.[7] They were usually referred to as "the two Wang" by their counterparts.[8]
Academic career
In April 1984, Wang joined the Party. In 1985 at age 29, without first needing to serve as lecturer, Wang was promoted to associate professor in international politics, making him China's youngest associate professor at the time.[6] During this time he published widely in academic journals, newspapers and magazines, which were read by the intellectual elite.[3] Wang served as director of Fudan University's Department of International Politics from 1989 to 1994, and as dean of the law school in 1994–95.[1]
In 1988, Wang was a visiting scholar in the United States for six months, spending the first three months at the University of Iowa, three weeks at the University of California, Berkeley, and visiting many other universities. During his time in the United States, Wang visited over 30 cities and close to 20 universities,[9] and later wrote about his experiences in his book America Against America.[10]
Wang was a well-known young scholar in academic circles since the 1980s. He wrote columns and essays for numerous party-sanctioned publications and was featured on the cover of current affairs magazines such as Banyuetan (半月谈), attracting the attention of Shanghai's top political leaders,[3] and he was known by Jiang Zemin, then CCP secretary of Shanghai.[11] His achievements led to him participating in the drafting of theoretical documents for the CCP since the 13th CCP National Congress. In 1993, Wang led the Fudan student debate team to participate in a Chinese-language international college debate competition in Singapore. The team won the championship between 1988 and 1993, greatly enhancing Wang's reputation.[3]
Wang's work in the 1990s expressed the position that China should reclaim a sense of Chinese cultural and intellectual autonomy.[12]: 125 This drew increased attention from political leaders in the central government.[12]: 125–126
Political career
From 1995, Wang was referred to work for the party leadership in Beijing on recommendation from top Shanghai politicians Zeng Qinghong and Wu Bangguo, both of whom maintained close relationships with now-party General Secretary Jiang Zemin.[13] He was summoned by Jiang to head the political research team at the Central Policy Research Office (CPRO),[11] and was promoted in April 1998 to deputy director of the CPRO, ultimately being promoted to director in 2002.[11][14] He was regarded as one of the major sources of brainpower Jiang Zemin drew from[15][16] and accompanied Jiang on foreign visits since 1998 as a special assistant.[13] He was also part of a team that formulated Jiang's "Three Represents" that was written into the CCP constitution in 2002.[17]
In 2002, he became a member of the CCP's Central Committee.[13] In November 2007, Wang was admitted to the Secretariat of the Chinese Communist Party. He began accompanying General Secretary Hu Jintao on foreign trips[16] and was considered one of Hu's three most influential advisors, along with Ling Jihua and Chen Shiju.[13] During this time, he also started working together with Xi Jinping; Wang was a member of a committee overseeing "party building", which Xi started chairing in 2007.[18] Wang led the team that wrote Hu's final report at the 18th CCP National Congress.[11]
He was promoted to the Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party in November 2012 after the Congress, becoming the first director of the CPRO to hold a seat on the elite ruling council.[13] Following the ascension of Xi Jinping to the general secretary of the Chinese Communist Party in November 2012, Wang nurtured a close relationship with Xi, again emerging as one of the central members of Xi's entourage on international trips and seen to be one of Xi's closest advisors.[19][20] In 22 January 2014, Wang was appointed as the director of the Office of the Central Comprehensively Deepening Reforms Commission (CCDR), a new CCP body.[21]
First-ranked Secretary of the Secretariat (2017–2022)
Wang was chosen to be the 5th-ranking member of the Politburo Standing Committee, China's top decision-making body, on 25 October 2017, becoming one of the few members of the body without prior ministerial or provincial experience.[22] He became the first-ranking secretary of the CCP Secretariat.[23] He was also appointed as a deputy leader of the CCDR.[21] Wang has frequently accompanied Xi in his trips, suggesting involvement in China's diplomacy.[24][25] Along with other leading cadre, Wang presided over the development of Xuexi Qiangguo, an app designed to teach Xi Jinping Thought.[26]: 29
In January 2020, Wang was appointed as deputy leader of the Central Leading Group for Responding to the COVID-19 Pandemic, with premier Li Keqiang as the leader.[27] He also accompanied Xi to visiting Wuhan in March.[28] He was succeeded by Jiang Jinquan as the director of CPRO in 2020.[29] He played a key role in drafting the "third historical resolution" in November 2021, which further consolidated Xi's power.[24] Reuters reported on 3 March 2023, citing sources, that Wang held a meeting in late October with top medical experts, senior officials and people from the propaganda apparatus, asking them how many deaths an abandonment of zero-COVID controls would cause in a worst-case scenario and requesting them to devise roadmaps on reopening policies in different paces.[30]
