-ный
Appearance
Russian
[edit]Alternative forms
[edit]- -но́й (-nój) — when the ending is stressed
Etymology
[edit]Inherited from Proto-Slavic *-ьnъ.
Pronunciation
[edit]Suffix
[edit]-ный • (-nyj)
- -ish, -ic, -al, -ed; having a particular quality of, pertaining to, associated with; forms adjectives from nouns, and sometimes from verbs
- культу́ра (kulʹtúra, “culture”) + -ный (-nyj) → культу́рный (kulʹtúrnyj, “cultural”)
- ме́сто (mésto, “place”) + -ный (-nyj) → ме́стный (méstnyj, “local”)
- наро́д (naród, “people”) + -ный (-nyj) → наро́дный (naródnyj, “folk”)
- не́га (néga, “comfort”) + -ный (-nyj) → не́жный (néžnyj, “gentle”)
- нормати́в (normatív, “norm”) + -ный (-nyj) → нормати́вный (normatívnyj, “normative”)
- свобо́да (svobóda, “freedom”) + -ный (-nyj) → свобо́дный (svobódnyj, “free”)
- учёба (učóba, “studies, training”) + -ный (-nyj) → уче́бный (učébnyj, “educational, (relational) training”)
- се́рия (sérija, “series”) + -ный (-nyj) → сери́йный (seríjnyj, “serial”)
- грех (grex, “sin”) + -ный (-nyj) → гре́шный (gréšnyj, “sinful”)
- не- (ne-) + обы́чай (obýčaj, “custom”) + -ный (-nyj) → необыча́йный (neobyčájnyj, “unusual, extraordinary”)
- German molekular + -ный (-nyj) → молекуля́рный (molekuljárnyj, “molecular”)
- German Kassation + -ный (-nyj) → кассацио́нный (kassaciónnyj, “(relational) appeal, cassation”)
- томи́ть (tomítʹ, “to tire, to exhaust”) + -ный (-nyj) → то́мный (tómnyj, “languid, languorous”)
Usage notes
[edit]Note the following properties:
- A velar (as well as ц) normally turns into a palatal as a result of the Slavic first palatalization. This and the following several properties are due to the *ь that was formerly present at the beginning of the suffix.
- A stem ending in -л turns into -ль before the suffix; contrariwise, all other stems ending in -ь lose this.
- With reducible nouns, the stem assumes its non-reduced form before the suffix. With feminine and neuter nouns, this form is found only in the genitive plural. This applies even to nouns with no plural.
- земля́ (zemljá, “land”) (genitive plural земе́ль (zemélʹ)) + -ный (-nyj) → земе́льный (zemélʹnyj, “(relational) land”)
- ядро́ (jadró, “nucleus”) (genitive plural я́дер (jáder)) + -ный (-nyj) → я́дерный (jádernyj, “nuclear”)
- ёлка (jólka, “Christmas tree”) (genitive plural ёлок (jólok)) + -ный (-nyj) → ёлочный (jóločnyj, “(relational) Christmas tree”) (к is palatalized in accordance with a preceding property)
- во́дка (vódka, “vodka”) (genitive plural *во́док (*vódok)) + -ный (-nyj) → во́дочный (vódočnyj, “(relational) vodka”)
- литьё (litʹjó, “casting”) (genitive plural *лите́й (*litéj)) + -ный (-nyj) → лите́йный (litéjnyj, “(relational) casting”)
- ё may turn back into е before the suffix.
- The stress is sometimes (but not always) drawn onto the preceding syllable.
- не- (ne-, “un-”) + обы́чай (obýčaj, “custom”) → необыча́йный (neobyčájnyj, “unusual, extraordinary”)
- се́рия (sérija, “series”) + -ный (-nyj) → сери́йный (seríjnyj, “serial”)
- Foreign nouns ending in invariant -е change this to stressed -е́й before the suffix.
- Some adjectives in -ия, -ие change this to stressed -е́й before the suffix (as if they ended in -ья, -ье/-ьё).
- But some adjectives in -ия, -ие have the expected change to -и́й:
- Adjectives in -ный may be formed directly from foreign nouns or adjectives, as in молекуля́рный (molekuljárnyj, “molecular”) and кассацио́нный (kassaciónnyj, “(relational) appeal, cassation”) (there is no such adjective *молекуля́р and no such noun *кассацио́н).
Note in particular that nouns in -ка (-ka), -ко (-ko) have corresponding adjectives in unstressed -очный.
Declension
[edit]Declension of -ный (short class a)
masculine | neuter | feminine | plural | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
nominative | -ный -nyj |
-ное -noje |
-ная -naja |
-ные -nyje | |
genitive | -ного -novo |
-ной -noj |
-ных -nyx | ||
dative | -ному -nomu |
-ной -noj |
-ным -nym | ||
accusative | animate | -ного -novo |
-ное -noje |
-ную -nuju |
-ных -nyx |
inanimate | -ный -nyj |
-ные -nyje | |||
instrumental | -ным -nym |
-ной, -ною -noj, -noju |
-ными -nymi | ||
prepositional | -ном -nom |
-ной -noj |
-ных -nyx | ||
short form | -ен -en |
-но -no |
-на -na |
-ны -ny |
Pre-reform declension of -ный (short class a)
masculine | neuter | feminine | m. plural | n./f. plural | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
nominative | -ный -nyj |
-ное -noje |
-ная -naja |
-ные -nyje |
-ныя -nyja | |
genitive | -наго -navo |
-ной -noj |
-ныхъ -nyx | |||
dative | -ному -nomu |
-ной -noj |
-нымъ -nym | |||
accusative | animate | -наго -navo |
-ное -noje |
-ную -nuju |
-ныхъ -nyx | |
inanimate | -ный -nyj |
-ные -nyje |
-ныя -nyja | |||
instrumental | -нымъ -nym |
-ной, -ною -noj, -noju |
-ными -nymi | |||
prepositional | -номъ -nom |
-ной -noj |
-ныхъ -nyx | |||
short form | -енъ -en |
-но -no |
-на -na |
-ны -ny |
Derived terms
[edit]Categories:
- Russian terms inherited from Proto-Slavic
- Russian terms derived from Proto-Slavic
- Russian 1-syllable words
- Russian terms with IPA pronunciation
- Russian lemmas
- Russian suffixes
- Russian adjective-forming suffixes
- Russian hard-stem stem-stressed adjectives
- Russian adjectives with short forms
- Russian adjectives with short accent pattern a
- Russian adjectives with irregular short masculine singular