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Kamandalu

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A brass kamandalu, held by a sadhu.

Kamandalu (Sanskrit: कमण्डलु, kamaṇḍalu[1]), kamandal, or kamandalam is an oblong water pot, originating from the Indian subcontinent, made of a dry gourd (pumpkin) or coconut shell, metal, wood of the Kamandalataru tree,[2] or from clay, usually with a handle and sometimes with a spout. Hindu ascetics or yogis often use it for storing drinking water.[3] The water-filled kamandalu, which is invariably carried by ascetics, is stated to represent a simple and self-contained life.

The kamandalu also used in Hindu iconography, in depiction of deities related with asceticism or water. It is, thus, viewed as a symbol of ascetism in Hinduism. The kamandalu is also used by Jain monks and in depictions of some bodhisattvas.[4]

Method of making

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The kamandalu may be made of various materials, including metal, clay, wood and dry gourd. For making the gourd kamandalu, a ripe pumpkin is plucked and the inner plum and seeds are cleaned. This leaves only the outer shell, which is used as the kamandalu. This is interpreted on a spiritual level as the removal of ego from a person. The ripe pumpkin represents the person, seed being the ego. Cleaning the seed thus symbolizes the removal of ego, forming a cleansed person fit to accept self-realization. [5]

In Hinduism

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Brahma holding a kamandalu in his right hand

Water in a kamandalu represents amrita—the elixir of life—thus a symbol of fertility, life and wealth.[6] The kamandalu is often depicted in hands of gods, who appear as ascetics, like Shiva and Brahma and also water deities like Varuna, Ganga (the goddess of the Ganges river) and Saraswati.[6] Adi Shankara's ashtotaram hymn praises Shiva whose hand is adorned with the kamandalu. Other deities like the fire-god Agni and the preceptor of the gods, Brihaspati, are depicted carrying the kamandalu.[7][8] The goddess Karamgamaladharini is described as wearing a garland of kamandalus.[9] The text Devi Mahatmya describes goddess Brahmani slay demons by sprinkling holy water from her kamandalu.[10] A 183–165 BC coin depicts the god Krishna holding a kamandalu. [11]

Several mythological stories refer to the kamandalu. Vamana the dwarf avatar of god Vishnu, requests demon king Mahabali for three feet of land. The donation of the land is sanctified through pouring water through a kamandalu. When Shukra, the demons' preceptor, tried to prevent flow of water from the kamandalu by blocking the spout, Mahabali pierced the spout with a stick, which blinded Shukra.[12] In the Bhagavata Purana, the King Satyavarta after initially put Matsya (Vishnu's avatar as a fish) which he found in the river into his kamandalu, to protect it from the big fish. Later, the fish expanded and protected the king from the great deluge of Hindu mythology.[13] The Mahabharata records the god Dhanvantari brought Amrita in a kamandalu, when he emerged from the churning of the ocean (Samudra Manthana).[14] The Hindu epic Ramayana records the monkey-god Hanuman disguised himself as a sage and fooling the demons to drink his urine stored in his kamandalu.[15]

A sadhu (ascetic) with a kamandalu to his right

The mythical Sarasvati river traces her creation legends to the creator-god Brahma's kamandalu.[16] The river Ganges is also believed to flow through Brahma's kamandalu.[17] One legend about the Ganges' birth says Brahma washed the big toe of the foot of Vamana and collected the water in his kamandalu, which turns into the river Ganges.[18]

Another river Silambu has a similar tale of origin. When Brahma washed Vamana's foot by the water of his kamandalu, one of the drops fell from Vamana's foot on the earth turning into the river.[19] Another mythical tale about the pilgrimage place Darsha Pushkarini, narrates how sage Agastya trapped river Kaveri in his kamandalu, when she declined his marriage proposal. This led to famine in the region and, noticing this, Kaveri escaped from kamandalu but with a curse of the sage and was finally purified at Darsha Pushkarini.[20] A variant tells that, angered by Kaveri's confinement, god Ganesha, in the form of a crow, pushed Agastya's kamandalu down, rescuing Kaveri and leading to the river's formation.[21]

In the Sarada legends of Kashmir (based on oral tradition) narrated by Romesh Kumar, it is said that when Ravana was engaged in a war with Rama, goddess Parvati advised Rama to take her to Uttarakhand away from the war scene. Thus, Parvati was carried by Hanuman in the form of water in a kamandalu to be dropped wherever she desired to be dropped. Wherever Hanuman rested on his way to Uttarakhand, drops of water which fell out of the kamandalu on the ground formed the springs Masanag at Gushi and the Devibal spring at Tikr in Kashmir—the kamandalu was kept in a nearby hillock where Parvati rested whereas a Sarada shrine exists. At Amarkantak, the source of river Narmada in Madhya Pradesh, an ancient kamandalu which is always filled with water, is called the Brighu Kamandal.[22]

The text Garuda Purana states donation of a kamandalu in the shraddha (funerary ritual) ceremony ensures that deceased has ample drinking water in his afterlife journey.[23]