Chairman of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference (2023–)
Following the first plenary session of the 20th CCP Central Committee, Wang was reappointed to the Politburo Standing Committee of the Chinese Communist Party as its 4th ranking member,[31] and was succeeded by Cai Qi as the first secretary of the Secretariat. On 17 January 2023, he was elected as a member of the National Committee of the CPPCC.[32] Though initial reporting before the CCP Congress by the South China Morning Post suggested that he was going to become the chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress,[33] he instead became the chairman of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference (CPPCC) in March 2023 at the 1st Session of the 14th CPPCC.[31][34] He also kept his position as the deputy leader of the CCDR.[35] According to a Foreign Affairs article by Odd Arne Westad in 2023, Wang is also a member of the CCP National Security Commission and "is perhaps the most influential presence after Xi himself."[36]
Taiwan
Nikkei Asia reported in January 2023 that Wang would become the deputy leader of the Central Leading Group for Taiwan Affairs, effectively making him one of the top people in charge with creating a policy in regards to Taiwan. It also reported that he would be tasked with laying the groundwork for unification with Taiwan, coming up with a theory that replaces "one country, two systems" to serve as a metric to measure progress toward China's unification goals and decide if a military operation is necessary.[37] On 10 February, he met with Andrew Hsia, vice chairman of the Kuomintang.[38] During the visit, Wang said that "Taiwan independence is incompatible with peace and runs counter to the well-being of Taiwan compatriots".[38] Wang also met with Liu Chao-shiuan, president of the Council of the Summit for Entrepreneurs Across the Taiwan Strait, in April, and Wu Cherng-dean, chairman of the New Party, in June.[39] On 11 September, he was chosen as the president of the China Council for the Promotion of Peaceful National Reunification, a body designed to advance unification with Taiwan; the CPPCC chairman also generally serves as the president of the council.[40]
Political positions
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Wang is thought to be behind the political thought published under the names of three CCP leaders: Three Represents of Jiang Zemin,[15] the Scientific Outlook on Development of Hu Jintao,[16] and Xi Jinping Thought.[23] He is also believed to play a key role in drafting concepts including Chinese Dream, Chinese-style modernization,[41] and the Belt and Road Initiative, concepts promoted by Xi.[42]
System of government
During his tenure as a professor in the 1980s, Wang initially gained attention for his advocacy of neoauthoritarianism, the view that a centralized government is necessary to maintain economic growth and stability, which could later slowly do political reforms from within.[23][43] In a paper published in 1986, he wrote that it is "very important to comply with the constitution" lest a new Cultural Revolution happen.[44] His political views changed after his visit to the U.S., after which he advocated for a centralized one-party state that was culturally unified and self-confident to resist the influence of liberal ideas.[45] In a 1995 interview, he said that "[i]n a place without central authority, or a place where central authority has become weakened, the country would be mired in a state of division and chaos," and that "[a] strong central authority is the fundamental guarantee for achieving rapid and stable development at a relatively low cost during the process of modernization."[18]
Culture
In his 1988 essay "The Structure of China's Changing Political Culture", Wang said that the CCP must reconsider how a nation's "software", meaning culture, values, and attitudes, shaped its "hardware", meaning economics, systems, and institutions. Some sources have attributed this type of thought to be "a daring break from the materialism of Orthodox Marxism."[45] Wang said that China was under a great transformation, but the new model under the socialism with Chinese characteristics was leaving China with no core values, which "could serve only to dissolve societal and political cohesion". Wang also said that the introduction of Marxism to China was not completely positive, and that while the CCP criticized China's historical values since 1949, it has not paid enough attention to creating and shaping its own core values. He recommended that China combine its historical and modern values (including foreign Marxist values).[45] Wang has also written China's first academic paper on "soft power", and has been thought to be the driving force in China's investments in promoting its culture overseas.[11]
United States
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In 1991, after his visit to the U.S., Wang wrote the book America Against America.[10] The book talked about the increasing challenges he saw in the U.S., such as inequality, economic conflicts, decaying of social values and commodification.[45] He also praised the strengths of the U.S., such as its modernity[43] and was described by The Economist as "seeing the weaknesses in America's system, but not exaggerating them".[29] In Wang's own words:
