Marriage in pre-Islamic Arabia
In pre-Islamic Arabia, a variety of different marriage practices existed. The most common and recognized types of marriage at this time consisted of: marriage by agreement, marriage by capture, marriage by mahr, marriage by inheritance and Mutah or temporary marriage.[1]
Marriage by agreement
[edit]The reason for intertribal marriages was to ensure the protection and possession of the children the couple would produce.[2] Women in some intertribal marriages had more freedom and retained the right to dismiss or divorce their husbands at any time. The women had precise rituals they used to inform their husbands of their dismissal, such as this: "if they lived in a tent they turned it around, so that if the door faced east, it now faced west, and when the man saw this, he knew that he was dismissed and did not enter".[3]
Marriage by Mahr
[edit]Marriage by Mahr was the standard marriage practice. These marriages consisted of the groom or groom's father paying the bride an amount, indicating that he was capable of supporting her financially after the marriage. With the spread of Islam, Mahr became Fard, meaning "obligatory" in Islamic law.[2] However, while pre-Islamic Arabia typically did not give the Mahr to the bride and instead her Wali (guardian), Islam decreed for it to be in possession of the wife (unless she trusts her Wali to keep it safe).[4]
Marriage by capture
[edit]Marriage by capture, often taking place during times of war, occurred when women were taken captive by men from other tribes and placed on the slave market of Mecca. From the slave market these women were sold into marriage or slavery. In captive marriages men bought their wives and therefore had complete control over them. Women in these marriages had no freedom and were subjected to following their husbands' orders and bearing their children. These women became their husbands' property and had no right to divorce.[2]
Beena
[edit]Beena is a form of marriage used in pre-Islamic Arabia, in which a wife would own a tent of her own, within which she retained complete independence from her husband, according to William Robertson Smith.[5] The term was suggested by John Ferguson McLennan, who noted that in Ceylon (now Sri Lanka) the marriage when a husband goes to live in the wife's village is called "beena marriage", and suggested "beena" as a general term for this kind of marriage.[6]
Other forms of marriage
[edit]Nikah Istibdaa
[edit]In this kind of marriage, a man would refrain from having any sexual intercourse with his wife, and then send her off to a man of higher status, who would then impregnate her in the hopes of getting a child of stronger breed. After the pregnancy, the man would then have intercourse with his wife if she wanted him to; and the man would claim fatherhood of the foster child born from her relations with the other man.[7] An example of this incident was described to the Islamic prophet Muhammad, who replied that the child belongs to the one on whose bed it is born.[7][8]
As with all other forms of pre-Islamic marriage, Nikah Istibdaa was largely abolished in Arabia during the 7th century CE.[8][9]
Notes
[edit]- ^ Shah, N. (2006). Women, The Koran and International Human Rights Law. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. pp. 32. ISBN 90-04-15237-7.
- ^ a b c "Women in Pre-Islamic Arabia". Muslim Women's League. September 1995.
- ^ Mernissi, F. (1987). Beyond the Veil: Male-Female Dynamics in Modern Muslim Society. Indiana University Press. pp. 75. ISBN 0-253-31162-4.
- ^ "Mahr Is the Wife's Right - Islam Question & Answer". islamqa.info. Retrieved 1 November 2024.
- ^ Smith, p. 167
- ^ Smith, pp. 70, 71
- ^ a b Sugitanata, Arif (26 August 2023). "Fulfilment of Women's Rights in the field of Family Law as the basis of Pro-Egalitarian Islam". UIN Sunan Kalijaga Yogakarta – via ResearchGate.
- ^ a b Mubarakpuri, Saifur Rahman (2008). The Sealed Nectar: Biography of the Noble Prophet. Dar-us-Salam Publications. ISBN 978-9960899558.
- ^ al-Bukhari. "Sahih al-Bukhari 5127". Sunnah.com.
References
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