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Christian Reformed Church in North America

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"CRCNA" redirects here. For the Cooperative Research Centre for Developing Northern Australia, see Saccostrea echinata § Aquaculture in Australia.
Christian Reformed Church in North America
Official Logo of the Christian Reformed Church
AbbreviationCRCNA or CRC
ClassificationProtestant
OrientationEvangelical, Continental Dutch Reformed
TheologyReformed
PolityModified-Presbyterian
Associations
RegionUnited States, Canada
HeadquartersGrand Rapids, Michigan and Burlington, Ontario
Origin1857
Holland, Michigan
Separated fromFounded by Dutch immigrants;
split from the Reformed Church in America
Branched fromDutch Reformed Church
Separations1924–26 Protestant Reformed Churches;
1988 Orthodox Christian Reformed Churches;
1996 United Reformed Churches in North America
Congregations1,000 (2024)[1]
Members189,753 (2024)[1]
Official websitewww.crcna.org

The Christian Reformed Church in North America (CRCNA or CRC) is a Protestant Calvinist Christian denomination in the United States and Canada. Having roots in the Dutch Reformed Church of the Netherlands, the Christian Reformed Church was founded by Dutch immigrants in 1857 and is theologically Calvinist.[2]

History

[edit]

The Christian Reformed Church (CRC) split from the Reformed Church in America (then known as the Dutch Reformed Church) in an 1857 secession. This was rooted in part as a result of a theological dispute that originated in the Netherlands in which Hendrik De Cock was deposed for his Calvinist convictions, leading there to the Secession of 1834–35. For the CRC founders in America, the RCA then appeared to contain problems similar to those that they had seen in the State Church in the old country. Gijsbert Haan (January 3, 1801 – July 27, 1874) was the leader in the 1857 Secession of Dutch-Americans from the Reformed Church in America and the creator of the Christian Reformed Church in the United States and Canada.

In 1857, four churches with about 130 families (about 10 percent of the Dutch immigrant church members in West Michigan at the time) seceded. In March, the Noordeloos church of the Classis of Holland, Michigan, left the Reformed Church in America. On March 19, some members of Second Reformed Church, Grand Rapids, Michigan, organized a church that became First CRC, Grand Rapids, Michigan. On April 8, churches in Graafschap and Polkton also left the Classis of Holland. Two ministers, Koene van den Bosch and Hendrik Klijn, joined the separatists, although Klijn returned to the Reformed Church six months later.

The new denomination that formed from this secession was led by elders and ministers from the churches in the northern Netherlands, especially from the province of Groningen, that had organized after the 1834 secession in the Netherlands, although members of the new denomination came from all parts of the Netherlands. The reasons given for leaving the Reformed Church were the use of hymns (versus Exclusive psalmody) during worship, allowing free access to communion, lax interpretation of grace, permitting membership in Freemasonry, and failure to provide catechetical instruction to young people.

For the two years, the denomination had no corporate name. In 1859, Holland Reformed Church (Hollandsche Gereformeerde Kerk) was adopted, which was changed to Free Dutch Reformed Church (no record of a Dutch translation) in 1861. Two years later, True Dutch Reformed Church (Ware Hollandsche Gereformeerde Kerk) was approved, which was changed to Holland Christian Reformed Church (Hollandsche Christelijke Gereformeerde Kerk) in 1880. In 1894 congregations also could use Christian Reformed Church (Christelijke Gereformeerde Kerk) as well. The full adoption of Christian Reformed Church came in 1904, which became Christian Reformed Church in North America in 1974.

In 1875, the denomination opened a theological school in Grand Rapids, Michigan. The Preparatory Department of the school became Calvin College, while the Theological Department became Calvin Theological Seminary. By 1880 the denomination had grown to 42 congregations. Ten years later the number had grown to 100 located in 11 states. During the 1890s congregations from the True Protestant Dutch Reformed Church (located in New York and New Jersey) joined the CRC. During the 20th century a number of congregations from the disbanding German Reformed Churches also joined the CRC.

