Gastric folds
| Gastric folds | |
|---|---|
 Stomach | |
| Details | |
| Identifiers | |
| Latin | plicae gastricae |
| TA98 | A05.5.01.028 |
| TA2 | 2915 |
| FMA | 75653 |
| Anatomical terminology | |
The gastric folds (or gastric rugae) are coiled sections of tissue that exist in the mucosal and submucosal layers of the stomach.[1] They provide elasticity by allowing the stomach to expand when a bolus enters it. These folds stretch outward through the action of mechanoreceptors, which respond to the increase in pressure.[2] This allows the stomach to expand, therefore increasing the volume of the stomach without increasing pressure.[2] They also provide the stomach with an increased surface area for nutrient absorption during digestion.[2] Gastric folds may be seen during esophagogastroduodenoscopy or in radiological studies.[3][4]
Layers
[edit]The gastric folds consist of two layers:
- Mucosal layer – This layer releases stomach acid. It is the innermost layer of the stomach.[5] It is affected by the hormone histamine, which signals it to release hydrochloric acid (HCl).
- Sub-mucosal layer – This layer consists of different vessels and nerves, ganglion neurons, and adipose tissue. It is the second layer of the stomach and supports the mucosa.[6]
Clinical significance
[edit]Thickening of the gastric folds may be observed by endoscopy or radiography and may aid in the differential diagnosis of many disease processes including:[3]
- Gastritis
- The folds become very thick due to inflammation.[7]
- Peptic ulcer disease
- Ulcers cause breaks in the mucosa and cause erosion of the sub-mucosa.
- Zollinger-Ellison syndrome
- Gastrin levels increase due to tumors, which cause an increase in the gastric fold size.[7]
- Ménétrier's disease
- The mucosa pits are in excess causing thickening of the folds.[7]
- Carcinoma
- Helicobacter pylori infection
- Causes inflammation of the folds.
- Gastric syphilis[8]
- Cytomegalovirus
- Mucosa change shape causing rugae enlargement.[9]
- Sarcoidosis
- Causes thickening of the folds.
References
[edit]- ^ David., Shier (2009). Hole's essentials of human anatomy & physiology. Butler, Jackie., Lewis, Ricki. (10th ed.). Boston: McGraw-Hill Higher Education. p. 421. ISBN 978-0077221355. OCLC 171614173.
- ^ a b c Michelle., McGuire (2013). Nutritional sciences : from fundamentals to food. Beerman, Kathy A. (3rd ed.). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth, Cengage Learning. p. 90. ISBN 978-0840058201. OCLC 786272310.
- ^ a b L., Eisenberg, Ronald (2003). Gastrointestinal radiology : a pattern approach (4th ed.). Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 223–236. ISBN 978-0781737067. OCLC 49550593.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ "The Stomach and Its Role in Digestion". www.laparoscopic.md. Retrieved 14 November 2017.
- ^ Taylor, Tim. "Stomach". InnerBody. Retrieved November 13, 2017.
- ^ "Stomach". BioNet. Retrieved November 13, 2017.
- ^ a b c "Gastritis, Giant Hypertrophic - NORD (National Organization for Rare Disorders)". NORD (National Organization for Rare Disorders). Retrieved 9 December 2017.
- ^ Butz, William; Watts, John; Rosales-Qiuntana, Sergio; Hicklin, Martin (1975). "Erosive Gastritis as a Manifestation of Secondary Syphilis" (PDF). American Journal of Clinical Pathology. 63 (6): 895–900. doi:10.1093/ajcp/63.6.895. PMID 1096590. Retrieved 9 December 2017.
- ^ Dughera, Francesca; Baino, Sara. "Cronkhite-Canada Syndrome". flipper.diff.org. Retrieved 9 December 2017.
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