Akhmim

Akhmim

ϣⲙⲓⲛ
أخميم
^[1]
Akhmim ϣⲙⲓⲛ أخميم;
City
	Residential area in the city
	Akhmim Location within Egypt
	Coordinates: 26°34′N 31°45′E / 26.567°N 31.750°E
Country	Egypt
Governorate	Sohag
Area
• Total	43.9 sq mi (113.8 km2)
Population (2021)
• Total	482,666
• Density	11,000/sq mi (4,200/km2)
Time zone	UTC+2 (EET)

Akhmim (Arabic: أخميم, pronounced [ʔæxˈmiːm]; Akhmimic Coptic: ⳉⲙⲓⲙ, Coptic pronunciation: [xmiːm]; Sahidic/Bohairic Coptic: ϣⲙⲓⲛ Coptic pronunciation: [ʃmiːn]) is a city in the Sohag Governorate of Upper Egypt. Referred to by the ancient Greeks as Khemmis or Chemmis (Ancient Greek: Χέμμις)^[3] and Panopolis (Ancient Greek: Πανὸς πόλις^[4] and Πανόπολις^[5]), it is located on the east bank of the Nile, four miles (6.4 km) to the northeast of Sohag.

History

Statue of Meritamen, a daughter of Ramesses II, in the temple of Min

or

jp or jpw^[1]^[6]
in hieroglyphs

Era: New Kingdom
(1550–1069 BC)

ḫn(t) mnw^[3]
in hieroglyphs

Era: New Kingdom
(1550–1069 BC)

Akhmim was known in Ancient Egypt as Ipu, Apu (according to Brugsch the name is related to the nearby village of Kafr Abou)^[7] or Khent-min. It was the capital of the ninth (Chemmite) nome of Upper Egypt.

The city is a suggested hometown for Yuya, the official of Tuthmosis IV and Amenhotep III.

The ithyphallic Min (whom the Greeks identified with Pan) was worshipped here as "the strong Horus." Herodotus mentions the temple dedicated to Perseus and asserts that Chemmis was remarkable for being the hero’s birthplace, wherein celebrations and games were held in his honour after the manner of the Greeks; at which prizes were given. As a matter of fact, some representations are known of Nubians and people of Punt (southern coastal Sudan and the Eritrean coast) climbing up poles before the god Min.

Min was especially a god of the desert routes on the east of Egypt, and the trading tribes are likely to have gathered to his festivals for business and pleasure at Coptos (which was really near Neapolis) even more than at Akhmim. Herodotus perhaps confused Coptos with Chemmis. Strabo mentions linen-weaving and stone-cutting as ancient industries of Panopolis, and it is not altogether a coincidence that the cemetery of Akhmim is one of the chief sources of the beautiful textiles of Roman and Christian age, that are brought from Egypt.^[8]

In the Christian Coptic era, Akhmim was written in Sahidic Coptic: ϣⲙⲓⲛ/ⲭⲙⲓⲛ/ⲭⲙⲓⲙ Shmin/Kmin/Kmim but was probably pronounced locally something like Khmin or Khmim. Monasteries abounded in this region from a very early date.

Pachomius the Great founded a monastery known as Tkahshmin in the area.^[9] Shenouda the Archimandrite (348–466) was a monk at Athribis near Akhmim. Some years earlier Nestorius, the exiled ex-patriarch of Constantinople, had died at an old age in the neighborhood of Akhmim. Nonnus, the Greek poet, was born at Panopolis at the end of the 4th century.^[8] The bishopric of Panopolis, a suffragan of Antinoë in Thebais Prima, is included in the Catholic Church's list of titular sees.^[10] Among the bishops of Panopolis, Le Quien mentions ^[11] Arius, friend of Saint Pachomius who had built three convents in the city, Sabinus, and Menas. Excavations at Akhmim have disclosed numerous Christian manuscripts, among them fragments of the Book of Henoch, of the Gospel, and of the Apocalypse of Peter, the Acts of the Council of Ephesus, as well as numerous other Christian inscriptions.

In the 13th century AD, a very imposing temple still stood in Akhmim.^[8] Today, little of its past glory remains. Nothing is left of the town, the temples were almost completely dismantled, and their material reused in the later Middle Ages. The extensive cemeteries of ancient Akhmim are yet to be fully explored. The destroyed corner of a Greco-Roman period temple with colossal statues of Ramesses II and Meritamen was discovered in 1981.

Of Akhmim, in 1818 Jacques Collin de Plancy wrote in his book, the Dictionnaire Infernal, that the city "formerly had the reputation of being the abode of the greatest magicians. Paul Lucas speaks, in his second voyage, of the marvelous serpent of Akhmin, which Muslims honor as an angel, and which Christians believe to be the demon Asmodeus."^[12]

Climate

Köppen-Geiger climate classification system classifies its climate as hot desert (BWh).

