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Cherub

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This article is about a type of supernatural being in the Bible. For the winged infant figure in art, see putto. For other uses, see Cherub (disambiguation).
A tetramorph cherub, in Eastern Orthodox iconography

A cherub (/ˈtʃɛrəb/;[1] pl.: cherubim; Hebrew: כְּרוּב kərūḇ, pl. כְּרוּבִים kərūḇīm) are one of the unearthly beings in Abrahamic religions. The numerous depictions of cherubim assign to them many different roles, such as protecting the entrance of the Garden of Eden.[2]

Abrahamic religious traditions

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In Jewish angelic hierarchy, cherubim have the ninth (second-lowest) rank in Maimonides' Mishneh Torah (12th century), and the third rank in Kabbalistic works such as Berit Menuchah (14th century). The Christian work De Coelesti Hierarchia places them in the highest rank alongside Seraphim and Thrones.[3]

In Islam, al-karubiyyin "cherubim" or al-muqarrabin "the Close" refers to the highest angels near God,[4] in contrast to the messenger angels. They include the Bearers of the Throne, the angels around the throne, and the archangels.[5] The angels of mercy subordinative to Michael are also identified as cherubim. In Isma'ilism, there are Seven Archangels referred to as cherubim.[6]

As described in Ezekiel 1, "[E]ach had four faces, and each of them had four wings; the legs of each were [fused into] a single rigid leg, and the feet of each were like a single calf’s hoof; and their sparkle was like the luster of burnished bronze."[7] In Ezekiel and some Christian icons, the cherub is depicted as having two pairs of wings and four faces, the hayyoth: that of a lion (representative of all wild animals), an ox (domestic animals), a human (humanity), and an eagle (birds).[8](pp 2–4)[9]

Later tradition ascribes to them a variety of physical appearances.[8](pp 2–4) Some early midrash literature conceives of them as non-corporeal. In Western Christian tradition, cherubim have become associated with the putto derived from Cupid in classical antiquity, resulting in depictions of cherubim as small, plump, winged boys.[8](p 1)

Cherubim are also mentioned in the Second Treatise of the Great Seth, a 3rd-century Gnostic writing.[10]

Etymology

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Delitzch's Assyrisches Handwörterbuch (1896) connected the name keruv with Assyrian kirubu (a name of the shedu or lamassu) and karabu ("great, mighty").

Karppe (1897) glossed Babylonian karâbu as "propitious" rather than "mighty".[2][11]

Dhorme (1926) connected the Hebrew name to Assyrian kāribu (diminutive kurību), a term used to refer to intercessory beings (and statues of such beings) that plead with the gods on behalf of humanity.[8](pp 3–4)

The folk etymology connecting cherub to a Hebrew word for "youthful" is due to Abbahu (3rd century).[8](p 1)

Functions

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Depiction of the "cherubim of glory shadowing the mercy seat" (Julius Bate, 1773)

The Israelite cherubim are described as fulfilling a variety of functions – most often, they are described as bolstering the throne of Yahweh. Ezekiel's vision of the cherubim also emulate this, as the conjoined wingspan of the four cherubim is described as forming the boundary of the divine chariot. Likewise, on the "mercy seat" of the Ark of the Covenant, two cherubim are described as bounding the ark and forming a space through which Yahweh would appear – however, aside from the instruction that they be beaten out of the sides of the ark, there are no details about these cherubim specified in the text. The status of the cherubim as constituting a sort-of vehicle for Yahweh is present in Ezekiel's visions, the Books of Samuel,[12] the parallel passages in the later Books of Chronicles,[13] and passages in the early[2] Psalms: for example, "and he rode upon a cherub and did fly: and he was seen upon the wings of the wind."[14][15]

The traditional Hebrew conception of cherubim as guardians of the Garden of Eden is backed by the belief of beings of superhuman power and devoid of human feelings, whose duty it was to represent the gods, and as guardians of their sanctuaries to repel intruders; these conceptions in turn are similar to an account found on Tablet 9 of the inscriptions found at Nimrud.[2]

Appearance

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An ivory from Tel Megiddo showing a king sitting on a throne which is supplicated by a sphinx-esque winged hybrid.