By 1920, the denomination had grown to 350 congregations. At that time an estimated 350,000 Dutch immigrants had come to the United States, some of whom were in the Dutch Reformed tradition that since the 1880s was influenced by Abraham Kuyper, a Dutch Neo-Calvinist theologian, journalist, and statesman (he served as Prime Minister of the Netherlands, 1901-1905). He founded the Gereformeerde Kerken, a newspaper, the Free University of Amsterdam, and the Anti-Revolutionary Political Party.

During the early 1920s, the CRC adopted three doctrinal points regarding common grace. Three ministers, Herman Hoeksema, George Ophoff, and Henry Danhof were deposed for rejecting three points as being contrary to the Reformed confessions. The dispute led to the three ministers and their followers leaving the CRC and forming what is now the Protestant Reformed Churches in America.

After the Second World War, a new wave of Dutch Calvinist immigration occurred to Canada, most of which were Kuyperian. By 1960, half of the denomination's new congregations (138 of 288) were in Canada.

In the early 1950s, a division within the Protestant Reformed Churches in America led to about three fifths of its members forming the Orthodox Protestant Reformed Church, which joined the CRC in 1961.

Ecumenical partnerships

[edit]

In 1975 the CRC joined the Orthodox Presbyterian Church (OPC), Reformed Presbyterian Church of North America (RPCNA), the Reformed Presbyterian Church, Evangelical Synod (RPCES) and the Presbyterian Church in America (PCA) in forming the North American Presbyterian and Reformed Council (NAPARC).

In the last decades of the 20th century, the Synod enacted innovations that were rejected by some of its more conservative members and one-time sister denominations. Out of concern about the state of affairs in the CRC, a group of ministers formed the Mid-America Reformed Seminary in 1981, and around the same time a federation of churches known as the Orthodox Christian Reformed Churches (OCRC), comprising some former CRC congregations, was formed. The 1995 decision to ordain women led to the formation of the United Reformed Churches in North America (URC), and the severing of fraternal relationships between the CRC and the OPC and PCA in 1997. Because of the decision to ordain women, NAPARC suspended the CRC from membership in 1999 and expelled it in 2001. This gradual shift has spurred some of the more conservative congregations to leave; a significant number of these have ended up in the PCA, OPC, or URC. In 2008, the OCRC dissolved and member churches joined the URC.

The CRC was a charter member of the Reformed Ecumenical Council, which organized at Grand Rapids, Michigan in 1946. The CRC joined the World Alliance of Reformed Churches in 2002[3] after many years of hesitation due to what was seen as the more liberal membership and agenda of that body. In 2010, the Reformed Ecumenical Council and World Alliance of Reformed Churches merged to form the World Communion of Reformed Churches at a joint meeting hosted by the CRC in Grand Rapids, Michigan. The CRC also belongs to the Canadian Council of Churches, the Evangelical Fellowship of Canada, the World Reformed Fellowship, and the National Association of Evangelicals. The CRC participates in Christian Churches Together in the United States and in the Global Christian Forum.[4]

As of 2016 the CRC has bilateral relationships with 39 denominations around the globe: 24 are in "ecclesiastical fellowship;" 10 are "in dialogue;" and five are in "corresponding fellowship." In North America, the CRC is denominational partners with the more mainline Reformed Church in America (from which it had split in 1857) and in ecclesiastical fellowship with the Evangelical Presbyterian Church and ECO: A Covenant Order of Evangelical Presbyterians.[5]

Theology

[edit]

The Christian Reformed Church is Calvinist,[2] confessional and evangelical in its theology. It places high value on theological study and the application of theology to current issues, emphasizes the importance of careful Biblical hermeneutics, and has traditionally respected the personal conscience of individual members who feel they are led by the Holy Spirit. The Church promotes the belief that Christians do not earn their salvation, but that it is a wholly unmerited gift from God, and that good works are the Christian response to that gift.

