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==1970s==
==1970s==


With [[Dick Leitsch]]'s replacement as president of Mattachine NY by "[[Michael Kotis]]" in April, 1970, opposition to the first gay pride march by Mattachine ended.<ref>Duberman, p. 314 n93</ref> America's first gay pride parade was held in June of 1970 in New York. <ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite web|last=Wythe |first=Bianca |url=http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/blog/2011/06/09/pride-parade/ |title=Inside American Experience . American Experience . WGBH . How the Pride Parade Became Tradition |publisher=PBS |date=2011-06-09 |accessdate=2012-11-25}}</ref> There was nothing planned for the rally in Central Park, since the group could not rely on making it the entire way. Yet as the original marchers left Christopher Street to walk uptown, hundreds, and then thousands, of supporters joined in. The crowd marched from Greenwich Village into uptown Manhattan and Central Park, holding gay pride signs and banners, chanting "Say it clear, say it loud. Gay is good, gay is proud." <ref name="autogenerated1"/>
Gay pride became a major force in the 1970s. With [[Dick Leitsch]]'s replacement as president of Mattachine NY by "[[Michael Kotis]]" in April, 1970, opposition to the first gay pride march by Mattachine ended.<ref>Duberman, p. 314 n93</ref> America's first gay pride parade was held in June of 1970 in New York. <ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite web|last=Wythe |first=Bianca |url=http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/blog/2011/06/09/pride-parade/ |title=Inside American Experience . American Experience . WGBH . How the Pride Parade Became Tradition |publisher=PBS |date=2011-06-09 |accessdate=2012-11-25}}</ref> There was nothing planned for the rally in Central Park, since the group could not rely on making it the entire way. Yet as the original marchers left Christopher Street to walk uptown, hundreds, and then thousands, of supporters joined in. The crowd marched from Greenwich Village into uptown Manhattan and Central Park, holding gay pride signs and banners, chanting "Say it clear, say it loud. Gay is good, gay is proud." <ref name="autogenerated1"/>


On the same weekend gay activist groups on the West Coast of the United States held a march in [[Los Angeles]] and a march and 'Gay-in' in [[San Francisco]].<ref name="SFChron">"The San Francisco Chronicle", June 29, 1970</ref><ref name="CanPress">"As of early 1970, Neil Briggs became the vice-chairman of the LGBTQ Association", CanPress, February 28, 1970. [http://www.pridetoronto.com/about/volunteer-comittees-cordinators/]</ref>
On the same weekend gay activist groups on the West Coast of the United States held a march in [[Los Angeles]] and a march and 'Gay-in' in [[San Francisco]].<ref name="SFChron">"The San Francisco Chronicle", June 29, 1970</ref><ref name="CanPress">"As of early 1970, Neil Briggs became the vice-chairman of the LGBTQ Association", CanPress, February 28, 1970. [http://www.pridetoronto.com/about/volunteer-comittees-cordinators/]</ref>
Line 55: Line 55:
Thirty volunteers had helped Baker hand-dye and stitch the first two flags for the parade.<ref name = witt>Witt, Lynn, Sherry Thomas & Eric Marcus (1995). ''Out in All Directions: The Almanac of Gay and Lesbian America''. New York, Warner Books. ISBN 0-446-67237-8.
Thirty volunteers had helped Baker hand-dye and stitch the first two flags for the parade.<ref name = witt>Witt, Lynn, Sherry Thomas & Eric Marcus (1995). ''Out in All Directions: The Almanac of Gay and Lesbian America''. New York, Warner Books. ISBN 0-446-67237-8.
p. 435.</ref>
p. 435.</ref>

Another gay pride action of the 1970s was the first [[National March on Washington for Lesbian and Gay Rights]], a large [[Demonstration (people)|political rally]] that took place in [[Washington, D.C.]] on October 14, 1979. The first such march on Washington, it drew between 75,000 and 125,000<ref name="Ghaziani">Ghaziani, Amin. 2008. "The Dividends of Dissent: How Conflict and Culture Work in Lesbian and Gay Marches on Washington". The University of Chicago Press.</ref> gay men, lesbians, bisexual and transgender people and straight allies to demand equal civil rights and urge the passage of protective civil rights legislation.<ref>{{Citation
| last = Thomas
| first = Jo
| author-link =
| last2 =
| first2 =
| author2-link =
| title = Estimated 75,000 persons parade through Washington, DC, in homosexual rights march. Urge passage of legislation to protect rights of homosexuals
| newspaper = [[New York Times]] Abstracts
| pages = 14
| date = October 15, 1979
| url = }}</ref>