My intention with this title is to show that America contains contradictions that cannot be dismissed with a single sentence. In the old days, people had a dogmatic view of American society as merely the “exploitation of surplus value,” a “dictatorship of the bourgeoisie,” and nothing more. Now there is another extreme, some people imagine the United States as a paradise, rich and without flaw. In fact American society doesn’t match either of these descriptions, and often finds itself in fundamental contradiction with them. There are strengths and weaknesses, and wherever strength can be found, weakness can also be found. America is a contradiction, it contains multitudes. This is what I mean by “America Against America.”[46]
In 2021, the book received renewed interest in the aftermath of the storming of the United States Capitol, with some used copies surging to 16,600 yuan ($2500) on antiques sites.[47]
Personal life
Wang has been described by former colleagues as an insomniac and workaholic, introverted, discreet and "almost obsessively low-profile."[17] After entering into politics in the 1990s, he cut off most contact with his academic colleagues.[45] Having studied French in university, Wang is a fluent French speaker.[6] He is also an avid reader of Wuxia novels.[13] In his memoir Political Life, Wang said his goal in life was to keep writing books and teaching students.[33]
Family
Wang's first marriage, to Zhou Qi, an international relations expert at Chinese Academy of Social Sciences and Renmin University of China, ended in divorce after he went to Zhongnanhai in 1996. They had no children. He later married a nurse in Zhongnanhai. They have one child.[6]
Public perceptions
Having worked closely with three consecutive paramount leaders, Wang demonstrated a rare and remarkable ability to retain influence under leaders belonging to various Communist Party factions.[45] Additionally, he has been described as "China's Kissinger" by The Hankyoreh,[48] and is called guóshī (Chinese: 国师) by Chinese netizens, a title historically given to top religious leaders in Imperial China, particularly the Yuan Dynasty.[43]
Works
Wang's books include The Logic of Politics—The Principles of Marxist Political Science, America against America, General Introduction to New Politics, Analysis of Modern Western Politics, Analysis of Comparative Politics and Debate Contest in Lion City, all in Chinese. Others include (all in Chinese):
- ——— (1987). National Sovereignty.
- ——— (1987). Analysis of Comparative Politics.
- ——— (1988). Analysis of Contemporary Western Politics.
- ——— (1988). Introduction to Public Administration.
- ——— (1989). Analysis of Administrative Ecology.
- ——— (1989). Collection of Wang Huning.
- ——— (1990). Anti-Corruption: Experiment in China.
- ——— (1990). Corruption and Anti-Corruption: Study of Contemporary Oversees Corruption Problem.
- ——— (1991). Culture of Contemporary Chinese Village Family.
- ——— (1991). America Against America.
- ——— (1993). Debate in Lion Castle.
- ——— (1994). Political Logic.
- ——— (1995). Political Life.
Translations
- Wang, Huning (1991), America Against America, Tikhanov Library
- -- , Wang Huning, “Reflections on the Cultural Revolution and the Reform of China's Political System, " (Translated from 王沪宁, "'文革'反思与政治体制改革," originally published in the World Economic Herard 世界经济导报 May 8, 1986),Introduction by Matthew D. Johnson and Translation by David Ownby, Reading the China Dream
See also
Notes
- ^ Between 1972 and 1980, the East China Normal University was renamed as the Shanghai Normal University, and is different from the current Shanghai Normal University.
- ^ There are arguments on when Wang was admitted to the training class. Normally it took three years to graduate for undergraduate-level education in China during the Cultural Revolution. Official records by East China Normal University suggest that Wang entered the School in 1977, which is widely believed to be true. According to Wang himself, he remained in the countryside for four and a half years in his book Culture of Contemporary Chinese Village Family.
- ^ The training school did not offer a degree for graduates. On 13 July 1982, after countless petitions for certificates, the Shanghai Higher Education Bureau issued notice that all training school gradates who participated and passed an exam which consisted of political theory, Chinese literature and foreign languages would be granted a junior college (大专) degree.[4]
- ^ In the Chinese academic system, law is a much broader sector includes law (legal studies), political science, international relations and Marxist theory.
References
- ^ a b "Wang Huning – One of China's Top Future Leaders to Watch". Brookings Institution. 31 May 2013. Archived from the original on 31 May 2013. Retrieved 15 October 2019.
- ^ "特稿 教授王沪宁" [Special Article: Professor Wang Huning]. Cankao Network (in Simplified Chinese). 15 June 2016. Retrieved 22 July 2023.
- ^ a b c d e Patapan, Haig; Wang, Yi (2 January 2018). "The Hidden Ruler: Wang Huning and the Making of Contemporary China". Journal of Contemporary China. 27 (109): 47–60. doi:10.1080/10670564.2017.1363018. hdl:10072/348664. ISSN 1067-0564. S2CID 149415653.
