Second economy of the Soviet Union
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The second economy of the Soviet Union was the black market or the informal sector of the economy of the Soviet Union. The term was suggested by Gregory Grossman in his seminal article, "The Second Economy of the USSR" (1977).[1] Economist Gerard Roland noted that as Grossman anticipated, "the logic of the second economy tended over time to undermine the logic of the command system and to lead to expanding black markets".[1] This prediction was corroborated by the long-term analysis of the economies of Russia and Ukraine (1965–1989) by Treml and Alexeev.[2] To a varying degree, the second economy influenced all Eastern Bloc economies.
Grossman defines the concept of second economy with a two-prong test, which is the set of economic activities which satisfy at least one of the two conditions: "(a) being directly for private gain (b) being in some significant respect in knowing contravention of existing law."[3] Studies of second, shadow, gray and so on economies are difficult because unlike official economies there are no direct statistics, therefore indirect methods are required.[2] Treml and Alexeev studied the relationships between per capita legal money income and such income-dependent variables as per capita savings and purchases of various goods and services. The study indicated that the disparity between legal income and legal spending gradually grew during 1965–1989 and by the end of the period the correlation between the two almost disappeared, indicating the rapid growth of the second economy.[2] The proliferation of the second economy was impossible without widespread corruption.[4]
A significant impact on the economy of the Soviet Union was the system of blat, a network of favors, which allowed people to procure all kinds of goods and services, operating within both official and second Soviet economies and continued to operate in post-Soviet Russia.[5] Since the early days of the Soviet Union, some authors claim that there has been a tradition to exaggerate the blame of the "black market" for consumer goods shortages, thus effectively shifting the blame off state bureaucrats with their inadequate planning.[2]
During the era of perestroika, the 500 Days program of economic transition mentioned the shadow economy would be an important factor in reforms and predicted that at least 90% of it was to be absorbed by the opening free market.[2]
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ a b "Authority on Soviet economy, Gregory Grossman, passes away". Berkeley News. August 25, 2014.
- ^ a b c d e Vladimir G. Treml and Michael V. Alexeev,"The Second Economy and the Destabilization Effect of Its Growth on the State Economy in the Soviet Union: 1965-1989" (PDF), BERKELEY-DUKE OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON THE SECOND ECONOMY IN THE USSR, Paper No. 36, December 1993.
- ^ Gregory Grossman, "The Second Economy in the USSR", Problems of Communism, 26, 5, September/October 1977, pp . 25–40.
- ^ M. Alexeev, "The Russian Underground Economy in Transition" (PDF), The National Council for Soviet and East European Research, Title VIII Program, November 20, 1995.
- ^ Alena V. Ledeneva, Russia's Economy of Favours: Blat, Networking and Informal Exchange, 1998, ISBN 0521627435.
Further reading
[edit]- Gregory Grossman, "Roots of Gorbachev's Problems : Private Income and Outlay in the Late 1970s," Joint Economic Committee, US Congress, GORBACHEV'S ECONOMIC PLANS, Volume 1, Washington, DC, 1987, pp. 213–229.
- Gregory Grossman, "The Second Economy in the USSR and Eastern Europe: A Bibliography " BERKELEY-DUKE OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON THE SECOND ECONOMY IN THE USSR, # 21, July 1990.
- Gregory Grossman, "Notes on the Illegal Private Economy and Corruption," in SOVIET ECONOMY IN A TIME OF CHANGE, U .S., Joint Economic Committee, U S Congress, Government Printing Office, Washington, 1979, pp. 834–855.
- Gregory Grossman, "The 'Shadow Economy' in the Socialist Sector of the USSR," in THE CMEA FIVE-YEAR PLANS (1981-1985) IN NEW PERSPECTIVE, NATO Colloquium, Brussels, 1982, pp. 99–115.