There were two notable political successes for openly gay men in the late 1970s. In 1978 [[Harvey Milk]] became [[List of lesbian, gay, bisexual, or transgender firsts by year|the first openly gay man elected to public office in the United States, and the first openly gay or lesbian person to be elected]] to public office in California, when he won a seat on the [[San Francisco Board of Supervisors]]. Milk served almost 11 months in office and was responsible for passing a stringent [[LGBT rights in the United States|gay rights]] ordinance for the city. However, on November 27, 1978, Milk and Mayor [[George Moscone]] were [[Moscone–Milk assassinations|assassinated]] by [[Dan White]], another city supervisor who had recently resigned but wanted his job back. In 1979 [[Stephen Lachs]] became the first [[Coming out|openly gay]] judge appointed in the United States. <ref name=out_for_good>{{Cite book | last1=Clendinen | first1=Dudley | last2=Nagourney | first2=Adam | title=Out for Good: The Struggle to Build a Gay Rights Movement in America | date= | publisher=Simon & Schuster | location= | isbn=978-0-684-81091-1 | pages=411–412}}</ref><ref name=latimes_19990902>[http://articles.latimes.com/1999/sep/02/local/me-6025 Nation's 1st Openly Gay Judge to Retire], ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'' (September 2, 1999).</ref> He is thought but not proved to be the first openly gay judge appointed anywhere in the world.<ref name=latimes_19990902/><ref name=gay_la>{{Cite book | last1=Faderman | first1=Lillian | last2=Timmons | first2=Stuart | title=Gay L.A.: a history of sexual outlaws, power politics, and lipstick lesbians | date= | publisher=University of California Press | location= | isbn=978-0-520-26061-0 | page=197}}</ref> He served as a judge of the [[Los Angeles County Superior Court]] from 1979 to 1999.
There were two notable political successes for openly gay men in the late 1970s. In 1978 [[Harvey Milk]] became [[List of lesbian, gay, bisexual, or transgender firsts by year|the first openly gay man elected to public office in the United States, and the first openly gay or lesbian person to be elected]] to public office in California, when he won a seat on the [[San Francisco Board of Supervisors]]. Milk served almost 11 months in office and was responsible for passing a stringent [[LGBT rights in the United States|gay rights]] ordinance for the city. However, on November 27, 1978, Milk and Mayor [[George Moscone]] were [[Moscone–Milk assassinations|assassinated]] by [[Dan White]], another city supervisor who had recently resigned but wanted his job back. In 1979 [[Stephen Lachs]] became the first [[Coming out|openly gay]] judge appointed in the United States. <ref name=out_for_good>{{Cite book | last1=Clendinen | first1=Dudley | last2=Nagourney | first2=Adam | title=Out for Good: The Struggle to Build a Gay Rights Movement in America | date= | publisher=Simon & Schuster | location= | isbn=978-0-684-81091-1 | pages=411–412}}</ref><ref name=latimes_19990902>[http://articles.latimes.com/1999/sep/02/local/me-6025 Nation's 1st Openly Gay Judge to Retire], ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'' (September 2, 1999).</ref> He is thought but not proved to be the first openly gay judge appointed anywhere in the world.<ref name=latimes_19990902/><ref name=gay_la>{{Cite book | last1=Faderman | first1=Lillian | last2=Timmons | first2=Stuart | title=Gay L.A.: a history of sexual outlaws, power politics, and lipstick lesbians | date= | publisher=University of California Press | location= | isbn=978-0-520-26061-0 | page=197}}</ref> He served as a judge of the [[Los Angeles County Superior Court]] from 1979 to 1999.

Revision as of 23:02, 25 November 2012

The Gay Pride flag. The six-color version of the pride flag is the most commonly used version. The original version from 1978, created by Gilbert Baker, had two additional stripes — hot pink and turquoise which were removed due to manufacturing needs.

This article is about gay men in American history. For lesbians please see Lesbian American history.