Climate data for Akhmim
Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)	22.1 (71.8)	24 (75)	27.9 (82.2)	33 (91)	36.1 (97.0)	37.9 (100.2)	37.2 (99.0)	37.4 (99.3)	34.2 (93.6)	31.9 (89.4)	28.4 (83.1)	23.4 (74.1)	31.1 (88.0)
Daily mean °C (°F)	13.6 (56.5)	15.1 (59.2)	18.5 (65.3)	23.4 (74.1)	27 (81)	29.2 (84.6)	28.9 (84.0)	29.3 (84.7)	27.2 (81.0)	24.9 (76.8)	20.3 (68.5)	15.2 (59.4)	22.7 (72.9)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)	5.2 (41.4)	6.2 (43.2)	9.2 (48.6)	13.8 (56.8)	18 (64)	20.5 (68.9)	20.7 (69.3)	21.3 (70.3)	20.2 (68.4)	17.9 (64.2)	12.3 (54.1)	7.1 (44.8)	14.4 (57.8)
Average precipitation mm (inches)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)
Source: Climate-Data.org^[13]

Modern city

Akhmim is the largest town on the east side of the Nile in Sohag Governorate. In 1907, the population of the city was 23,795, of whom about one third were Copts. Akhmim has several mosques and two Coptic churches. The Monastery of the Martyrs is located about 6 km northeast of the city. Akhmim maintains a weekly market, and manufactures cotton goods, notably the blue shirts and check shawls with silk fringes worn by the poorer classes of Egypt. Outside the walls are the scanty ruins of two ancient temples. On the west bank of the Nile opposite of Akhmim, there is railway communication with Cairo and Aswan.

Notable people

Nakhtmin, 13th Dynasty priest
Yuya and Tjuyu, parents of Queen Tiye, Anen and possibly Pharaoh Ay
Tiye (c. 1398 BC – 1338 BC), Great Royal Wife of the Egyptian pharaoh Amenhotep III
Anen, Second Prophet of Amun and brother of Queen Tiye
Ay, Pharaoh from 1323 to 1319 BC or 1327–1323 BC
Nakhtmin, general, appointed heir of Ay
Sennedjem, official under Tutankhamun
Amenemope, author of Instructions of Amenemope
Nefrina, woman who died in 275 BCE, her mummy is in the Reading Public Museum, Pennsylvania
Zosimos of Panopolis, 3rd/4th century alchemist
Tryphiodorus, 3rd/4th century epic poet
Cyrus of Panopolis, (Flavius Taurus Seleucus Cyrus; fl. 426–441) East Roman official, philosopher, poet
Pamprepius (440–484) philosopher, poet, rebel against Emperor Zeno
Abib and Apollo, 4th century martyrs
Nonnus, 5th century poet
Veronica of Syria, 8th century nun, martyr
Dhul-Nun al-Misri, 9th century Sufi saint
Muhammed ibn Umail al-Tamimi (900–960) alchemist
Bahram al-Armani Fatimid vizier (1135–1137) was exiled here
Al-Nuwayri (1279–1333) Arab historian, encyclopedist
Yousab El Abah (1735–1826), bishop of Akhmim, theologian, saint
Maximos Sedfaoui (1863–1925), Apostolic Administrator of the Coptic Catholic Church
Markos II Khouzam (1888–1958), Patriarch of Alexandria (1947–1958)

References

^ ^a ^b Wallis Budge, E. A. (1920). An Egyptian hieroglyphic dictionary: with an index of English words, king list and geological list with indexes, list of hieroglyphic characters, coptic and semitic alphabets, etc. Vol II. John Murray. p. 956.
^ ^a ^b "Akhmīm (Markaz, Egypt) - Population Statistics, Charts, Map and Location". citypopulation.de. Retrieved 16 March 2023.
^ ^a ^b Gauthier, Henri (1927). Dictionnaire des Noms Géographiques Contenus dans les Textes Hiéroglyphiques Vol. 4. p. 177.
^ "Panopolis (Akhmim)". Trismegistos. Retrieved 27 March 2020.
^ Harry Thurston Peck, Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities (1898), Chemmis
^ Gauthier, Henri (1925). Dictionnaire des Noms Géographiques Contenus dans les Textes Hiéroglyphiques Vol. 1. p. 67.
^ Brugsch, Heinrich (1879). Dictionnaire géographique de l'ancienne Egypte: contenant par ordre alphabétique la nomenclature comparée des noms propres géographiques qui se rencontrent sur les monuments et dans les papyrus. J. C. Heinrichs. p. 575.
^ ^a ^b ^c One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Griffith, Francis Llewellyn (1911). "Akhmim". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 1 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 456.
^ Brooks Hedstrom, Darlene L. (2017-11-23). The Monastic Landscape of Late Antique Egypt: An Archaeological Reconstruction. Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/9781316676653.007. ISBN 978-1-316-67665-3.
^ Ánnuario Pontificio 2013 (Libreria Editrice Vaticana, 2013, ISBN 978-88-209-9070-1), p. 949
^ Oriens christianus, II, 601–4
^ de Plancy, Jacques Collin (1818). Dictionnaire Infernal [The Infernal Dictionary] (in French). p. 13.
^ "Climate: Akhmim - Climate graph, Temperature graph, Climate table". Climate-Data.org. Retrieved 14 August 2013.

