Pliosauridae

Pliosauridae; Temporal range: Late Triassic - Late Cretaceous, 228–89.3 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N
	Cast of Attenborosaurus conybeari (NHMUK R1339), Natural History Museum
	Liopleurodon ferox mounted skeleton, Museum of Paleontology, Tübingen
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Reptilia
Superorder:	†Sauropterygia
Order:	†Plesiosauria
Suborder:	†Pliosauroidea
Family:	†Pliosauridae; Seeley, 1874
Subgroups
	†Anguanax; †Arminisaurus; †Attenborosaurus; †Hauffiosaurus; †Marmornectes; †Monquirasaurus; †Pachycostasaurus; †Rhaeticosaurus; †Thalassiodracon; †Thalassophonea;

Pliosauridae is a family of plesiosaurian marine reptiles from the Latest Triassic to the early Late Cretaceous (Rhaetian to Turonian stages) of Australia, Europe, North America and South America. The family is more inclusive than the archetypal short-necked large headed species that are placed in the subclade Thalassophonea, with basal forms resembling other plesiosaurs with long necks. They became extinct during the early Late Cretaceous and were subsequently replaced by the mosasaurs. It was formally named by Harry G. Seeley in 1874.^[1]

Relationships

Pliosauridae is a stem-based taxon defined in 2010 (and in earlier studies in a similar manner) as "all taxa more closely related to Pliosaurus brachydeirus than to Leptocleidus superstes, Polycotylus latipinnis or Meyerasaurus victor".^[1] The family Brachauchenidae has been proposed to include pliosauroids which have very short necks and may include Brachauchenius and Kronosaurus.^[2] However, modern cladistic analyses found that this group is actually a subfamily of pliosaurids,^[3] and possibly even the "crown group" of Pliosauridae.^[4]

The following cladogram follows an analysis by Benson & Druckenmiller (2014).^[5]

Pliosauridae

Thalassiodracon

"Liopleurodon" rossicus

^ ^a ^b Ketchum, H.F.; Benson, R.B.J. (2010). "Global interrelationships of Plesiosauria (Reptilia, Sauropterygia) and the pivotal role of taxon sampling in determining the outcome of phylogenetic analyses". Biological Reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society. 85 (2): 361–392. doi:10.1111/j.1469-185X.2009.00107.x. PMID 20002391. S2CID 12193439.
^ "Pliosauridae". The Plesiosaur Directory. Archived from the original on 2011-10-18. Retrieved 2011-10-18.
^ Gasparini, Zulma (2009). "A New Oxfordian Pliosaurid (Plesiosauria, Pliosauridae) in the Caribbean Seaway" (PDF). Palaeontology. 52 (3): 661–669. doi:10.1111/j.1475-4983.2009.00871.x. S2CID 55353949. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-16.
^ Ketchum, H.F.; Benson, R.B.J. (2011). "The cranial anatomy and taxonomy of Peloneustes philarchus (Sauropterygia, Pliosauridae) from the Peterborough Member (Callovian, Middle Jurassic) of the UK". Palaeontology. 54 (3): 639–665. doi:10.1111/j.1475-4983.2011.01050.x. S2CID 85851352.
^ Benson, R. B. J.; Druckenmiller, P. S. (2013). "Faunal turnover of marine tetrapods during the Jurassic-Cretaceous transition". Biological Reviews. 89 (1): 1–23. doi:10.1111/brv.12038. PMID 23581455. S2CID 19710180.