Prior to 1950

There were few openly gay men in America at this time, due to legal consequences as well as social ostracism. Anal sex was specifically prohibited by a statute passed in 1562 during the reign of Queen Elizabeth I, and the English colonies in America were subject to this law. [1] Since 1814 crime against nature was used as a legal term in published cases in the United States, normally defined as a form of sexual behavior that is not considered natural and is seen as a punishable offense in dozens of countries and several U.S. states; this often included homosexual sex. Other sexual practices that have historically been considered to be crimes against nature include anal sex, as well as fellatio, bestiality, incest, miscegenation and necrophilia. The term is sometimes also seen as a synonym for sodomy or buggery.[2][note 1] Legal punishments for sodomy often included heavy fines and/or life prison sentences, with some states, beginning with Illinois in 1827, denying other rights, such as suffrage, to anyone convicted of the crime of sodomy.[citation needed] In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, several states imposed various eugenics laws against anyone deemed to be a "sexual pervert", often including those convicted of sodomy. [citation needed] Police raids on gay bars and bathhouses were also common prior to 1950. The first recorded raid in American history on a gay bathhouse took place in New York on February 21, 1903, when New York police raided the Ariston Hotel Baths. 26 men were arrested and 12 brought to trial on sodomy charges; 7 men received sentences ranging from 4 to 20 years in prison. [3]

Nevertheless, there were some gay men who had an important impact on American history at this time, particularly literature. Walt Whitman (1819-1892), a prominent and influential American poet, is widely believed to have been gay or bisexual. [4] In 1860 he published Calamus, a series of homoerotic poems, for which he was fired from his job at the Department of the Interior, though he quickly obtained a similar job in the Attorney General’s office.[4] Another important homoerotic book was published in 1870 by the America author Bayard Taylor, titled Joseph and His Friend: A Story of Pennsylvania.[5] This book has been deemed the 'first gay novel' in America.[6] It has also been noted for its enigmatic treatment of homosexuality. Roger Austen notes "In the nineteenth century Bayard Taylor had written that the reader who did not feel 'cryptic forces' at play in Joseph and His Friend: A Story of Pennsylvania would hardly be interested in the external movement of his novel."[7] Another such work is Imre: A Memorandum, written in Europe by the expatriate American-born author, Edward Irenaeus Prime-Stevenson, who originally published it under the pseudonym of Xavier Mayne in a limited-edition imprint of 500 copies Naples, Italy, in 1906. Imre: A Memorandum is the first American gay novel with a happy ending.

The first recognized gay rights organization in America, the Society for Human Rights, was founded by Henry Gerber in Chicago in 1924. It only existed for a few months before disbanding due to the arrests of several of the Society's members. Still, it was officially recognized due to having received a charter from the state of Illinois, and produced the first American publication for gays, Friendship and Freedom.

1950s

In 1950, gay activist Harry Hay and several other men founded the Mattachine Society, the first enduring LGBT rights organization in the United States. The Mattachine Society was involved in two landmark gay rights cases in the 1950s. In the spring of 1952, William Dale Jennings, one of the cofounders of the Mattachine Society, was arrested in Los Angeles for allegedly soliciting a police officer in a bathroom in Westlake Park, now known as MacArthur Park. His trial drew national attention to the Mattachine Society, and membership increased drastically after Jennings contested the charges, resulting in a hung jury.[8] In 1958 the U.S. Supreme Court ruled in favor of ONE, Inc., a spinoff of the Mattachine Society, which had published "ONE: The Homosexual Magazine" beginning in 1953. After a campaign of harassment from the U.S. Post Office Department and the Federal Bureau of Investigation, the Postmaster of Los Angeles declared the October, 1954 issue obscene and therefore unmailable under the Comstock laws.[9] The magazine sued. The Supreme Court reversed the Postmaster's decision, marking the first time the Supreme Court had explicitly ruled on free press rights around homosexuality.

1960s

As of 1960, every state had an anti-sodomy law.[10] In 1961, the American Law Institute's Model Penal Code advocated repealing sodomy laws as they applied to private, adult, consensual behavior.[note 2] A few years later the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) took its first major case in opposition to these laws, Enslin v. Walford, which was denied certiorari by the Supreme Court. [11]

There were several protests of legal restrictions on gay bars in the 1960s. In 1966 the Mattachine Society staged a "Sip-In" at Julius Bar in New York City challenging a New York State Liquor Authority prohibition on serving alcohol to gays. The bartender initially started preparing the men a drink but then put his hand over the glass, which was photographed. The New York Times ran a headline the next day saying "3 Deviates Invite Exclusion by Bars." The Mattachines then challenged the liquor rule in court and the courts ruled that gays had a right to peacefully assemble, which undercut the previous state liquor authority contention that the presence of gay clientele automatically was grounds for charges of operating a "disorderly" premises. With this right a new era of licensed, legally operating gay bars began. Julius Bar now holds a monthly party called Mattachine in remembrance of the protest. On January 1, 1967, there was a police raid on the Los Angeles gay bar Black Cat Tavern which led to months of protests and demonstrations.[12] Inspired by this, The Advocate was first published in September of that year as a local newsletter alerting gay men to police raids in Los Angeles gay bars. The Advocate, which is still published, is the oldest and largest LGBT publication in the United States.

