κωλύω
Ancient Greek
[edit]Etymology
[edit]Possibly a Pre-Greek word; see also Semitic: Akkadian 𒄢 (kalû /GUL/, “to detain, delay, hold back [a person], to keep in custody, in confinement, to distrain, to prevent, to hinder”) Biblical Hebrew כֶּלֶא (kéle, “prison, jail”), Aramaic כלא (kəlāʾ, “to hinder, to restrain, to forbid”), Classical Syriac ܟ݁ܳܠܶܐ (kale, “hinder, forbid, restrain”) and Arabic كَلَأَ (kalaʔa, “to guard, to protect, to stop, to keep from access”).
Pronunciation
[edit]- (5th BCE Attic) IPA(key): /kɔː.ly̌ː.ɔː/
- (1st CE Egyptian) IPA(key): /koˈly.o/
- (4th CE Koine) IPA(key): /koˈly.o/
- (10th CE Byzantine) IPA(key): /koˈly.o/
- (15th CE Constantinopolitan) IPA(key): /koˈli.o/
Verb
[edit]κωλῡ́ω • (kōlū́ō)
Usage notes
[edit]The other verbs of preventing usually take μή (mḗ) before the infinitive, but this is not the case with κωλύω (kōlúō).
Inflection
[edit] Present: κωλῡ́ω, κωλῡ́ομαι
| number | singular | dual | plural | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| first | second | third | second | third | first | second | third | ||||||
| active | indicative | ἐκώλῡον | ἐκώλῡες | ἐκώλῡε(ν) | ἐκωλῡ́ετον | ἐκωλῡέτην | ἐκωλῡ́ομεν | ἐκωλῡ́ετε | ἐκώλῡον | ||||
| middle/ passive |
indicative | ἐκωλῡόμην | ἐκωλῡ́ου | ἐκωλῡ́ετο | ἐκωλῡ́εσθον | ἐκωλῡέσθην | ἐκωλῡόμεθᾰ | ἐκωλῡ́εσθε | ἐκωλῡ́οντο | ||||
| Notes: | This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For conjugation in dialects other than Attic, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.
| ||||||||||||
Derived terms
[edit]- ἀντικωλύω (antikōlúō)
- ἀποκωλύω (apokōlúō)
- διακωλύω (diakōlúō)
- ἐγκωλύω (enkōlúō)
- ἐπικωλύω (epikōlúō)
- κατακωλύω (katakōlúō)
- συγκωλύω (sunkōlúō)
Related terms
[edit]References
[edit]- “κωλύω”, in Liddell & Scott (1940) A Greek–English Lexicon, Oxford: Clarendon Press
- “κωλύω”, in Liddell & Scott (1889) An Intermediate Greek–English Lexicon, New York: Harper & Brothers
- κωλύω in Bailly, Anatole (1935) Le Grand Bailly: Dictionnaire grec-français, Paris: Hachette
- “κωλύω”, in Slater, William J. (1969) Lexicon to Pindar, Berlin: Walter de Gruyter
- G2967 in Strong, James (1979) Strong’s Exhaustive Concordance to the Bible
Greek
[edit]Etymology
[edit]From Ancient Greek κωλύω of unknown etymon. Possibly related to the ancient κολούω (koloúō, “curtail, cut short”) or to *κῶλ-ος ("peg").[1]
Pronunciation
[edit]Verb
[edit]κωλύω • (kolýo) (past κώλυσα, passive κωλύομαι) found chiefly in the present and imperfect tenses
- to prevent by putting an obstacle, hinder, preclude
- (usually in the passive) I am unable to
- Κωλύομαι, δεν μπορώ να σου πω τι συνέβη. Του υποσχέθηκα ότι θα το κρατήσω μυστικό.
- Kolýomai, den boró na sou po ti synévi. Tou yposchéthika óti tha to kratíso mystikó.
- I am hindered, I cannot tell you what happened. I promised him I will keep it a secret.
- perfective tenses: for legal expressions
- Η διάταξη αυτή κωλύει την εφαρμογή της εθνικής ρυθμίσεως.
- I diátaxi aftí kolýei tin efarmogí tis ethnikís rythmíseos.
- That rule precludes the application of national legislation. (eur‑lex, 1993)
- Kωλύθηκε για λόγους υγείας. ― Kolýthike gia lógous ygeías. ― s/he was prevented because of health (problems) (Government Gazette 180/2015)
Usage notes
[edit]Past tenses: active κώλυσα and passive κωλύθηκα are mostly found in the compound and synonym παρακωλύω, in legal expressions and in old texts.
- Very frequent misspellings of κόλλησα (kóllisa) and κολλήθηκα (kollíthika) of verb κολλάω, κολλώ (kolláo, kolló, “glue, stick”).
- Το αυτοκίνητο κόλλησε στη λάσπη. ― To aftokínito kóllise sti láspi. ― The car stuck in the mud.
- Η αφίσα κολλήθηκε στον τοίχο. ― I afísa kollíthike ston toícho. ― The poster was stuck on the wall.
