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{{about|the poet and historian of the Qing Dynasty|the swimmer who participated in the 1996 Summer Olympics|Zhao Yi (swimmer)}}
{{about|the poet and historian of the Qing dynasty|the swimmer who participated in the 1996 Summer Olympics|Zhao Yi (swimmer)|the consort rank|zhaoyi}}
{{Infobox officeholder
{{Infobox person
| image = Former Residence of Zhao Yi 01 2012-04.JPG
| name=Zhao Yi
| caption = Former Residence of Zhao Yi.
| name = Zhao Yi
| native_name = 趙翼
| native_name = 趙翼
| native_name_lang= zh-hant
| nationality=Chinese
| birth_name =
| other_names =
| birth_date = 1727<!-- {{birth date|||}} -->
| birth_place = [[Changzhou]], [[Jiangsu]], China
| death_date = {{death year and age|1814|1727}}
| death_place = Changzhou, Jiangsu, China
| death_cause =
| alma_mater =
| occupation = Poet
| known_for =
| notable_works = ''Notes on the Twenty-Two Dynastic Histories''
| movement =
| spouse = <!-- {{marriage||}} -->
| children =
| parents =
| relatives =
| awards = <!-- {{Awards|award= |year= |title= }} -->
| signature =
| signature_size =
| module = {{Infobox Chinese|child=yes
|s1 = {{linktext|赵|翼}}
|t1 = {{linktext|趙|翼}}
|p = Zhào Yì
|w =
|altname = Yunsong
|s2 = {{linktext|云|崧}}
|t2 = {{linktext|雲|崧}}
|l2 = <!--N/A-->
|p2 = Yúnsōng
|altname3 = Yunsong
|c3 = {{linktext|耘|崧}}
|l3 = <!--N/A-->
|p3 = Yúnsōng
|altname4 = Oubei
|s4 = {{linktext|瓯|北}}
|t4 = {{linktext|甌|北}}
|l4 = <!--N/A-->
|p4 = Oūbeǐ
|altname5 = Qiu'e
|c5 = {{linktext|裘|萼}}
|l5 = <!--N/A-->
|p5 = Qiú'è
|altname6 = Sanban Laoren
|c6 = {{linktext|三|半|老人}}
|l6 = <!--N/A-->
|p6 = Sānbàn Lǎorén
}}
}}
}}
{{Chinese|title=Zhao Yi|c={{linktext|趙|翼}}|}}
{{family name hatnote|[[Zhao (surname)|Zhao]]|lang=Chinese}}

'''Zhao Yi''' (1727-1814) was a poet, historian, and critic during the [[Qing Dynasty]] in [[China]]. Zhao is notable for his innovative poetry, his historical writings (including ''[[Notes on the Twenty-Two Dynastic Histories]]''), and for espousing unconventional views on various aspects of Chinese dynastic history.
'''Zhao Yi''' ({{zh|s=|t=趙翼|p=}}; 1727–1814) was a poet, historian, and critic during the [[Qing dynasty]] in [[China]]. Zhao is notable for his innovative poetry, his historical writings (including ''Notes on the Twenty-Two Dynastic Histories''), and for espousing unconventional views on various aspects of Chinese dynastic history.


==Education==
==Education==
[[File:Former Residence of Zhao Yi 03 2012-04.JPG|thumb|The Former Residence of Zhao Yi in [[Changzhou]], [[Jiangsu]]]]
Zhao's early life exemplified the Confucian ideal of upward mobility from destitution through the skillful cultivation and use of intelligence, education, and personal connections.<ref name=Cheong>Iona D. Man Cheong, ''Class of 1761'', (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2004).</ref>{{rp|135–136}} Like many other aspirants to social status in the Qing Empire, Zhao began his studies early in life. Zhao began his education before the age of five, and was recorded to have been a precocious learner.<ref name=Cheong/>{{rp|110}} Later, Zhao was further spurred on to achieve educational and career success to ensure the well-being of his family after his father died when Zhao was only 14 years old.<ref name=Cheong/>{{rp|118}}