Reformed theology as practiced in the CRC is founded in Calvinism. A more recent theologian of great influence on this denomination was Abraham Kuyper (1837–1920). Kuyper, who served as the Prime Minister of the Netherlands from 1901 to 1905, promoted a belief in social responsibility and called on Christians to engage actively in improving all aspects of life and society. Kuyper is regarded as a founding father of Christian Democracy political ideology. Current scholars with wider reputations, such as philosophers Alvin Plantinga and Nicholas Wolterstorff, as well as Lewis B. Smedes, have associations with this denomination and with Calvin University. Philip Yancey has stated, "I also admire the tradition of the Christian Reformed Church, which advocates 'bringing every thought captive' under the mind of Christ; that tiny 'transforming' denomination has had an enormous influence on science, philosophy, and the arts."[6]

Doctrinal standards

[edit]

The CRC officially subscribes to the Ecumenical Creeds[7]—the Apostles' Creed, the Nicene Creed, and the Athanasian Creed—as well as three Reformed Confessions, commonly referred as the Three Forms of Unity: the Belgic Confession, the Heidelberg Catechism, and the Canons of Dort.[8]

In 1986, the CRC formulated a statement of faith titled "Our World Belongs to God:[9] A Contemporary Testimony" which addresses issues such as secularism, individualism, and relativism. These issues were seen as "unique challenges of faith presented by the times in which we live".[10] While not having confessional status, it is meant to give a hymn-like expression of CRC beliefs within the heritage of the Reformed confessions, especially addressing issues that confront the church today.[11] The Contemporary Testimony was reviewed and updated in 2008. The second Contemporary Testimony held by the CRCNA is the Belhar Confession, a testimony written in Afrikaans in 1982 from Reformed churches in South Africa.[12]

Social issues

[edit]

The Christian Reformed Church has stated its position on a number of social issues. Summaries of those positions and references to full reports with exact statements can be found at crcna.org.[13]

The CRC is opposed to abortion except in cases when the "life of the mother is genuinely threatened" by her pregnancy. The church "affirms the unique value of all human life" from the "moment of conception". Believers are called upon to show "compassion" to those experiencing unwanted pregnancies, even while they speak out against the "atrocity" of abortion. In 2010, the Synod adopted a recommendation "to instruct the Office of Social Justice and Hunger Action (OSJ) to boldly advocate for the church's position against abortion, and to help equip churches to promote the sanctity of human life" (Acts of Synod 2010, p. 883)."[14]

Unlike many other Christian denominations, the CRC does not have an official stance on euthanasia. Their Acts of the 1972 Synod, however, can be interpreted as also a condemnation of euthanasia, since it opposes "the wanton or arbitrary destruction of any human being at any stage of its development from the point of conception to the point of death". (Acts of Synod 1972, p. 64)[15][improper synthesis?] The CRC already expressed its official opposition to legal euthanasia both in Canada and the United States.[16]

The CRC has a moderate stance on the death penalty: "The CRC has declared that modern states are not obligated by Scripture, creed, or principle to institute and practice capital punishment. It does, however, recognize that Scripture acknowledges the right of modern states to institute and practice capital punishment if it is exercised with utmost restraint."[17]

The stance of the CRC is that homosexuality is "a condition of disordered sexuality that reflects the brokenness of our sinful world". Christian homosexuals should not pursue "homosexualism", defined as "explicit homosexual practice", which is "incompatible with obedience to the will of God as revealed in Scripture". Christian homosexuals should be given "loving support" within the church community, compassion, and support "towards healing and wholeness".[18][19] Christian homosexuals, like all Christians, are called to discipleship, holy obedience, and the use of their gifts in the cause of the kingdom. Opportunities to serve within the offices and the life of the congregation should be afforded to them as to heterosexual Christians.[20]

The Christian Reformed Church in North America also opposes Freemasonry.[21]

Political involvement

[edit]