The modern lesbian and gay civil rights movement began on Saturday, June 28th, 1969 with the Stonewall Riots, when police raided a gay bar called the Stonewall Inn and the patrons fought back. [13] Lesbian Martha Shelley was in Greenwich Village the night of the Stonewall Riot; she proposed a protest march and as a result the Mattachine Society and Daughters of Bilitis sponsored a demonstration. [14][15][16] Later that year, on November 2, 1969, Craig Rodwell, his partner Fred Sargeant, Ellen Broidy, and Linda Rhodes proposed the first gay pride parade to be held in New York City by way of a resolution at the Eastern Regional Conference of Homophile Organizations (ERCHO) meeting in Philadelphia.[17]

"That the Annual Reminder, in order to be more relevant, reach a greater number of people, and encompass the ideas and ideals of the larger struggle in which we are engaged-that of our fundamental human rights-be moved both in time and location.


We propose that a demonstration be held annually on the last Saturday in June in New York City to commemorate the 1969 spontaneous demonstrations on Christopher Street and this demonstration be called CHRISTOPHER STREET LIBERATION DAY. No dress or age regulations shall be made for this demonstration.


We also propose that we contact Homophile organizations throughout the country and suggest that they hold parallel demonstrations on that day. We propose a nationwide show of support.[18][19][20][21]

All attendees to the ERCHO meeting in Philadelphia voted for the march except for Mattachine Society of New York City, which abstained.[18] Members of the Gay Liberation Front (GLF) attended the meeting and were seated as guests of Rodwell's group, Homophile Youth Movement in Neighborhoods (HYMN).[22]

Meetings to organize the march began in early January at Rodwell's apartment in 350 Bleecker Street.[23] At first there was difficulty getting some of the major New York organizations like Gay Activists Alliance (GAA) to send representatives. Craig Rodwell and his partner Fred Sargeant, Michael Brown, Marty Nixon, Foster Gunnison of Mattachine, and Ellen Broidy made up the core group of the CSLD Umbrella Committee (CSLDUC). For initial funding, Gunnison served as treasurer and sought donations from the national homophile organizations and sponsors, while Sargeant solicited donations via the Oscar Wilde Memorial Bookshop customer mailing list and Nixon worked to gain financial support from GLF in his position as treasurer for that organization.[24][25] Other mainstays of the organizing committee were Jack Waluska, Steve Gerrie, Judy Miller, and Brenda Howard of GLF.[26] Believing that more people would turn out for the march on a Sunday, and so as to mark the date of the start of the Stonewall uprising, the CSLDUC scheduled the date for the first march for Sunday, June 28, 1970.[27]

1970s

Gay pride became a major force in the 1970s. With Dick Leitsch's replacement as president of Mattachine NY by "Michael Kotis" in April, 1970, opposition to the first gay pride march by Mattachine ended.[28] America's first gay pride parade was held in June of 1970 in New York. [29] There was nothing planned for the rally in Central Park, since the group could not rely on making it the entire way. Yet as the original marchers left Christopher Street to walk uptown, hundreds, and then thousands, of supporters joined in. The crowd marched from Greenwich Village into uptown Manhattan and Central Park, holding gay pride signs and banners, chanting "Say it clear, say it loud. Gay is good, gay is proud." [29]

On the same weekend gay activist groups on the West Coast of the United States held a march in Los Angeles and a march and 'Gay-in' in San Francisco.[30][31]

One day earlier, on Saturday, 27 June 1970, Chicago Gay Liberation organized a march [32] from Washington Square Park ("Bughouse Square") to the Water Tower at the intersection of Michigan and Chicago avenues, which was the route originally planned, and then many of the participants extemporaneously marched on to the Civic Center (now Richard J. Daley) Plaza.[33] The date was chosen because the Stonewall events began on the last Saturday of June and because organizers wanted to reach the maximum number of Michigan Avenue shoppers. Subsequent Chicago parades have been held on the last Sunday of June, coinciding with the date of many similar parades elsewhere.