Conjugation
[edit]κωλύω κωλύομαι
| Active voice ➤ | Passive voice ➤ | |||
| Indicative mood ➤ | Imperfective aspect ➤ | Perfective aspect ➤ | Imperfective aspect | Perfective aspect |
| Non-past tenses ➤ | Present ➤ | Dependent ➤ | Present | Dependent |
| 1 sg | κωλύω | κωλύσω1 | κωλύομαι | κωλυθώ1 |
| 2 sg | κωλύεις | κωλύσεις | κωλύεσαι | κωλυθείς |
| 3 sg | κωλύει | κωλύσει | κωλύεται | κωλυθεί |
| 1 pl | κωλύουμε, [‑ομε] | κωλύσουμε, [‑ομε] | κωλυόμαστε, {κωλυόμεθα} | κωλυθούμε |
| 2 pl | κωλύετε | κωλύσετε | κωλύεστε, {κωλύεσθε}, [κωλυόσαστε] | κωλυθείτε |
| 3 pl | κωλύουν[ε] | κωλύσουν[ε] | κωλύονται | κωλυθούν[ε] |
| Past tenses ➤ | Imperfect ➤ | Simple past ➤ | Imperfect | Simple past |
| 1 sg | κώλυα | κώλυσα1 | κωλυόμουν[α] | κωλύθηκα1 |
| 2 sg | κώλυες | κώλυσες | κωλυόσουν[α] | κωλύθηκες |
| 3 sg | κώλυε | κώλυσε | κωλυόταν[ε] | κωλύθηκε |
| 1 pl | κωλύαμε | κωλύσαμε | κωλυόμασταν, (‑όμαστε) | κωλυθήκαμε |
| 2 pl | κωλύατε | κωλύσατε | κωλυόσασταν, (‑όσαστε) | κωλυθήκατε |
| 3 pl | κώλυαν, [κωλύαν(ε)] | κώλυσαν, [κωλύσαν(ε)] | κωλύονταν, [κωλυόντουσαν] | κωλύθηκαν, [κωλυθήκαν(ε)] |
| Future tenses ➤ | Continuous ➤ | Simple ➤ | Continuous | Simple |
| 1 sg | θα κωλύω ➤ | θα κωλύσω ➤ | θα κωλύομαι ➤ | θα κωλυθώ ➤ |
| 2,3 sg, 1,2,3 pl | θα κωλύεις, … | θα κωλύσεις, … | θα κωλύεσαι, … | θα κωλυθείς, … |
| Perfect aspect ➤ | Perfect aspect | |||
| Present perfect ➤ | έχω, έχεις, … κωλύσει | έχω, έχεις, … κωλυθεί | ||
| Past perfect ➤ | είχα, είχες, … κωλύσει | είχα, είχες, … κωλυθεί | ||
| Future perfect ➤ | θα έχω, θα έχεις, … κωλύσει | θα έχω, θα έχεις, … κωλυθεί | ||
| Subjunctive mood ➤ | Formed using present, dependent (for simple past) or present perfect from above with a particle (να, ας). | |||
| Imperative mood ➤ | Imperfective aspect | Perfective aspect | Imperfective aspect | Perfective aspect |
| 2 sg | κώλυε | κώλυσε | — | κωλύσου |
| 2 pl | κωλύετε | κωλύστε | κωλύεστε | κωλυθείτε |
| Other forms | Active voice | Passive voice | ||
| Present participle➤ | κωλύοντας ➤ | κωλυόμενος, ‑η, ‑ο ➤ | ||
| Perfect participle➤ | έχοντας κωλύσει ➤ | — | ||
| Nonfinite form➤ | κωλύσει | κωλυθεί | ||
| Notes Appendix:Greek verbs |
1. Past tenses, are found in the compound παρακωλύω, in legal expressions and in old texts. • (…) optional or informal. […] rare. {…} learned, archaic. • Multiple forms are shown in order of reducing frequency. • Periphrastic imperative forms may be produced using the subjunctive. | |||
Synonyms
[edit]- παρακωλύω (parakolýo)
- παρεμποδίζω (parempodízo)
- εμποδίζω (empodízo)
Related terms
[edit]- ακώλυτος (akólytos, “unhindered”)
- απαρακώλυτος (aparakólytos, “unhindered”)
- κώλυμα n (kólyma, “hindrance”)
- κωλυόμενος (kolyómenos, “being hindered”, participle)
- κωλυσιεργία f (kolysiergía)
- κωλυσιεργώ (kolysiergó, “prevent by prolonging”)
- παρακώλυση f (parakólysi, “hindrance”)
- παρακωλύω (parakolýo, “hinder”)
References
[edit]- ^ κωλύω - Babiniotis, Georgios (2010) Ετυμολογικό λεξικό της νέας ελληνικής γλώσσας Etymologikó lexikó tis néas ellinikís glóssas [Etymological Dictionary of Modern Greek language] (in Greek), Athens: Lexicology Centre
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