Aside from Ezekiel's vision, no detailed attestations of cherubim survive, and Ezekiel's description of the tetramorph being may not be the same as the cherubim of the historic Israelites.[16] All that can be gleaned about the cherubim of the Israelites come from potential equivalences in the cultures which surrounded them.

The appearance of the cherubim continue to be a subject of debate. Mythological hybrids are common in the art of the Ancient Near East. One example is the Babylonian lamassu or shedu, a protective spirit with a sphinx-like form, possessing the wings of an eagle, the body of a lion or bull, and the head of a king. This was adopted largely in Phoenicia. The wings, because of their artistic beauty and symbolic use as a mark of creatures of the heavens, soon became the most prominent part, and animals of various kinds were adorned with wings; consequently, wings were bestowed also upon human forms,[2] thus leading to the stereotypical image of an angel.[17]

William F. Albright (1938) argued that "the winged lion with human head" found in Phoenicia and Canaan from the Late Bronze Age is "much more common than any other winged creature, so much so that its identification with the cherub is certain".[8](pp 2–4) A possibly related source is the human-bodied Hittite griffin, which, unlike other griffins, appear almost always not as a fierce bird of prey, but seated in calm dignity, like an irresistible guardian of holy things;[2][17] some have proposed that the word griffin (γρύψ) may be cognate with cherubim (kruv > grups).[18][19] While Ezekiel initially describes the tetramorph cherubim as having

the face of a man ... the face of a lion ... the face of an ox ... and ... the face of an eagle

in the tenth chapter this formula is repeated as

the face of the cherub ... the face of a man ... the face of a lion ... the face of an eagle

which (given that "ox" has apparently been substituted with "the cherub") some have taken to imply that cherubim were envisioned to have the head of a bovine.

Throne of Astarte from the Temple of Eshmun, the legs formed by two winged hybrid creatures.

In particular resonance with the idea of cherubim embodying the throne of God, numerous pieces of art from Phoenicia, Ancient Egypt, and even Tel Megiddo in northern Israel depict kings or deities being carried on their thrones by hybrid winged creatures.[17]

If this animalistic form is how the ancient Israelites envisioned cherubim, it raises more questions than it answers. For one, it is difficult to visualize the cherubim of the Ark of the Covenant as quadrupedal creatures with backward-facing wings, as these cherubim were meant to face each other and have their wings meet, while still remaining on the edges of the cover from which they were beaten. At the same time, these creatures have little to no resemblance to the cherubim in Ezekiel's vision.

On the other hand, even if cherubim had a more humanoid form, this still would not entirely match Ezekiel's vision and likewise seemingly clashes with the apparently equivalent archetypes of the cultures surrounding the Israelites, which almost uniformly depicted beings which served analogous purposes to Israel's cherubim as largely animalistic in shape. All of this may indicate that the Israelite conception of the cherub's appearance may not have been wholly consistent.[16]

Hebrew Bible

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Further information: Tetramorph, Living creatures (Bible), Mercy seat, Ezekiel's cherub in Eden, and Uriel

The cherubim are the most frequently occurring heavenly creature in the Hebrew Bible, as the Hebrew word appears 91 times.[8](pp 2–4) The first occurrence is in the Book of Genesis 3:24. Despite these many references, the role of the cherubim is never explicitly elucidated.[8](p 1) While Israelite tradition must have conceived of the cherubim as guardians of the Garden of Eden[2] in which they guard the way to the Tree of life,[20] they are often depicted as performing other roles; for example in the Book of Ezekiel, they transport Yahweh's throne. The cherub who appears in the "Song of David", a poem which occurs twice in the Hebrew Bible, in 2 Samuel 22 and Psalm 18, participates in Yahweh's theophany and is imagined as a vehicle upon which the deity descends to earth from heaven to rescue the speaker (see 2 Samuel 22:11, Psalm 18:10).[8](pp 84–85)