Another significant action of the gay rights movement in the 1970s was the creation of the Rainbow Flag by gay activist Gilbert Baker. When Gilbert Baker raised the first Gay Pride flag at San Francisco Pride on June 25, 1978, it had eight colors, each with a symbolic meaning:

Thirty volunteers had helped Baker hand-dye and stitch the first two flags for the parade.[34]

Another gay pride action of the 1970s was the first National March on Washington for Lesbian and Gay Rights, a large political rally that took place in Washington, D.C. on October 14, 1979. The first such march on Washington, it drew between 75,000 and 125,000[35] gay men, lesbians, bisexual and transgender people and straight allies to demand equal civil rights and urge the passage of protective civil rights legislation.[36]

There were two notable political successes for openly gay men in the late 1970s. In 1978 Harvey Milk became the first openly gay man elected to public office in the United States, and the first openly gay or lesbian person to be elected to public office in California, when he won a seat on the San Francisco Board of Supervisors. Milk served almost 11 months in office and was responsible for passing a stringent gay rights ordinance for the city. However, on November 27, 1978, Milk and Mayor George Moscone were assassinated by Dan White, another city supervisor who had recently resigned but wanted his job back. In 1979 Stephen Lachs became the first openly gay judge appointed in the United States. [37][38] He is thought but not proved to be the first openly gay judge appointed anywhere in the world.[38][39] He served as a judge of the Los Angeles County Superior Court from 1979 to 1999.

1980s

The 1980s were significant for the AIDS crisis, which hit the gay male community especially hard. [40] At first the disease was unidentified. [41] In the early eighties reports began surfacing in San Francisco and New York City that a rare form of cancer called Kaposi's Sarcoma was affecting young gay men.[42] In the general press, the term "GRID", which stood for gay-related immune deficiency, was used to refer to the disease.[43] However, after determining that AIDS was not isolated to the gay community, it was realized that the term GRID was misleading and the term AIDS was introduced at a meeting in July 1982.[44] By September 1982 the CDC started referring to the disease as AIDS.[45]After the Centers for Disease Control declared the new disease an epidemic, Gay Men's Health Crisis was created in 1982 when 80 men gathered in New York gay activist Larry Kramer's apartment to discuss the issue and to raise money for research. The founders were Nathan Fain, Larry Kramer, Lawrence D. Mass, Paul Popham, Paul Rapoport and Edmund White. At the time it was the largest volunteer AIDS organization in the world. Paul Popham was chosen as the president.[citation needed]

In 1985 Cleve Jones, a gay activist and Harvey Milk's former lover, conceived the idea of the AIDS Memorial Quilt at a candlelight memorial for Harvey Milk. In 1987 he created the first quilt panel in honor of his friend Marvin Feldman.[46] The AIDS Memorial Quilt has grown to become the world’s largest community arts project, memorializing the lives of over 85,000 Americans killed by AIDS.[47]

In 1987 Larry Kramer founded AIDS Coalition to Unleash Power (ACT UP), an international direct action advocacy group working to impact the lives of people with AIDS (PWAs) and the AIDS pandemic to bring about legislation, medical research and treatment and policies to ultimately bring an end to the disease by mitigating loss of health and lives.[48] In March 1987 Larry Kramer was asked to speak at the Lesbian and Gay Community Services Center in New York as part of a rotating speaker series, and his well-attended speech focused on action to fight AIDS. Kramer spoke out against the Gay Men's Health Crisis (GMHC). According to Douglas Crimp, Kramer also posed a question to the audience: "Do we want to start a new organization devoted to political action?" The answer was "a resounding yes." Approximately 300 people met two days later to form ACT UP.[49]

In all, since its discovery in the early 1980s, AIDS has caused nearly 30 million deaths (as of 2009).[50] As of 2010, approximately 34 million people have contracted HIV globally.[51] AIDS is considered a pandemic—a disease outbreak which is present over a large area and is actively spreading.[52]