The CRC educates its constituency and mobilizes member advocacy on a wide range of social justice issues in Canada and the United States.[22] It does so primarily through its Office of Social Justice and Hunger Action[23] (OSJ) and the Centre for Public Dialogue[24] (CPD) in Canada. Major issues on which the CRC has clear, biblically rooted positions and an active advocacy effort include: Reducing or ending abortion, comprehensive reform of the U.S. immigration system, ending global poverty and hunger, fighting systemic racism in both Canada and the U.S., achieving more justice for aboriginal groups in the U.S. and Canada, organizing for a stronger governmental and private sector response to care for God's creation – including climate change, refugee protection and resettlement, and standing in solidarity with those who are persecuted for their faith.

Missions

[edit]
A CRC church on the Navajo reservation

The CRC has mission efforts and ministries in Nigeria, South America, Southeast Asia, and the Navajo reservation. Among the most prominent reservation churches are the Zuni and Rehoboth missions. Rehoboth was founded in 1903 and has grown significantly into a large church and has an independent school with over 500 students in grades K-12; Zuni has experienced the same in its community. The Rehoboth hospital moved to the neighboring town of Gallup in 1970. Rehoboth built a high-school in 1951, and a new high school, funded by the DeVos family, was built in 2018. The first Rehoboth church was built in 1908, though the congregation moved to a new building in 2005.

Governance

[edit]
The Christian Reformed Church emblem approved for U.S. military gravestones.

Church polity refers to the form of governance and organization of a church. The CRC follows a Presbyterian form of church polity organized under governance by elders, as compared to Episcopal polities organized under governance by bishops (Roman Catholic, United Methodist, and Episcopal denominations) and Congregational polities organized under the governance of the local congregation (Congregational, Baptist, Disciples of Christ). Governance by elders is assumed throughout the Christian Reformed Church Order, but CRC polity is not exactly like that of Presbyterian denominations. Two particular differences include the fact that the CRC has limited tenure for officebearers (so elders and deacons serve terms, not forever), and ministers are ordained and credentialed by a local congregation, not the regional classis or presbytery. Another key difference is that church polity in the CRC does not have confessional status and, therefore, the Church Order does not have the same authority as the creeds. The Church Order is subordinate to the creeds and confessions, which are subordinate to Scripture.[25]

The Christian Reformed Church has three levels of assembly: the church council (local assembly, composed of a congregation's deacons, elders, and ministerial staff), the classis (regional assembly, of which there are 48: 37 in the United States and 12 in Canada, with one straddling the international border), and the synod (bi-national assembly.)[26] The church's Synod meets annually in June, with 192 delegates: a minister, an elder and a deacon from each classis, plus one other officebearer.

Central offices of the church are located in Grand Rapids, Michigan, and Burlington, Ontario. The CRC in North America has sent missionaries to many countries around the world where Christian Reformed churches have been established, but these have organized on their own and are independent from the North American denomination.

Education and agencies

[edit]

Reformed teaching puts an emphasis on education. As such, many CRC members support Christian day schools as well as post-secondary education.[27]

The denomination owns and supports Calvin University as well as Calvin Theological Seminary in Grand Rapids, Michigan, where the denomination's U.S. offices are located. Historically most ministers ordained in the CRC were trained at Calvin Seminary. Other colleges associated with the denomination are Kuyper College (also located in Grand Rapids), Trinity Christian College in Palos Heights, Illinois; Dordt University in Sioux Center, Iowa; Redeemer University College in Ancaster, Ontario; The King's University in Edmonton, Alberta, and the post-graduate Institute for Christian Studies in Toronto, Ontario.[28]

Elim Christian Services in Palos Heights, Illinois, offers a school devoted to the education of those with special needs.