"Cherub" on a Neo-Assyrian seal, c. 1000–612 BC

In Exodus 25:18–22, God tells Moses to make multiple images of cherubim at specific points around the Ark of the Covenant.[8](pp 2–4) Many appearances of the words cherub and cherubim in the Bible refer to the gold cherubim images on the mercy seat of the Ark, as well as images on the curtains of the Tabernacle and in Solomon's Temple, including two measuring ten cubits high.[21]

In Isaiah 37:16, Hezekiah prays, addressing God as Hebrew: יֹשֵׁ֥ב כְּ֝רוּבִ֗ים, lit. 'enthroned above the cherubim', referring to the mercy seat. In regards to this same phrase, which appears also in 2 Kings 19, Eichler renders it "who dwells among the cherubim". Eichler's interpretation is in contrast to common translations for many years that rendered it as “who sits upon the cherubim”. This has implications for the understanding of whether the ark of the covenant in Solomon's Temple was Yahweh's throne or simply an indicator of Yahweh's immanence.[22]

Cherubim feature at some length in Ezekiel. While they first appear in Ezekiel 1, in which they are transporting the throne of God by the Kebar (or Chebar, which was near Tel Abib in Nippur), they are not called "cherubim" until Ezekiel 10.[23] In Ezekiel 1:5–11 they are described as having the likeness of a man and having four faces: that of a man, a lion (on the right side), and ox (on the left side), and an eagle. The four faces represent the four domains of God's rule: the man represents humanity; the lion, wild animals; the ox, domestic animals; and the eagle, birds.[24] These faces peer out from the center of an array of four wings; these wings are joined to each other, two of these are stretched upward, and the other two cover their bodies. Under their wings are human hands; their legs are described as straight, and their feet like those of a calf, shining like polished brass. Between the creatures glowing coals that moved between them could be seen, their fire "went up and down", and lightning burst forth from it. The cherubs also moved like flashes of lightning.

In Ezekiel 10, another full description of the cherubim appears with slight differences in details. Three of the four faces are the same – man, lion and eagle – but where chapter one has the face of an ox, Ezekiel 10:14 says "face of a cherub". Ezekiel equates the cherubim of chapter ten with the living creatures of chapter one in Ezekiel 10:15 "The cherubs ascended; those were the creatures (Hebrew: הַחַיָּ֔ה, romanized: ḥayā) that I had seen by the Chebar Canal" and in 20:10, "They were the same creatures that I had seen below the God of Israel at the Chebar Canal; so now I knew that they were cherubs." In Ezekiel 41:18–20, they are portrayed as having two faces, although this is probably because they are depicted in profile.[8](pp 2–4)

In Judaism

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Ezekiel's "chariot vision" with the tetramorph (living creatures), engraving after an illustration by Matthäus Merian, Icones Biblicae (c. 1625–1630)

In rabbinic literature, the two cherubim are described as being human-like figures with wings, one a boy and the other a girl, placed on the opposite ends of the Mercy seat in the inner-sanctum of God's house.[25] Solomon's Temple was decorated with Cherubs according to 1 Kings 6, and Aḥa bar Ya’akov claimed this was true of the Second Temple as well.[26]

Many forms of Judaism include a belief in the existence of angels, including cherubim within the Jewish angelic hierarchy. The existence of angels is generally accepted within traditional rabbinic Judaism. There is, however, a wide range of beliefs within Judaism about what angels actually are and how literally one should interpret biblical passages associated with them.

In Kabbalah there has long been a strong belief in cherubim, the cherubim and other angels regarded as having mystical roles. The Zohar, a highly significant collection of books in Jewish mysticism, states that the cherubim were led by one of their number named Kerubiel.[2]

On the other end of the philosophical spectrum is Maimonides, who had a neo-Aristotelian interpretation of the Bible. Maimonides writes that to the wise man, one sees that what the Bible and Talmud refer to as "angels" are actually allusions to the various laws of nature; they are the principles by which the physical universe operates.