In the [[imperial examination]] system, Zhao achieved admirable success, despite early setbacks. After apparently failing a local examination fourteen times, Zhao went on to earn his provincial degree in 1750 at the age of 23 on his second attempt, and later earned his metropolitan degree in 1761, placing third overall in his cohort behind [[Wang Jie (Qing dynasty)|Wang Jie]] and [[Hu Gaowang]].<ref name=Cheong/>{{rp|36–37, 110}} Notably, Zhao specialized in the difficult ''[[Book of Rites]]'' (along with only 6% of his cohort), and incorporated emphasis on practical problems of government.<ref name=Cheong/>{{rp|73,75,105}}


Even as he performed well in the imperial examination system, Zhao was notably defiant in his examination writings. In these writings, Zhao criticized the format and practices of the examination system, taking aim at issues including the imposed formal structure of examination writing as well as the failures of examiners in their duty both to those taking the exams and to the level of scholarly discourse.<ref name=Cheong/>{{rp|94–95}}
Zhao's early life exemplified the Confucian ideal of upward mobility from destitution through the skillful cultivation and use of intelligence, education, and personal connections.<ref name=Cheong>Iona D. Man Cheong, ''Class of 1761'', (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2004).</ref>{{rp|135-136}} Like many other aspirants to social status in the Qing Empire, Zhao began his studies early in life. Zhao began his education before the age of five, and was recorded to have been a precocious learner.<ref name=Cheong/>{{rp|110}} Later, Zhao was further spurred on to achieve educational and career success to ensure the well-being of his family after his father died when Zhao was only 14 years old.<ref name=Cheong/>{{rp|118}}

In the Imperial examination system, Zhao achieved admirable success, despite early setbacks. After apparently failing a local examination fourteen times, Zhao went on to earn his provincial degree in 1750 at the age of 23 on his second attempt, and later earned his metropolitan degree in 1761, placing third overall in his cohort behind [[Wang Jie]] and [[Hu Gaowang]].<ref name=Cheong/>{{rp|36-37, 110}} Notably, Zhao specialized in the difficult ''Book of Rites'' (along with only 6% of his cohort), and incorporated emphasis on practical problems of government.<ref name=Cheong/>{{rp|73,75,105}}

Even as he performed well in the Imperial examination system, Zhao was notably defiant in his examination writings. In these writings, Zhao criticized the format and practices of the examination system, taking aim at issues including the imposed formal structure of examination writing as well as the failures of examiners in their duty both to those taking the exams and to the level of scholarly discourse.<ref name=Cheong/>{{rp|94-95}}


==Poetry==
==Poetry==


At least in part because of an aversion to examination writing, Zhao delved into poetry.<ref name=Cheong/>{{rp|114}} Zhao eventually became and is still remembered as one of the Three Masters of the Qianlong Period for his poetry (the others being Zhao's friends [[Yuan Mei]] and [[Jiang Shiquan]]).<ref name=Schmidt>J. D. Schmidt, ''Harmony Garden: The Life, Literary Criticism, and Poetry of Yuan Mei (1716-1798)'', (New York: RoutledgeCurzon, 2003).</ref>{{rp|102}}


The originality of Zhao's ideas on poetry were recognized in his own lifetime, as is attested to in the writings of his friend and fellow poet Yuan Mei who appreciated Zhao's poetic eccentricities as well as his unorthodox and rich literary influences, and drew a firm distinction between Zhao's work and that of his contemporaries who imitated Tang and Song poetry.<ref name=Schmidt/>{{rp|271}}
At least in part because of an aversion to examination writing, Zhao delved into poetry.<ref name=Cheong/>{{rp|114}} Zhao eventually became and is still remembered as one of the Three Masters of the Qianlong Period for his poetry (the others being Zhao's friends [[Yuan Mei]] and [[Jiang Shiquan]]).<ref name=Schmidt>J. D. Schmidt, ''Harmony Garden: The Life, Literary Criticism, and Poetry of Yuan Mei (1716-1798)'', (New York: RoutledgeCurzon, 2003).</ref>{{rp|102}}


==Notable historical positions==
The originality of Zhao’s ideas on poetry were recognized in his own lifetime, as is attested to in the writings of his friend and fellow poet Yuan Mei who appreciated Zhao’s poetic eccentricities as well as his unorthodox and rich literary influences, and drew a firm distinction between Zhao’s work and that of his contemporaries who imitated Tang and Song poetry.<ref name=Schmidt/>{{rp|271}}