Agencies

[edit]
The Back to God Hour radio program logo
The logo of The Back to God Hour radio program, which gave Back to God Ministries International its original name
  • ReFrame Ministries – (formerly The Back to God Hour) media ministry founded in 1939 that uses radio, television, internet, and text messaging to reach nearly 200 countries, with 34 websites in 10 languages[29]
  • Calvin University – the oldest and primary college of the CRCNA
  • Calvin Theological Seminary – the CRCNA seminary for training ministers and those doing ministry work
  • Resonate Global Mission - Formed by the joining of Christian Reformed Home Missions and Christian Reformed World Missions, Resonate Global Mission, trains leaders, guides new churches, and forges partnerships to proclaim and live out the good news of Jesus Christ worldwide.
  • World Renew – World Renew, formerly the Christian Reformed World Relief Committee (CRWRC), is the relief and development organization of the Christian Reformed Church. It responds to the needs of people around the world who are suffering from poverty, hunger, disaster, and injustice.[30][31]

Departments and offices

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  • Faith Alive Christian Resources [32]– known as CRC Publications until 2007, publishes and distributes books, magazines and learning materials. In 2013, Faith Alive was reorganized from a CRC agency with its own board to a department supervised by the CRC Board of Trustees.
  • Canadian Ministries[33]
  • Candidacy Committee[34]
  • Chaplaincy & Care Ministry[35]
  • CRC Foundation[36]
  • Disability Concerns[37]
  • Ecumenical and Interfaith Relations Committee (EIRC)[38]
  • CRC Loan Fund[39]
  • Office of Social Justice[23]
  • Centre for Public Dialogue[24]
  • Pastor-Church Resources[40]
  • Race Relations[41]
  • Safe Church[42]
  • Servicelink[43]
  • Sustaining Congregational Excellence (SCE)[44]
  • Sustaining Pastoral Excellence (SPE)[45]
[edit]

Demographics

[edit]
Year Membership churches
1963 256,015 585
1964 263,178 597
1965 268,165 610
1966 272,461 624
1967 275,530 629
1968 278,869 634
1969 281,523 648
1970 284,737 658
1971 285,628 660
1972 286,094 674
1973 287,114 750
1974 287,553 763
1975 286,371 688
1976 287,503 695
1977 288,024 706
1978 287,656 791
1979 289,011 814
1980 292,379 828
1981 294,354 824
1982 296,706 828
1983 299,685 828
1984 302,436 838
1985 305,228 853
1986 306,309 959
1987 308,993 876
1988 310,160 891
1989 310,014 903
1990 314,226 941
1991 315,086 958
1992 316,415 981
1993 311,202 979
1994 300,320 979
1995 294,179 985
1996 291,796 991
1997 285,864 987
1998 279,029 972
1999 275,466 964
2000 276,376 982
2001 279,068 991
2002 278,944 989
2003 278,798 995
2004 275,708 1,002
2005 273,220 1,021
2006 272,127 1,047
2007 269,221 1,057
2008 268,052 1,049
2009 264,330 1,059
2010 262,588 1,078
2011 255,706 1,084
2012 251,727 1,099
2013 248,258 1,101
2014 245,217 1,103
2015 242,794 1,090
2016 235,921 1,088
2017 234,819 1,091
2018 227,968 1,094
2019 222,156 1,072
2020 216,336 1,063
2021 211,706 1,057[49]
2022 204,664 1,053[50]
2023 195,704 1,015[51]
2024 189,753 1,000[1]

CRC churches are predominantly located in areas of Dutch immigrant settlement in North America, including Brookfield, Wisconsin, Western Michigan, Chicago, the city of Lynden in Washington State, British Columbia, Ontario, Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island, New Brunswick, Alberta, Iowa, suburban southern California, Ripon, California, and northern New Jersey.[52] About 75% of the CRCNA congregations are located in the US, while the remaining 25% are in Canada.[2] The church has grown more ethnically diverse with some congregations predominantly Native American, Korean, Chinese, Vietnamese, African-American and Hispanic. All together, Christian Reformed Churches speak around 20 languages and over 170 congregations speak a language other than English or Dutch.[52] Many churches, particularly in more urban areas, are becoming much more integrated. Emerging from its role as primarily an immigrant church, the church has become more outward focused in recent years.[53]