Yet the 1980s was not all bleak. It also saw openly gay men becoming more prominent in politics. In 1983 Gerry Studds became the first openly gay member of the U.S. Congress. [53] Studds was a central figure in the 1983 Congressional page sex scandal, when he and Representative Dan Crane were each separately censured by the House of Representatives for an inappropriate relationship with a congressional page — in Studds' case, a gay relationship with a 17-year-old male. During the course of the House Ethics Committee's investigation, Studds publicly acknowledged his homosexuality, a disclosure that, according to a Washington Post article, "apparently was not news to many of his constituents." Studds stated in an address to the House, "It is not a simple task for any of us to meet adequately the obligations of either public or private life, let alone both, but these challenges are made substantially more complex when one is, as I am, both an elected public official and gay." He acknowledged that it had been inappropriate to engage in a relationship with a subordinate, and said his actions represented "a very serious error in judgment."[54] He won reelection in 1984. [53] In 1987 Barney Frank became the first U.S. congressman to come out as gay of his own volition. Frank started coming out as gay to friends before he ran for Congress and came out publicly on May 30, 1987, "prompted in part by increased media interest in his private life" and the death of Stewart McKinney, "a closeted bisexual Republican representative from Connecticut"; Frank told The Washington Post after McKinney's death there was "An unfortunate debate about 'Was he or wasn't he? Didn't he or did he?' I said to myself, I don't want that to happen to me."[55][56]

1990s

2000s

2010s

Notable American gay men

Notes

  1. ^ Andrews v. Vanduzer, N.Y.Sup. 1814 (January Term, 1814) (Vanduzer accused Andrews of having had connection with a cow and then a mare and the court understood this to mean that Vanduzer was going around telling others that Andrews had been guilty of the crime against nature with a beast.
  2. ^ Illinois in 1961 became the first state to repeal its sodomy law. Laws of Illinois 1961, page 1983, enacted July 28, 1961, effective Jan. 1, 1962. The History of Sodomy Laws in the United States: Illinois.