For the compilation of works on the Dzungar campaign like ''Strategy for the pacification of the Dzungars'' (Pingding Zhunge'er fanglue), the Qing hired Zhao Yi and Jiang Yongzhi at the Military Archives Office, in their capacity as members of the [[Hanlin Academy|Hanlin]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Class of 1761|first=Iona|last=Man-Cheong|year=2004|publisher=Stanford University Press|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I5a5J3ydmQQC&q=zhao+yi+dzungar&pg=PA180|page=180|isbn=0804767130|access-date=24 April 2014}}</ref> Zhao wrote poems glorifying the [[Zunghar genocide|Qing conquest and genocide of the Dzungar Mongols]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Harmony Garden: The Life, Literary Criticism, and Poetry of Yuan Mei (1716-1798)|first=J. D.|last=Schmidt|year=2013|publisher=Routledge|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oFlcAgAAQBAJ&q=zhao+yi+dzungar&pg=PA444|page=444|isbn=978-1136862250|access-date=24 April 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The Poet Zheng Zhen (1806-1864) and the Rise of Chinese Modernity|first=Jerry D.|last=Schmidt|year=2013|publisher=BRILL|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WtMY9WdY3kYC&q=zhao+yi+dzungar&pg=PA394|page=394|isbn=978-9004252295|access-date=24 April 2014}}</ref> Zhao Yi wrote the ''Yanpu zaji'' in "brush-notes" style, where military expenditures of the Qianlong Emperor's reign were recorded.<ref>{{cite book|title=War Finance and Logistics in Late Imperial China: A Study of the Second Jinchuan Campaign (1771–1776)|first=Ulrich|last=Theobald|year=2013|publisher=BRILL|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DUodAAAAQBAJ&q=zhao+yi+dzungar&pg=PA32|page=32|isbn=978-9004255678|access-date=24 April 2014}}</ref>
==Notable Historical Positions==


The [[Qianlong Emperor]] was praised as being the source of "eighteenth-century peace and prosperity" by Zhao Yi.<ref>{{cite book|title=A Court on Horseback: Imperial Touring & the Construction of Qing Rule, 1680-1785|volume=287 of Harvard East Asian monographs|first=Michael G.|last=Chang|edition=illustrated|year=2007|publisher=Harvard University Asia Center|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X9lwAAAAMAAJ&q=zhao+yi+dzungar|page=435|isbn=978-0674024540|access-date=24 April 2014}}</ref>


Zhao supported the view that historians and works of history were of great importance in China. In one instance, he argued that, while the Confucian Classics constituted the principles of Chinese dynastic government, it was works of history that provide the actual record of the government at work that could act as a guide to what historian [[Richard J. Smith]] calls, “proper conduct for the present and future.”<ref name=Smith>Richard J. Smith, ''China’s Cultural Heritage: The Qing Dynasty, 1644-1912'', (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1983).</ref>{{rp|136}}
Zhao supported the view that historians and works of history were of great importance in China. In one instance, he argued that, while the Confucian Classics constituted the principles of Chinese dynastic government, it was works of history that provide the actual record of the government at work that could act as a guide to what historian [[Richard J. Smith]] calls, “proper conduct for the present and future.”<ref name=Smith>Richard J. Smith, ''China’s Cultural Heritage: The Qing Dynasty, 1644-1912'', (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1983).</ref>{{rp|136}}


With regard to another historical position, Zhao was at odds with the still popular and (in modern times) patriotic view that the peace policy of the [[Southern Song Dynasty]] toward the [[Jin Dynasty (1115–1234)|Jin Dynasty]] was traitorous, and Zhao instead adopted the minority position he shared with the earlier Chinese scholar [[Wang Fuzhi]] that the peace policy saved the Southern Song from further defeat at the hands of the Jin.<ref name=Waldron>Arthur Waldron, ''The Great Wall of China'', (Cambridge: University of Cambridge Press, 1990).</ref>{{rp|49}} At least one modern Western scholar has taken a position that aligns with Zhao’s, arguing that the peace policy was “validated by the later history of the Southern Sung.”<ref name=Kaplan>Edward H. Kaplan, “Yueh Fei and the Founding of the Southern Sung,” (PhD diss., University of Iowa, 1970), as found in: Arthur Waldron, ''The Great Wall of China,'' (Cambridge: University of Cambridge Press, 1990).</ref>{{rp|49}}
With regard to another historical position, Zhao was at odds with the still popular and (in modern times) patriotic view that the peace policy of the [[Southern Song dynasty]] toward the [[Jin dynasty (1115–1234)|Jin dynasty]] was traitorous, and Zhao instead adopted the minority position he shared with the earlier Chinese scholar [[Wang Fuzhi]] that the peace policy saved the Southern Song from further defeat at the hands of the Jin.<ref name=Waldron>Arthur Waldron, ''The Great Wall of China'', (Cambridge: University of Cambridge Press, 1990).</ref>{{rp|49}} At least one modern Western scholar has taken a position that aligns with Zhao's, arguing that the peace policy was “validated by the later history of the Southern Sung.”<ref name=Kaplan>Edward H. Kaplan, “Yueh Fei and the Founding of the Southern Sung,” (PhD diss., University of Iowa, 1970), as found in: Arthur Waldron, ''The Great Wall of China,'' (Cambridge: University of Cambridge Press, 1990).</ref>{{rp|49}}