For all forces are angels! How blind, how perniciously blind are the naive?! If you told someone who purports to be a sage of Israel that the Deity sends an angel who enters a woman's womb and there forms an embryo, he would think this a miracle and accept it as a mark of the majesty and power of the Deity, despite the fact that he believes an angel to be a body of fire one third the size of the entire world. All this, he thinks, is possible for God. But if you tell him that God placed in the sperm the power of forming and demarcating these organs, and that this is the angel, or that all forms are produced by the Active Intellect; that here is the angel, the "vice-regent of the world" constantly mentioned by the sages, then he will recoil.

— The Guide for the Perplexed II:4

For he [the naive person] does not understand that the true majesty and power are in the bringing into being of forces which are active in a thing although they cannot be perceived by the senses ... Thus the Sages reveal to the aware that the imaginative faculty is also called an angel; and the mind is called a cherub. How beautiful this will appear to the sophisticated mind, and how disturbing to the primitive.

— The Guide for the Perplexed II:6.

Maimonides says that the figures of the cherubim were placed in the sanctuary only to preserve among the people the belief in angels, there being two in order that the people might not be led to believe that they were the image of God.[27]

Cherubim are discussed within the midrash literature. The two cherubim placed by God at the entrance of paradise[28] were angels created on the third day, and therefore they had no definite shape; appearing either as men or women, or as spirits or angelic beings.[29] The cherubim were the first objects created in the universe.[30] The following sentence of the Midrash is characteristic:

When a man sleeps, the body tells to the soul (neshamah) what it has done during the day; the soul then reports it to the spirit (nefesh), the spirit to the angel, the angel to the cherub, and the cherub to the seraph, who then brings it before God".[31][32]

Moses and Joshua bowing before the Ark by James Tissot (c. 1900)

In early Jewish tradition there existed the notion that cherubim had youthful, human features, due to the etymologization of the name by Abbahu (3rd century). Before this, some early midrashic literature conceived of the cherubim as non-corporeal. In the first century AD, Josephus claimed:

No one can tell, or even conjecture, what was the shape of these cherubim.[33][8](p 1)

A midrash states that when Pharaoh pursued Israel at the Red Sea, God took a cherub from the wheels of His throne and flew to the spot, for God inspects the heavenly worlds while sitting on a cherub. The cherub, however, is "something not material", and is carried by God, not vice versa.[33][34][35]

In the passages of the Talmud that describe the heavens and their inhabitants, the seraphim, ofanim, and living creatures are mentioned, but not the cherubim;[36] and the ancient liturgy also mentions only these three classes.

In the Talmud, Jose the Galilean holds[37] that when the Birkat Hamazon (grace after meals) is recited by at least ten thousand seated at one meal, a special blessing

Blessed is Ha-Shem our God, the God of Israel, who dwells between the cherubim

is added to the regular liturgy.

In Christianity

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Cherubs around the Virgin and Child, detail of Madonna of the Red Cherubim, 1485 by Giovanni Bellini

In the Book of Genesis, the Cherubim were introduced:

So he drove out the man; and he placed at the east of the garden of Eden Cherubims, and a flaming sword which turned every way, to keep the way of the tree of life.

– Genesis 3:24

They were further described throughout the Old Testament, especially in the Book of Chronicles and Ezekiel respectively:

And the priests brought in the ark of the covenant of the Lord unto his place, to the oracle of the house, into the most holy place, even under the wings of the cherubims:
For the cherubims spread forth their wings over the place of the ark, and the cherubims covered the ark and the staves thereof above.

– 2 Chronicles 5:7–8


Each of the cherubim had four faces: One face was that of a cherub, the second the face of a human being, the third the face of a lion, and the fourth the face of an eagle.

