Thymosin
Thymosins are small proteins present in many animal tissues. They are named thymosins because they were originally isolated from the thymus, but most are now known to be present in many other tissues.[1] Thymosins have diverse biological activities, and two in particular, thymosins α1 and β4, have potentially important uses in medicine, some of which have already progressed from the laboratory to the clinic. In relation to diseases, thymosins have been categorized as biological response modifiers.[2] Thymosins are important for proper T-cell development and differentiation.[3]
Discovery
[edit]The discovery of thymosins in the mid 1960s emerged from investigations of the role of the thymus in development of the vertebrate immune system. Begun by Allan L. Goldstein in the Laboratory of Abraham White at the Albert Einstein College of Medicine in New York, the work continued at University of Texas Medical Branch in Galveston and at The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences in Washington D.C. The supposition that the role of the thymus might involve a hormone-like mechanism led to the isolation from thymus tissue of a biologically active preparation. Known as "Thymosin Fraction 5", this was able to restore some aspects of immune function in animals lacking thymus gland. Fraction 5 was found to contain over 40 small peptides (molecular weights ranging from 1000 to 15,000 Da.),[4] which were named "thymosins" and classified as α, β and γ thymosins on the basis of their behaviour in an electric field. Although found together in Fraction 5, they are now known to be structurally and genetically unrelated. Thymosin β1 was found to be ubiquitin (truncated by two C-terminal glycine residues).[5]
When individual thymosins were isolated from Fraction 5 and characterized, they were found to have extremely varied and important biological properties. However they are not truly thymic hormones in that they are not restricted in occurrence to thymus and several are widely distributed throughout many different tissues.[4][5][6]
Doping in sports
[edit]Thymosin beta-4 was allegedly used by some players in various Australian football codes and is under investigation by the Australian Sports Anti-Doping Authority for anti-doping violations.[7][8]
Thymosin as a hair loss treatment
[edit]The process of hair growth utilizes many cellular and molecular mechanisms common to angiogenesis and wound healing. While studying the influence of thymosin beta-4 (Tβ4) on wound healing, Philp et al. accidentally found that hair grew more rapidly around the edges of wounds. In due course, they showed that Tβ4 induced rapid hair growth on the dorsal skin of healthy mice.[9]
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- Notes
- ^ Hannappel, E; Huff, T (2003). "The thymosins. Prothymosin alpha, parathymosin, and beta-thymosins: structure and function". Vitamins and Hormones. 66: 257–96. doi:10.1016/s0083-6729(03)01007-0. PMID 12852257.
- ^ Low, TL; Goldstein, AL (1984). "Thymosins: structure, function and therapeutic applications". Thymus. 6 (1–2): 27–42. PMID 6087503.
- ^ "Thymus". EndocrineWeb. Retrieved June 24, 2022.
- ^ a b Goldstein AL (September 2007). "History of the discovery of the thymosins". Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 1112 (1): 1–13. Bibcode:2007NYASA1112....1G. doi:10.1196/annals.1415.045. PMID 17600284. S2CID 3177237.
- ^ a b Hannappel E (September 2007). "beta-Thymosins". Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 1112 (1): 21–37. Bibcode:2007NYASA1112...21H. doi:10.1196/annals.1415.018. PMID 17468232. S2CID 222082792.
- ^ Garaci E (September 2007). "Thymosin alpha1: a historical overview". Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 1112: 14–20. doi:10.1196/annals.1415.039. PMID 17567941. S2CID 222082988.
- ^ Ho, EN; Kwok, WH; Lau, MY; Wong, AS; Wan, TS; Lam, KK; Schiff, PJ; Stewart, BD (23 November 2012). "Doping control analysis of TB-500, a synthetic version of an active region of thymosin β4, in equine urine and plasma by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry". Journal of Chromatography A. 1265: 57–69. doi:10.1016/j.chroma.2012.09.043. PMID 23084823.
- ^ https://theconversation.edu.au/cronulla-sharks-and-thymosin-beta-4-is-it-doping-12694 (Feb/Mar 2013)
- ^ "Triggering Hair Growth at a Cellular Level". 2017-04-16. Retrieved 2017-04-21.
- Sources
- Koh, B. (2013). Cronulla Sharks and thymosin beta-4 ... is it doping? Retrieved from http://theconversation.edu.au/cronulla-sharks-and-thymosin-beta-4-is-it-doping-12694
External links
[edit]- thymosin at the U.S. National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)