In another notable instance of an unconventional historical interpretation, Zhao espoused what historian [[Arthur Waldron]] terms a “realistic opinion” that the fall of the Ming Dynasty was the fault of the empty words of poorly informed scholars whose opposition to the peace efforts of the [[Chongzhen Emperor]] toward the [[Manchu]]s brought about unnecessary conflict that the Manchus had not intended.<ref name=Waldron/>{{rp|189}} This view limits the responsibility of the Manchus for initiating Manchu-Chinese conflict and shifts it to the Chinese elites.
In another notable instance of an unconventional historical interpretation, Zhao espoused what historian [[Arthur Waldron]] terms a “realistic opinion” that the fall of the Ming dynasty was the fault of the Ming dynasty elites, who made empty words and were poorly informed. These elites opposed the peace efforts of the [[Chongzhen Emperor]] toward the [[Manchu]]s, and this brought about unnecessary conflict that the Manchus had not intended.<ref name=Waldron/>{{rp|189}} This view limits the responsibility of the Manchus for initiating Manchu-Ming conflict and shifts it to the Ming dynasty elites.


In one further notable divergence from many Chinese writers in his era and even more so during the Ming Dynasty, Zhao offered praise for the efforts of the founder of the [[Qin Dynasty]], [[Qin Shihuang]], to secure the northern borders of China with the early [[Great Wall]] rather than the criticisms of certain other Chinese writers (such as [[Wan Sitong]] and [[Li Mengyang]]).<ref name=Waldron/>{{rp|202}}
In one further notable divergence from many Chinese writers in his era and even more so during the Ming dynasty, Zhao offered praise for the efforts of the founder of the [[Qin dynasty]], [[Qin Shihuang]], to secure the northern borders of China with the early [[Great Wall]] rather than the criticisms of certain other Chinese writers (such as [[Wan Sitong]] and [[Li Mengyang]]).<ref name=Waldron/>{{rp|202}}


==Assessment==
==Assessment==
Line 54: Line 103:
*Du, Weiyun, ''Zhao Yi zhuan''. Taipei, 1983.
*Du, Weiyun, ''Zhao Yi zhuan''. Taipei, 1983.
*Wang, Jiangsheng. ''Zhao Oubei yanjiu''. Taipei, 1988.
*Wang, Jiangsheng. ''Zhao Oubei yanjiu''. Taipei, 1988.
*{{cite ECCP|title=Chao I}}

==External links==
* {{Gutenberg author | id=31301}}

{{Authority control}}


{{Persondata
| NAME = Zhaom Yu
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = Qing Dynasty poet and historian
| DATE OF BIRTH =
| PLACE OF BIRTH =
| DATE OF DEATH = 1814
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Zhao, Yi}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Zhao, Yi}}
[[Category:Qing Dynasty poets]]
[[Category:Qing Dynasty historians]]
[[Category:Year of birth uncertain]]
[[Category:1814 deaths]]
[[Category:1814 deaths]]
[[Category:Qing dynasty poets]]
[[Category:People listed in Hummel's Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing Period]]
[[Category:Political office-holders in Guangxi]]
[[Category:Political office-holders in Guangdong]]
[[Category:Political office-holders in Guizhou]]
[[Category:Writers from Changzhou]]
[[Category:Politicians from Changzhou]]
[[Category:Poets from Jiangsu]]
[[Category:Historians from Jiangsu]]
[[Category:19th-century Chinese historians]]
[[Category:1727 births]]