In Buddhism and Jainism

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Buddhists pour water from the kamandalu onto the palms of people, before rituals, where the water symbolizes elixir of life.[24] It is also called bhumba.[25] Bodhisattvas like Maitreya and Avalokiteshvara are depicted carrying the kamandalu.[26][27] The kamandalu was initially imported from Hinduism to Buddhism, through god Brahma to Maitreya; it later was incorporated in representations of many Mahayana Buddhist deities.[28]

Jain Digambara sages use the kamandalu for storing water for "toilet purposes".[29]

References

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  1. ^ Monier Williams Sanskrit-English Dictionary (2008 revision)
  2. ^ http://sanskritdocuments.org/all_sa/shankara108m_sa.html, Shankarachrya's ashtotaram)
  3. ^ Radha, Swami Sivananda (1992). Kundalini Yoga. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 357. ISBN 9788120808126. Retrieved 2008-08-20. p.40
  4. ^ http://www.hindudharmaforums.com/archive/index.php?t-448.html, Sanatana Dharma for Kids: Hindu Trinity: Brahma - Sarasvati
  5. ^ Pandit, Bansi (2005). Explore Hinduism. Heart of Albion. p. 187. ISBN 9781872883816. Retrieved 2008-08-21. p.48
  6. ^ a b Jansen, Eva Rudy (1993). The Book of Hindu Imagery. Binkey Kok Publications. p. 158. ISBN 9789074597074. Retrieved 2008-08-21. p.52
  7. ^ Chaplin, Dorothea (2007). Mythlogical Bonds Between East and West. READ BOOKS. p. 160. ISBN 9781406739862. Retrieved 2008-08-21. p.117
  8. ^ Chakrabarti, Dilip K. (2001). Archaeological Geography of the Ganga Plain. Orient Longman. p. 301. ISBN 9788178240169. Retrieved 2008-08-21. p.40
  9. ^ Harper, Katherine Anne; Robert L. Brown (2007). The Roots of Tantra. SUNY Press. p. 270. ISBN 9780791453056. Retrieved 2008-08-21. p.240
  10. ^ Coburn, Thomas B. (1988). Devī-Māhātmya. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 359. ISBN 9788120805576. Retrieved 2008-08-21. p.146
  11. ^ Kala, Jayantika (1988). Epic Scenes in Indian Plastic Art. Abhinav Publications. p. 107. ISBN 9788170172284. Retrieved 2008-08-21. p.92
  12. ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20050207221439/http://www.pichu.info/nav.htm, Suryanar Koil
  13. ^ http://www.geocities.com/bhagvatjee/bhaag/kathaa/skandh8/9matsya.htm[dead link‍]. Sri Mad Bhagavat Puran, Skand 8, page 9, Chapter 24)
  14. ^ Feller, Danielle (2004). The Sanskrit epics' representation of Vedic myths. Motilal Banarsidass Publ. p. 382. ISBN 9788120820081. Retrieved 2008-08-21. p.187
  15. ^ Bose, Mandakranta (2004). The Ramayana Revisited. Oxford University Press US. p. 400. ISBN 9780195168327. Retrieved 2008-08-21. p.103
  16. ^ Darian, Steven G. (2001). The Ganges in Myth and History. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 235. ISBN 9788120817579. Retrieved 2008-08-21. p.60
  17. ^ Hiltebeitel, Alf (1990). The Ritual of Battle. SUNY Press. p. 368. ISBN 9780791402498. Retrieved 2008-08-21. p.160
  18. ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20091027080628/http://geocities.com/dr_gda/ganga.htm, Origin of Holy River Ganga
  19. ^ [1] Deep in the Woods
  20. ^ http://saranathantg.blogspot.com/2008_03_01_archive.html, Srimad Bhagawat Geeta
  21. ^ [2][dead link‍] V
  22. ^ http://www.kashmirsentinel.com/jan2003/16.html, Sarada Legends – Different versions
  23. ^ Debroy, Dipavali; Debroy, Bibek (1992). The Garuda Purana. ISBN 978-0-9793051-1-5. Retrieved 2008-08-21.
  24. ^ Blau, Tatjana; Mirabai Blau (2002). Buddhist Symbols. Sterling Publishing Company, Inc. p. 256. ISBN 9781402700330. Retrieved 2008-08-21. p.225
  25. ^ Jansen, Eva Rudy; Tony Langham (1990). The Book of Buddhas. Binkey Kok. p. 110. ISBN 9789074597029. Retrieved 2008-08-21. p.28
  26. ^ Wong, Dorothy C. (2004). Chinese Steles. University of Hawaii Press. p. 226. ISBN 9780824827830. Retrieved 2008-08-21. p.93
  27. ^ Donaldson, Thomas E. (2001). Iconography of the Buddhist Sculpture of Orissa. Abhinav Publications. p. 792. ISBN 9788170173755. Retrieved 2008-08-21. p.195
  28. ^ Jacques Duchesne-Guillemin (1974). Acta Iranica. BRILL. ISBN 978-90-04-03902-5. Retrieved 2008-08-21. p.97
  29. ^ Jaini, Padmanabh S. (2000). Collected Papers on Jaina Studies. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 428. ISBN 9788120816916. Retrieved 2008-08-21. p.164
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