- ^ a b c Tang, Tao (4 July 2018). "华东师范大学1972-1980年更名始末" [The whole story of the name change of East China Normal University from 1972 to 1980]. East China Normal University (in Simplified Chinese). Archived from the original on 2 November 2023. Retrieved 2 November 2023.
- ^ Han, Xiaorong (13 January 2014). "导师:王沪宁考研复试迟到 初试出众获照顾" [Tutor: Wang Huning was late for the re-examination of the postgraduate entrance examination, but he excelled in the initial examination and was taken care of]. Oriental Morning Post. Archived from the original on 14 December 2022. Retrieved 8 December 2023.
- ^ a b c d Cheng, Li. "Wang Huning 王沪宁" (PDF). Brookings Institution. Retrieved 9 January 2020.
- ^ Xia, Ming (2 November 2017). "Xia Ming: My ten-year relationship with Wang Huning". Initium Media. Archived from the original on 7 November 2017. Retrieved 8 December 2023.
- ^ "有此一说："一国两制"首创于王沪宁的内部文稿（高新）" [There is a saying: "One country, two systems" was first created in Wang Huning's internal manuscript]. Radio Free Asia. 25 August 2017. Retrieved 7 March 2024.
- ^ Xiao, Hong (1 July 2014). "王沪宁：从学者走入决策层" [Wang Huning: From Scholar to the Decision-Making Level]. Golden Autumn Magazine (金秋杂志). Retrieved 30 December 2021.
- ^ a b Yi, Wang (6 November 2017). "Meet the mastermind behind Xi Jinping's power". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 6 November 2017. Retrieved 27 November 2017.
- ^ a b c d e Page, Jeremy (5 June 2013). "The Wonk With the Ear of Chinese President Xi Jinping". The Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Retrieved 15 October 2019.
- ^ a b Brown, Kerry (2023). China Incorporated: The Politics of a World Where China is Number One. London: Bloomsbury Academic. ISBN 978-1-350-26724-4.
- ^ a b c d e f Xiao, Hong (1 July 2014). "王沪宁：从学者走入决策层". 金秋杂志. Retrieved 30 December 2021.
- ^ "Biography of Wang Huning". China Vitae. Retrieved 28 December 2010.
- ^ a b "The meaning of the man behind China's ideology". The Economist. 2 November 2017. ISSN 0013-0613. Retrieved 15 October 2019.
- ^ a b c Huang, Yuanxi (11 October 2012). "Wang Huning, often seen at the side of two presidents". South China Morning Post. Retrieved 15 October 2019.
- ^ a b Page, Jeremy (5 June 2013). "The Wonk With the Ear of Chinese President Xi Jinping". The Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Retrieved 15 October 2019.
- ^ a b Wong 2023, p. 90.
- ^ Lim, Yan Liang (26 October 2017). "Brains behind the 'China Dream'". The Straits Times. Retrieved 15 October 2019.
- ^ "A 'dream come true' for communist ideologist behind three Chinese presidents". South China Morning Post. 21 October 2017. Retrieved 15 October 2019.
- ^ a b Sasaki, Norihiko (3 July 2022). "Functions and significance of the central leading group for comprehensively deepening reforms and the central comprehensively deepening reforms commission". Journal of Contemporary East Asia Studies. 11 (2). Waseda University: 229–243. doi:10.1080/24761028.2023.2185394. ISSN 2476-1028.
- ^ Wen, Philip; Blanchard, Ben (24 October 2017). "China unveils new leadership line-up with no clear successor to Xi". Reuters. Retrieved 26 October 2017.
- ^ a b c Perlez, Jane (13 November 2017). "Behind the Scenes, Communist Strategist Presses China's Rise". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 9 January 2020.
- ^ a b "China in 2022 – a look ahead". Mercator Institute for China Studies. 9 December 2021. Retrieved 14 August 2022.
- ^ Page, Jeremy (23 December 2020). "How the U.S. Misread China's Xi: Hoping for a Globalist, It Got an Autocrat". The Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Retrieved 21 August 2022.
- ^ Tsang, Steve; Cheung, Olivia (2024). The Political Thought of Xi Jinping. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780197689363.
- ^ "李克强主持召开中央应对新型冠状病毒感染肺炎疫情工作领导小组会议" [Li Keqiang presides over the meeting of the Central Leading Group for Responding to the Novel Coronavirus Pneumonia Epidemic]. Xinhua News Agency (in Chinese). 26 January 2020. Retrieved 21 October 2022.
- ^ "习近平在湖北省考察新冠肺炎疫情防控工作" [Xi Jinping inspects the prevention and control work of the new crown pneumonia epidemic in Hubei Province]. Xinhua News Agency (in Chinese). 10 March 2020. Retrieved 21 October 2022.