External links

More about Akmim's Martyrs - Saint Takla Haymanout Church, Egypt
References to Akhmim in Coptic Literature - Coptic Scriptorium database

26°34′N 31°45′E / 26.567°N 31.750°E / 26.567; 31.750

[Budge956-1] Wallis Budge, E. A. (1920). An Egyptian hieroglyphic dictionary: with an index of English words, king list and geological list with indexes, list of hieroglyphic characters, coptic and semitic alphabets, etc. Vol II. John Murray. p. 956.

[citypopulation-2] "Akhmīm (Markaz, Egypt) - Population Statistics, Charts, Map and Location". citypopulation.de. Retrieved 16 March 2023.

[Gauthier177-3] Gauthier, Henri (1927). Dictionnaire des Noms Géographiques Contenus dans les Textes Hiéroglyphiques Vol. 4. p. 177.

[4] "Panopolis (Akhmim)". Trismegistos. Retrieved 27 March 2020.

[5] Harry Thurston Peck, Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities (1898), Chemmis

[Gauthier67-6] Gauthier, Henri (1925). Dictionnaire des Noms Géographiques Contenus dans les Textes Hiéroglyphiques Vol. 1. p. 67.

[7] Brugsch, Heinrich (1879). Dictionnaire géographique de l'ancienne Egypte: contenant par ordre alphabétique la nomenclature comparée des noms propres géographiques qui se rencontrent sur les monuments et dans les papyrus. J. C. Heinrichs. p. 575.

[EB1911-8] One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Griffith, Francis Llewellyn (1911). "Akhmim". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 1 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 456.

[Cambridge-9] Brooks Hedstrom, Darlene L. (2017-11-23). The Monastic Landscape of Late Antique Egypt: An Archaeological Reconstruction. Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/9781316676653.007. ISBN 978-1-316-67665-3.

[10] Ánnuario Pontificio 2013 (Libreria Editrice Vaticana, 2013, ISBN 978-88-209-9070-1), p. 949

[11] Oriens christianus, II, 601–4

[12] Plancy, Jacques Collin (1818). Dictionnaire Infernal [The Infernal Dictionary] (in French). p. 13.

[13] "Climate: Akhmim - Climate graph, Temperature graph, Climate table". Climate-Data.org. Retrieved 14 August 2013.

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v t e Egyptian cities by population
1,000,000 and more	Alexandria Cairo Helwan Giza Shubra El Kheima
300,000–999,999	Asyut Bilbeis Damietta Faiyum Imbaba Ismailia El Mahalla El Kubra Kom Ombo Mansoura Luxor Port Said Suez Tanta Zagazig
100,000–299,999	6th of October Arish Aswan Benha Beni Suef Damanhur Desouk Edfu Hurghada Kafr El Dawwar Kafr El Sheikh Mallawi Minya New Borg El Arab New Cairo Obour Qena Shibin El Kom Sohag
<99,999	Abydos Ain Sokhna Akhmim Dahab Dakhla Dendera Dekernes El Alamein El Gouna Esna Port Fuad Hamrah Dom Hala'ib Kharga Marsa Alam Marsa Matruh Nag Hammadi New Nubariya Nuweiba Rosetta Sadat Safaga Saint Catherine Siwa Sharm El Sheikh Taba Talkha

v t e Sohag Governorate Regions
Regions	Akhmim El Balyana Dar El Salam Girga El Mansha El Maragha Saqultah Sohag Tahta Tima El Usayrat
Important sites	Abydos Beit Khallaf El Hawawish Hut-Repyt Aphrodito El Salamuni Tjebu
Monasteries and Mosques: Monastery of the Martyrs Red Monastery White Monastery Sidi Arif Mosque

Authority control databases
International	VIAF WorldCat
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Geographic	Pleiades