– Ezekiel 10:14

In Medieval theology, following the writings of Pseudo-Dionysius, the cherubim are the second highest rank in the angelic hierarchy, following the seraphim and preceding the Thrones.[38] Cherubim are regarded in traditional Christian angelology as angels of the second highest order of the ninefold celestial hierarchy.[39] De Coelesti Hierarchia (c. 5th century) lists them alongside Seraphim and Thrones.[3] According to Thomas Aquinas, the cherubim are characterized by knowledge, in contrast to seraphim, who are characterized by their "burning love to God".[40]

In Western art, cherubim became associated with the putto and the Greco-Roman god Cupid/Eros, with depictions as small, plump, winged boys.[8](p 1) Artistic representations of cherubim in Early Christian and Byzantine art sometimes diverged from scriptural descriptions. The earliest known depiction of the tetramorph cherubim is the 5th–6th century apse mosaic found in the Thessalonian Church of Hosios David. This mosaic is an amalgamation of Ezekiel's visions in Ezekiel 1:4–28, Ezekiel 10:12, Isaiah's seraphim in Isaiah 6:13 and the six-winged creatures of Revelation from Revelation 4:2–10.[41]

In Islam

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The four supporters (angels) of the celestial throne in Islamic arts

Al-Karubiyyin,[42] according to the Quran, are identified as a class of al-muqarrabin,[43] and are a class of angels near the presence of God. They are entrusted with praising God and interceding for humans.[44] They are usually identified either with a class of angels separate or include various angels absorbed in the presence of God: the canonical four Islamic archangels Jibra'il, Mika'il, Azra'el, and Israfil, the actual cherubim and the Bearers of the Throne.[45]

Some scholars had a more precise approach: ibn Kathir distinguishes between the angels of the throne and the cherubim.[44] In a 13th–14th-century work called "Book of the Wonders of Creation and the peculiarities of Existing Things", the cherubim belong to an order below the Bearers of the Throne, who in turn are identified with seraphim instead.[46] Abu Ishaq al-Tha'labi places the cherubim as the highest angels only next to the Bearers of the Throne.[44] Similarly, Fakhr al-Din al-Razi distinguishes between the angels carrying the throne (seraphim) and the angels around the throne (cherubim).[47]

The Quran mentions the Muqarrabin in An-Nisa verse 172, angels who worship God and are not proud. Further, cherubim appear in Miraj literature[48] and the Qisas al-Anbiya.[49] The cherubim around the throne are continuously praising God with the tasbih: "Glory to God!"[50] They are described as bright as no one of the lower angels can envision them.[51] Cherubim as angels of mercy, created by the tears of Michael, are not identified with the angels in God's presence, but of lower rank. They too, request God to pardon humans.[52]: 33–34  In contrast to the messenger angels, the cherubim (and seraphim) always remain in the presence of God.[44] If they stop praising God, they fall.