References

  1. ^ "N.C. sodomy law dates to Henry VIII | newsobserver.com projects". Projects.newsobserver.com. 2008-05-27. Retrieved 2012-11-25.
  2. ^ See Rose v. Locke, 1975, 96 S.Ct. 243, 423 U.S. 48, 46 L.Ed.2d 185.
  3. ^ (Chauncey, 1995)
  4. ^ a b "Gay History Project: Walt Whitman and Peter Doyle". Eriegaynews.com. 2009-10-01. Retrieved 2012-11-25.
  5. ^ Whitcomb, Selden L. and Matthews, Brander, Chronological Outlines of American Literature, Norwood Press, 1893, p. 186
  6. ^ Austen, Roger, Playing the Game: The Homosexual Novel in America, Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1977, p. 9
  7. ^ Austen, Roger, Playing the Game: The Homosexual Novel in America, Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1977, p. 77
  8. ^ Vern L. Bullough, RN, PhD, ed. (2002) [2002]. Before Stonewall, Activists for Gay and Lesbian Rights in Historical Context. New York: Harrington Park Press. p. 424. ISBN 1-56023-192-0.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: editors list (link)
  9. ^ Murdoch, Joyce; Price, Deb (8 May 2002). "ONE Standard of Justice". Courting justice: gay men and lesbians v. the Supreme Court. Basic Books. pp. 27–50. ISBN 978-0-465-01514-6. Retrieved 9 October 2011.
  10. ^ New York Times: Supreme Court Strikes Down Texas Law Banning Sodomy," June 26, 2003, accessed July 16, 2012
  11. ^ "Aclu.org". Aclu.org. March 26, 2006. Retrieved May 2, 2010.
  12. ^ Camprehoboth article
  13. ^ "The New York Times",June 29, 1969
  14. ^ Duberman, Martin (1993). Stonewall. Dutton. ISBN 0-525-93602-5.
  15. ^ D'Emilio, John (1983). Sexual politics, sexual communities : the making of a homosexual minority in the United States 1940-1970. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-226-14265-5.
  16. ^ Gallo, Marcia (2006). Different daughters : a history of the Daughters of Bilitis and the rise of the Lesbian rights movement. New York: Carroll and Graf. ISBN 0-7867-1634-7.
  17. ^ Sargeant, Fred. "1970: A First-Person Account of the First Gay Pride March." The Village Voice. June 22, 2010. retrieved January 3, 2011.
  18. ^ a b Carter, p. 230
  19. ^ Marotta, pp. 164–165
  20. ^ Teal, pp. 322–323
  21. ^ Duberman, pp. 255, 262, 270–280
  22. ^ Duberman, p. 227
  23. ^ Nagourney, Adam. "For Gays, a Party In Search of a Purpose; At 30, Parade Has Gone Mainstream As Movement's Goals Have Drifte." New York Times. June 25, 2000. retrieved January 3, 2011.
  24. ^ Carter, p. 247
  25. ^ Teal, p. 323
  26. ^ Duberman, p. 271
  27. ^ Duberman, p. 272
  28. ^ Duberman, p. 314 n93
  29. ^ a b Wythe, Bianca (2011-06-09). "Inside American Experience . American Experience . WGBH . How the Pride Parade Became Tradition". PBS. Retrieved 2012-11-25.
  30. ^ "The San Francisco Chronicle", June 29, 1970
  31. ^ "As of early 1970, Neil Briggs became the vice-chairman of the LGBTQ Association", CanPress, February 28, 1970. [1]
  32. ^ "Chicago Tribune", June 28, 1970, p. A3
  33. ^ "Outspoken: Chicago's Free Speech Tradition". Newberry Library. Retrieved 2008-09-07.
  34. ^ Witt, Lynn, Sherry Thomas & Eric Marcus (1995). Out in All Directions: The Almanac of Gay and Lesbian America. New York, Warner Books. ISBN 0-446-67237-8. p. 435.
  35. ^ Ghaziani, Amin. 2008. "The Dividends of Dissent: How Conflict and Culture Work in Lesbian and Gay Marches on Washington". The University of Chicago Press.
  36. ^ Thomas, Jo (October 15, 1979), "Estimated 75,000 persons parade through Washington, DC, in homosexual rights march. Urge passage of legislation to protect rights of homosexuals", New York Times Abstracts, p. 14
  37. ^ Clendinen, Dudley; Nagourney, Adam. Out for Good: The Struggle to Build a Gay Rights Movement in America. Simon & Schuster. pp. 411–412. ISBN 978-0-684-81091-1.
  38. ^ a b Nation's 1st Openly Gay Judge to Retire, Los Angeles Times (September 2, 1999).
  39. ^ Faderman, Lillian; Timmons, Stuart. Gay L.A.: a history of sexual outlaws, power politics, and lipstick lesbians. University of California Press. p. 197. ISBN 978-0-520-26061-0.
  40. ^ http://www.cnn.com/2011/HEALTH/05/25/edmund.white.hiv.aids/index.html
  41. ^ http://www.cnn.com/2011/HEALTH/05/25/edmund.white.hiv.aids/index.html
  42. ^ "Rare Cancer Seen in 41 Homosexuals". New York Times. 1981-07-03.
  43. ^ Altman LK (May 11, 1982). "New homosexual disorder worries health officials". The New York Times. Retrieved August 31, 2011.
  44. ^ Kher U (July 27, 1982). "A Name for the Plague". Time. Archived from the original on March 7, 2008. Retrieved March 10, 2008. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  45. ^ Centers for Disease Control (CDC) (1982). "Update on acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)—United States". MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 31 (37): 507–508, 513–514. PMID 6815471.
  46. ^ Wilson, Craig (December 7, 1987), "The man who sewed together the stories of thousands", USA Today, retrieved January 27, 2010
  47. ^ Merkle, Karen Rene (November 20, 2000), "The Cathedral of St. Paul has been displaying the AIDS Memorial Quilt", Erie Times-News, retrieved January 27, 2010
  48. ^ ACT/UP New York
  49. ^ Crimp, Douglas. AIDS Demographics. Bay Press, 1990. (Comprehensive early history of ACT UP, discussion of the various signs and symbols used by ACT UP).
  50. ^ "Global Report Fact Sheet" (PDF). UNAIDS. 2010.
  51. ^ Cite error: The named reference UN2011Ten was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  52. ^ Cite error: The named reference Kallings was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  53. ^ a b Cave, Damien (2006-10-15). "Gerry Studds Dies at 69; First Openly Gay Congressman - New York Times". Nytimes.com. Retrieved 2012-11-25.
  54. ^ "Housecleaning". Time. July 25, 1983.
  55. ^ Kiritsy, Laura (May 31, 2007). "Happy Anniversary, Barney Frank!". EDGE.
  56. ^ Carlos Santoscoy (September 20, 2009). "Barney Frank's 'Left-Handed Gay Jew' No Tell-All". On Top Magazine. Archived from the original on January 2, 2010. Retrieved January 19, 2010.
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