- ^ a b "Wang Huning's career reveals much about political change in China". The Economist. 12 February 2022. ISSN 0013-0613. Retrieved 21 August 2022.
- ^ Zhu, Julie; Yew, Lun Tian; Tham, Engen (3 March 2023). "How China's new No.2 hastened the end of Xi's zero-COVID policy". Reuters. Retrieved 3 March 2023.
- ^ a b Jun, Mai; Zhuang, Pinghui; Guo, Rui (23 October 2022). "Xi chooses fresh faces to confront new term of 'unparalleled complexity'". South China Morning Post. Retrieved 29 October 2022.
- ^ "中国人民政治协商会议第十四届全国委员会委员名单" [List of Members of the 14th National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference]. Xinhua News Agency. 17 January 2023. Retrieved 19 January 2023.
- ^ a b "Exclusive: China's ideology tsar Wang Huning tipped to head National People's Congress". South China Morning Post. 18 October 2022. Retrieved 21 October 2022.
- ^ "Wang Huning elected chairman of China's top political advisory body". Xinhua News Agency. 10 March 2023. Retrieved 10 March 2023.
- ^ "王沪宁地位角色愈趋重要". Radio France Internationale. 20 July 2023. Retrieved 15 January 2024.
- ^ Westad, Odd Arne (13 June 2023). "What Does the West Really Know About Xi's China?". Foreign Affairs. ISSN 0015-7120. Retrieved 13 June 2023.
- ^ Nakazawa, Katsuji (26 January 2023). "Xi puts top brain in charge of Taiwan unification strategy". Nikkei Asia. Retrieved 26 January 2023.
- ^ a b "China Says It's Ready to Enhance Ties With Taiwan Opposition". Bloomberg News. 10 February 2023. Retrieved 11 February 2023.
- ^ Wang, Amber (6 June 2023). "Beijing voices support for Taiwan's pro-unification forces in latest exchange". South China Morning Post. Retrieved 7 June 2023.
- ^ Cai, Vanessa (12 September 2023). "Beijing's top political adviser picked to lead Taiwan reunification group, stresses fight against 'separatist forces'". South China Morning Post. Retrieved 13 September 2023.
- ^ Baptista, Eduardo; Martina, Michael (11 December 2022). "Newsmaker: China's Wang Huning, a backstage ideologue and political survivor". Reuters. Retrieved 16 December 2022.
- ^ "Comments from Hu Shaojiang: From the Three Represents to the Chinese Dream, Wang Huning has Exhausted his Creativity" 胡少江评论：从三个代表到中国梦，王沪宁江郎才尽. Radio Free Asia. 26 April 2013. Archived from the original on 1 March 2016. Retrieved 7 November 2022.
- ^ a b c Chang, Che (21 March 2022). "How a Book About America's History Foretold China's Future". The New Yorker. Retrieved 29 October 2022.
- ^ Lo, Kinling (25 October 2017). "Wang Huning: the liberal set to be China's ideology tsar". South China Morning Post. Retrieved 21 August 2022.
- ^ a b c d e f Lyons, N.S. (11 October 2021). "The Triumph and Terror of Wang Huning". Palladium. Retrieved 30 December 2021.
- ^ "America Against America". 22 September 2023.
- ^ "A $2,500 Book on U.S. Decline Is Suddenly a Must-Read in China". Bloomberg News. 13 January 2021. Retrieved 23 January 2021.
- ^ Jakhar, Pratik (8 October 2017). "China party congress: The rising stars of China's Communist Party". BBC News. Retrieved 7 November 2022.
Works cited
- Wong, Chun Han (2023). Party of One: The Rise of Xi Jinping and China's Superpower Future. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 9781982185732.
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- 1955 births
- Living people
- Chinese Communist Party politicians from Shanghai
- Chinese diarists
- Chinese political philosophers
- Chinese political scientists
- Chinese political writers
- Conservatism in China
- Delegates to the 19th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party
- Delegates to the 20th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party
- Delegates to the 11th National People's Congress
- Delegates to the 12th National People's Congress
- Delegates to the 13th National People's Congress
- Delegates to the 14th National People's Congress
- Fudan University alumni
- Academic staff of Fudan University
- Members of the 16th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party
- Members of the 17th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party
- Members of the 18th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party
- Members of the 19th Politburo Standing Committee of the Chinese Communist Party
- Members of the 20th Politburo Standing Committee of the Chinese Communist Party
- Members of the Secretariat of the Chinese Communist Party
- People's Republic of China politicians from Shanghai
- Writers from Shanghai