The Twelver Shi'a scholar Mohammad-Baqer Majlesi narrates about a fallen cherub encountered by Muhammad in the form of a snake. The snake tells him that he did not perform dhikr (remembrance of God) for a moment so God was angry with him and cast him down to earth in the form of a snake. Then Muhammad went to Hasan and Husayn. Together they interceded (tawassul) for the angel and God restored him to his angelic form.[53] A similar story appears in Tabari's Bishara. An angel called Futrus, described as an "angel-cherub" (malak al-karubiyyin), was sent by God, but since the angel failed to complete his task in time, God broke one of his wings. Muhammad interceded for the cherub, and God forgave the fallen angel, whereupon he became the guardian for Hussain's grave.[54]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ "cherub". Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h "Cherub". Jewish Encyclopedia. 2002–2011 [1906].
  3. ^ a b Kosior, Wojciech (2013). "The angel in the Hebrew Bible from the statistic and hermeneutic perspectives: Some remarks on the interpolation theory". The Polish Journal of Biblical Research. 12 (1–2 (23–24)): 55–70.
  4. ^ Husain, O.; Gandhi, M. (2004). The Complete Book of Muslim and Parsi Names. India: Penguin Books. p. 222.
  5. ^ Freiherr von Hammer-Purgstall, Joseph (5 March 2016) [1813]. Rosenöl. Erstes und zweytes Fläschchen: Sagen und Kunden des Morgenlandes aus arabischen, persischen, und türkischen Quellen gesammelt [Rose Oil. First and second bottle: Legends and customs of the Orient collected from Arabic, Persian, and Turkish sources]. Books on Demand. p. 12. ISBN 978-386199486-2.
  6. ^ Netton, Ian Richard (1994). Allah Transcendent: Studies in the structure and semiotics of Islamic philosophy, theology, and cosmology. Psychology Press. p. 205. ISBN 9780700702879.
  7. ^ "Ezekiel 1:6-7". Sefaria.
  8. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Wood, Alice (2008). Of Wing and Wheels: A synthetic study of the Biblical cherubim. Beihefte zur Zeitschrift für die Alttestamentliche Wissenschaft. Vol. 385. ISBN 978-3-11-020528-2.
  9. ^ "What is a cherub? The cherubim in the Bible". Christianity.com. Retrieved 2021-03-04.
  10. ^ Meyer, M.; Barnstone, W. (June 30, 2009). "The Second Treatise of the Great Seth". The Gnostic Bible. Shambhala. Retrieved 2022-02-02.
  11. ^ De Vaux, Roland (tr. John McHugh), Ancient Israel: Its Life and Institutions (New York, McGraw-Hill, 1961).
  12. ^ 1 Samuel 4:4, 2 Samuel 6:2, 2 Samuel 22:11
  13. ^ 1 Chronicles 13:6.
  14. ^ 2 Samuel 22:11.
  15. ^ Psalms 18:10.
  16. ^ a b Eichler, Raanan (2015). "Cherub: A History of Interpretation". Biblica. 96 (1): 26–38. JSTOR 43922717.
  17. ^ a b c Wright, G. Ernest (1957). Biblical Archaeology. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: Westminster Press.
  18. ^ Propp, William H. (2006). The Anchor Bible. Vol. 2A, Exodus 19–40. New York, New York: Doubleday. Exodus 15:18, p. 386, Notes. ISBN 0-385-24693-5. which references Wellhausen, Julius (1885). Prolegomena zur Geschichte Israels [Prolegomena to the History of Israel] (in German). Edinburgh, Scotland: Black. p. 304.
  19. ^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010). "γρυπος". Etymological Dictionary of Greek. Vol. 1. Leiden, DE / Boston, Massachusetts: Brill. p. 289. ISBN 978-90-04-17420-7. From the archaeological perspective, origin in Asia Minor (and the Near East: Elam) is very probable.
  20. ^ "Bible Gateway passage: Genesis 3:24 – King James Version". Bible Gateway. Retrieved 2023-11-09.
  21. ^ "1 Kings 6:23–6:35 KJV – And within the oracle he made two". Bible Gateway. Retrieved 2012-12-30.