Latest revision as of 04:00, 25 August 2024

This article is about the poet and historian of the Qing dynasty. For the swimmer who participated in the 1996 Summer Olympics, see Zhao Yi (swimmer). For the consort rank, see zhaoyi.
Zhao Yi
趙翼
Former Residence of Zhao Yi.
Born1727
Changzhou, Jiangsu, China
Died1814 (aged 86–87)
Changzhou, Jiangsu, China
OccupationPoet
Notable workNotes on the Twenty-Two Dynastic Histories
Yunsong
Traditional Chinese雲崧
Simplified Chinese云崧
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu PinyinYúnsōng
Yunsong
Chinese耘崧
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu PinyinYúnsōng
Oubei
Traditional Chinese甌北
Simplified Chinese瓯北
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu PinyinOūbeǐ
Qiu'e
Chinese裘萼
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu PinyinQiú'è
Sanban Laoren
Chinese三半老人
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu PinyinSānbàn Lǎorén
In this Chinese name, the family name is Zhao.

Zhao Yi (Chinese: 趙翼; 1727–1814) was a poet, historian, and critic during the Qing dynasty in China. Zhao is notable for his innovative poetry, his historical writings (including Notes on the Twenty-Two Dynastic Histories), and for espousing unconventional views on various aspects of Chinese dynastic history.

Education

[edit]
The Former Residence of Zhao Yi in Changzhou, Jiangsu

Zhao's early life exemplified the Confucian ideal of upward mobility from destitution through the skillful cultivation and use of intelligence, education, and personal connections.[1]: 135–136  Like many other aspirants to social status in the Qing Empire, Zhao began his studies early in life. Zhao began his education before the age of five, and was recorded to have been a precocious learner.[1]: 110  Later, Zhao was further spurred on to achieve educational and career success to ensure the well-being of his family after his father died when Zhao was only 14 years old.[1]: 118 

In the imperial examination system, Zhao achieved admirable success, despite early setbacks. After apparently failing a local examination fourteen times, Zhao went on to earn his provincial degree in 1750 at the age of 23 on his second attempt, and later earned his metropolitan degree in 1761, placing third overall in his cohort behind Wang Jie and Hu Gaowang.[1]: 36–37, 110  Notably, Zhao specialized in the difficult Book of Rites (along with only 6% of his cohort), and incorporated emphasis on practical problems of government.[1]: 73, 75, 105 

Even as he performed well in the imperial examination system, Zhao was notably defiant in his examination writings. In these writings, Zhao criticized the format and practices of the examination system, taking aim at issues including the imposed formal structure of examination writing as well as the failures of examiners in their duty both to those taking the exams and to the level of scholarly discourse.[1]: 94–95 

Poetry

[edit]

At least in part because of an aversion to examination writing, Zhao delved into poetry.[1]: 114  Zhao eventually became and is still remembered as one of the Three Masters of the Qianlong Period for his poetry (the others being Zhao's friends Yuan Mei and Jiang Shiquan).[2]: 102 

The originality of Zhao's ideas on poetry were recognized in his own lifetime, as is attested to in the writings of his friend and fellow poet Yuan Mei who appreciated Zhao's poetic eccentricities as well as his unorthodox and rich literary influences, and drew a firm distinction between Zhao's work and that of his contemporaries who imitated Tang and Song poetry.[2]: 271 

Notable historical positions

[edit]

For the compilation of works on the Dzungar campaign like Strategy for the pacification of the Dzungars (Pingding Zhunge'er fanglue), the Qing hired Zhao Yi and Jiang Yongzhi at the Military Archives Office, in their capacity as members of the Hanlin.[3] Zhao wrote poems glorifying the Qing conquest and genocide of the Dzungar Mongols.[4][5] Zhao Yi wrote the Yanpu zaji in "brush-notes" style, where military expenditures of the Qianlong Emperor's reign were recorded.[6]

The Qianlong Emperor was praised as being the source of "eighteenth-century peace and prosperity" by Zhao Yi.[7]

Zhao supported the view that historians and works of history were of great importance in China. In one instance, he argued that, while the Confucian Classics constituted the principles of Chinese dynastic government, it was works of history that provide the actual record of the government at work that could act as a guide to what historian Richard J. Smith calls, “proper conduct for the present and future.”[8]: 136 