Christian Reformed Churches in the US by county, 2008
[edit]

After a time of steady growth during the period of 1963–1992, membership totals have declined, even though the number of churches has grown. In 1992, at the height of its membership, the Christian Reformed Churches had 316,415 members in 981 churches in the United States and Canada. In 2019 membership had dropped to 222,156 members in 1072 churches, marking a loss of 78,164 members (or 26% of its membership) in the last 25 years.[49]

Notable members

[edit]

See also

[edit]

The Christian Reformed Church is not a worldwide organization but has similar, independent church bodies in other lands.

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c "2024 CRCNA Church Statistics". Retrieved January 30, 2024.
  2. ^ a b c Welcome: Learn about the CRC Archived July 22, 2011, at the Wayback Machine. Christian Reformed Church.
  3. ^ Acts of Synod 2002, pg.485; Acts of Synod 2003, pg.231
  4. ^ www.brandesign.com.au. "GCF Home". www.globalchristianforum.org.
  5. ^ "Relationships | Ecumenical and Interfaith Relations Committee | Christian Reformed Church".
  6. ^ Philip Yancey, "A State of Ungrace Part 2" Christianity Today Vol. 41, No. 2. February 3, 1997
  7. ^ De Moor, Robert (2001). Reformed: What It Means, Why It Matters. Faith Alive Christian Resources. pp. 67. ISBN 1-56212-433-1.
  8. ^ Psalter Hymnal: Doctrinal Standards and Liturgy of the Christian Reformed Church. Publication Committee of the Christian Reformed Church, Inc. 1959.
  9. ^ "Our World Belongs to God - Christian Reformed Church". Archived from the original on 2011-05-18. Retrieved 2011-05-19.
  10. ^ De Moor, Robert (2001). Reformed: What It Means, Why It Matters. Faith Alive Christian Resources. pp. 68. ISBN 1-56212-433-1.
  11. ^ "Our Faith - Ecumenical Creeds, Reformed Confessions, and Other Resources" (PDF).
  12. ^ Advisory Committee crcna.org
  13. ^ Position statements crcna.org
  14. ^ "Abortion". 26 June 2012. Retrieved 1 July 2016.
  15. ^ Christian Reformed Church in North America on euthanasia. Christian Reformed Church.
  16. ^ "News and Views". Retrieved 1 July 2016.
  17. ^ "Capital Punishment". 26 June 2012. Retrieved 1 July 2016.
  18. ^ "Homosexuality". Christian Reformed Church. Archived from the original on 21 October 2012. Retrieved 18 September 2012.
  19. ^ "Pastoral Care for Homosexual Members" (PDF). Christian Reformed Church. Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 June 2012. Retrieved 18 September 2012.
  20. ^ "Homosexuality". 26 June 2012.
  21. ^ "Freemasonry: What Christian Churches Really Think! – Jubilee Resources". jubileeresources.org.
  22. ^ "Advancing God's Kingdom: Calvinism, Calvin College, and Betsy DeVos". 30 January 2017.
  23. ^ a b "Office of Social Justice -". justice.crcna.org.
  24. ^ a b "Centre for Public Dialogue". 25 April 2016.
  25. ^ "Church Order and Supplements, 2015" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-03-05.
  26. ^ Christian Reformed Church Governance. Christian Reformed Church.
  27. ^ De Moor, Robert (2001). Reformed: What It Means, Why It Matters. Faith Alive Christian Resources. pp. 58–59. ISBN 1-56212-433-1.
  28. ^ Happy 150th, CRC!, Rev. Scott Hoezee, The Banner, 2007
  29. ^ "Back To God Ministries International". Retrieved 1 July 2016.
  30. ^ "World Renew". World Renew.
  31. ^ "Acts of Synod, page 606" (PDF).
  32. ^ "Faith Alive Christian Resources". www.faithaliveresources.org.
  33. ^ "Ministry in Canada". 24 July 2012.
  34. ^ "Candidacy Committee". 31 July 2012.
  35. ^ "Chaplaincy & Care Ministry". 31 July 2012.
  36. ^ "CRC Foundation". 31 July 2012.
  37. ^ "Disability Concerns". 27 April 2015.
  38. ^ "EIRC - Ecumenical and Interfaith Relations Committee | Christian Reformed Church". Archived from the original on 2016-09-19. Retrieved 2016-10-18.
  39. ^ "Loan Fund". 10 July 2012.
  40. ^ "Pastor Church Resources". 31 July 2012.
  41. ^ "Race Relations". 31 July 2012.
  42. ^ "Safe Church". 31 July 2012.
  43. ^ "Servicelink". 19 June 2013. Archived from the original on 19 October 2016. Retrieved 18 October 2016.
  44. ^ "Sustaining Congregational Excellence". 28 August 2015. Archived from the original on 19 October 2016. Retrieved 18 October 2016.
  45. ^ "Sustaining Pastoral Excellence". 14 July 2015.
  46. ^ "Diaconal Ministries Canada – Transforming communities in Christ". diaconalministries.com. Retrieved 23 July 2023.
  47. ^ "Friendship Ministries – Disability Ministry Resources". www.friendship.org.
  48. ^ "Ending Poverty, Creating Opportunity - Partners Worldwide". Partners Worldwide.
  49. ^ a b "Yearbook 2021" (PDF). crcna.org. Christian Reformed Church in North America. Retrieved June 27, 2022.
  50. ^ "Statistics 2022". Retrieved June 27, 2022.
  51. ^ "2023 CRCNA Church Statistics". Retrieved December 27, 2023.
  52. ^ a b "Find a Church". Archived from the original on 13 September 2016. Retrieved 1 July 2016.
  53. ^ "History". 1 June 2012.
  54. ^ "Dossier - Dr. Calvin B. DeWitt". www.nationalcenter.org. Archived from the original on 2017-03-05. Retrieved 2016-11-14.
  55. ^ Festival of Faith and Writing brings together a variety of voices. Calvin College – Spark On-Line.
  56. ^ "Dr. Manuel Ortiz '71 - Cairn Magazine". 21 September 2010.