  22. ^ Eichler, Raanan (1 January 2014). "The Meaning of יֹשֵׁב הַכְּרֻבִים". Zeitschrift für die alttestamentliche Wissenschaft. 126 (3): 358–371. doi:10.1515/zaw-2014-0022. S2CID 170794397.
  23. ^ Wood, Alice. Of Wings and Wheels: A Synthetic Study of the Biblical Cherubim. p. 94.
  24. ^ Wood, Alice. Of Wings and Wheels: A Synthetic Study of the Biblical Cherubim. p. 137.
  25. ^ Babylonian Talmud (Sukkah 5b).
  26. ^ "Yoma 54a:17". sefaria.org. Retrieved 2021-02-19.
  27. ^ Maimonides, The Guide for the Perplexed III:45.
  28. ^ Gen. iii. 24.
  29. ^ Genesis Rabbah xxi., end.
  30. ^ Tanna debe Eliyahu R., i. beginning.
  31. ^ Leviticus Rabbah xxii.
  32. ^ Eccl. Rabbah x. 20.
  33. ^ a b Josephus. Antiquities of the Jews. 8:73.
  34. ^ Midr. Teh. xviii. 15.
  35. ^ Canticles Rabbah i. 9.
  36. ^ Ḥag. 12b.
  37. ^ Berakhot 49b.
  38. ^ "Dionysius the Areopagite: Celestial Hierarchy". esoteric.msu.edu. Chapter VII. Retrieved 2023-11-09.
  39. ^ "Oxford Dictionaries: cherub". Oxford University Press. 2013. Archived from the original on December 13, 2013.
  40. ^ Keck, D. (1998). Angels and Angelology in the Middle Ages. Ukraine: Oxford University Press. p. 25.
  41. ^ Peers, Glenn (2001). Subtle bodies: representing angels in Byzantium. Berkeley, California: University of California press. ISBN 978-0-520-22405-6.
  42. ^ Moojan Momen. Studies in Honor of the Late Hasan M. Balyuzi, Kalimat Press 1988, ISBN 978-0-933-77072-0. p. 83.
  43. ^ Gallorini, Louise. THE SYMBOLIC FUNCTION OF ANGELS IN THE QURʾĀN AND SUFI LITERATURE. Diss. 2021. p. 125.
  44. ^ a b c d Schöck, Cornelia (1996). "Die Träger des Gottesthrones in Koranauslegung und islamischer Überlieferung". Die Welt des Orients. 27: 104–132. JSTOR 25683589.
  45. ^ Wensinck, A. J. (2013). The Muslim Creed: Its Genesis and Historical Development. Vereinigtes Königreich: Taylor & Francis. p. 200.
  46. ^ Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York, New York, Komaroff, L.; Carboni, S. (2002). The Legacy of Genghis Khan: Courtly Art and Culture in Western Asia, 1256–1353. Vereinigtes Königreich: Metropolitan Museum of Art.
  47. ^ Serdar, Murat. "Hıristiyanlık ve İslâm’da Meleklerin Varlık ve Kısımları." Bilimname 2009.2 (2009).
  48. ^ Colby, Frederick S (2008). Narrating Muhammad's Night Journey: Tracing the Development of the Ibn 'Abbas Ascension Discourse. State University of New York Press. p. 33. ISBN 978-0-7914-7518-8.
  49. ^ Heribert Busse. Islamische Erzählungen von Propheten und Gottesmännern: Qiṣaṣ al-anbiyāʼ oder ʻArāʼis al-maǧālis. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag, 2006 ISBN 9783447052665 p. 34 (in German).
  50. ^ "Cherub | Definition & Facts | Britannica". Encyclopædia Britannica. 13 October 2023.
  51. ^ Jane Dammen McAuliffe. Encyclopaedia of the Qurʾān, Volume 1. Georgetown University, Washington, D.C. p. 32.
  52. ^ Qāḍī, ʻAbd al-Raḥīm ibn Aḥmad (1977). Islamic book of the dead : a collection of Hadiths on the Fire & the Garden. Norwich, Norfolk: Diwan Press. ISBN 0-9504446-2-6. OCLC 13426566.
  53. ^ "Ahlulbait.one – Ahlulbait.one" (in German). Retrieved 2023-11-09.
  54. ^ Kohlberg, E. (2020). In Praise of the Few. Studies in Shiʿi Thought and History. Niederlande: Brill. p. 390.

Further reading

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  • Gilboa, R. (1996). "Cherubim: An inquiry into an enigma". Biblische Notizen. 82: 59–75. The article looks at the yet unknown nature of the Temple's Cherubim, through linguistic investigation, fauna probabilities and artistic presentations in the ancient Biblical period.
  • Yaniv, Bracha (1999). The Cherubim on Torah Ark valances. Assaph: Studies in Art History 4. Bar-Ilan University, Jewish Art Department.
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