With regard to another historical position, Zhao was at odds with the still popular and (in modern times) patriotic view that the peace policy of the Southern Song dynasty toward the Jin dynasty was traitorous, and Zhao instead adopted the minority position he shared with the earlier Chinese scholar Wang Fuzhi that the peace policy saved the Southern Song from further defeat at the hands of the Jin.[9]: 49  At least one modern Western scholar has taken a position that aligns with Zhao's, arguing that the peace policy was “validated by the later history of the Southern Sung.”[10]: 49 

In another notable instance of an unconventional historical interpretation, Zhao espoused what historian Arthur Waldron terms a “realistic opinion” that the fall of the Ming dynasty was the fault of the Ming dynasty elites, who made empty words and were poorly informed. These elites opposed the peace efforts of the Chongzhen Emperor toward the Manchus, and this brought about unnecessary conflict that the Manchus had not intended.[9]: 189  This view limits the responsibility of the Manchus for initiating Manchu-Ming conflict and shifts it to the Ming dynasty elites.

In one further notable divergence from many Chinese writers in his era and even more so during the Ming dynasty, Zhao offered praise for the efforts of the founder of the Qin dynasty, Qin Shihuang, to secure the northern borders of China with the early Great Wall rather than the criticisms of certain other Chinese writers (such as Wan Sitong and Li Mengyang).[9]: 202 

Assessment

[edit]

Although because of various setbacks, Zhao failed to achieve the political influence which he had ambitions to attain in his lifetime and considered his professional career a failure, Zhao has been recognized as an important figure in Chinese history and historiography through the present day.[1]: 199 

Citations

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d e f g h Iona D. Man Cheong, Class of 1761, (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2004).
  2. ^ a b J. D. Schmidt, Harmony Garden: The Life, Literary Criticism, and Poetry of Yuan Mei (1716-1798), (New York: RoutledgeCurzon, 2003).
  3. ^ Man-Cheong, Iona (2004). Class of 1761. Stanford University Press. p. 180. ISBN 0804767130. Retrieved 24 April 2014.
  4. ^ Schmidt, J. D. (2013). Harmony Garden: The Life, Literary Criticism, and Poetry of Yuan Mei (1716-1798). Routledge. p. 444. ISBN 978-1136862250. Retrieved 24 April 2014.
  5. ^ Schmidt, Jerry D. (2013). The Poet Zheng Zhen (1806-1864) and the Rise of Chinese Modernity. BRILL. p. 394. ISBN 978-9004252295. Retrieved 24 April 2014.
  6. ^ Theobald, Ulrich (2013). War Finance and Logistics in Late Imperial China: A Study of the Second Jinchuan Campaign (1771–1776). BRILL. p. 32. ISBN 978-9004255678. Retrieved 24 April 2014.
  7. ^ Chang, Michael G. (2007). A Court on Horseback: Imperial Touring & the Construction of Qing Rule, 1680-1785. Vol. 287 of Harvard East Asian monographs (illustrated ed.). Harvard University Asia Center. p. 435. ISBN 978-0674024540. Retrieved 24 April 2014.
  8. ^ Richard J. Smith, China’s Cultural Heritage: The Qing Dynasty, 1644-1912, (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1983).
  9. ^ a b c Arthur Waldron, The Great Wall of China, (Cambridge: University of Cambridge Press, 1990).
  10. ^ Edward H. Kaplan, “Yueh Fei and the Founding of the Southern Sung,” (PhD diss., University of Iowa, 1970), as found in: Arthur Waldron, The Great Wall of China, (Cambridge: University of Cambridge Press, 1990).

References

[edit]
  • Cheong, Iona D. Man. Class of 1761. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2004.
  • Kaplan, Edward H. "Yueh Fei and the Founding of the Southern Sung." PhD diss., University of Iowa, 1970, as found in: Waldron, Arthur. The Great Wall of China: From History to Myth. Cambridge: University of Cambridge Press, 1990.
  • Schmidt, J. D. Harmony Garden: The Life, Literary Criticism, and Poetry of Yuan Mei (1716-1798). New York: RoutledgeCurzon, 2003.
  • Smith, Richard J. China’s Cultural Heritage: The Qing Dynasty, 1644-1912. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1983.
  • Waldron, Arthur. The Great Wall of China: From History to Myth. Cambridge: University of Cambridge Press, 1990.

Further reading

[edit]
[edit]
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