References

[edit]
  • Bratt, James H. Dutch Calvinism in Modern America: A History of a Conservative Subculture. Eerdmans, 1984.
  • Doezema, Linda Pegman. Dutch Americans: A Guide to Information Sources. Gale Research, 1979.
  • Kroes, Rob, and Henk-Otto Neuschafer, eds. The Dutch in North America: Their Immigration and Cultural Continuity. Amsterdam: Free University Press, 1991.
  • Kromminga, John. The Christian Reformed Church: A Study in Orthodoxy. Grand Rapids, Mich.: Baker Books, 1949.
  • Schaap, James. Our Family Album: The Unfinished Story of the Christian Reformed Church. Grand Rapids, Mich.: CRC Publications, 1998.
  • Sheeres, Janet Sjaarda. Son of Secession: Douwe J. Vander Werp. Grand Rapids, Mich.: Eerdmans, 2006.
  • Smidt, Corwin, Donald Luidens, James Penning, and Roger Nemeth. Divided by a Common Heritage: The Christian Reformed Church and the Reformed Church in America at the Beginning of the New Millennium. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 2006.
  • Swierenga, Robert. Faith and Family: Dutch Immigration and Settlement in the United States, 1820–1920 (2000)
  • Zwaanstra, Henry. Reformed Thought and Experience in a New World: A Study of the Christian Reformed Church and Its American Environment 1890–1918. The Netherlands: Kampen, 1973. 331 pp.
  • Witteveen Fred, rehoboth christian school 1903-2003.
[edit]
Wikisource has the text of a 1920 Encyclopedia Americana article about Christian Reformed Church.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christian_Reformed_Church_in_North_America&oldid=1251147206#History"