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See also:
U+76E3, 監
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-76E3

[U+76E2]
CJK Unified Ideographs
[U+76E4]
U+323C, ㈼
PARENTHESIZED IDEOGRAPH SUPERVISE

[U+323B]
Enclosed CJK Letters and Months
[U+323D]

Translingual

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Japanese
Simplified
Traditional

Alternative forms

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  • 𰯲 (when used at the top of a character)

Note the difference in the upper right component between simplified Chinese, where it is ⿱𠂉丶 (resembles half of 𥫗), and traditional Chinese and Japanese, where it is ⿱𠂉一.

Han character

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(Kangxi radical 108, +9 in Chinese, 皿+10 in Japanese, 14 strokes in Chinese, 15 strokes in Japanese, cangjie input 尸戈月廿 (SIBT) or 尸一月廿 (SMBT), four-corner 78107, composition ⿱⿰𠂉)

Derived characters

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Descendants

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References

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  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 796, character 2
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 23032
  • Dae Jaweon: page 1210, character 18
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 4, page 2566, character 3
  • Unihan data for U+76E3

Chinese

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trad.
simp.
alternative forms 𧗄

𧨭
𧩾

Glyph origin

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Historical forms of the character
Shang Western Zhou Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Oracle bone script Bronze inscriptions Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts

Ideogrammic compound (會意会意) : + . Note the migration of the dot from to a third stroke of → ⿱𠂉丶/⿱𠂉一.

Alternatively, pictogram (象形) depicting a person with an emphasized eye looking into a container (Ji Xusheng, 2004).

Etymology

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Compare Burmese ကြံ (kram, to think, scheme).[1]

Pronunciation 1

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Note:
  • kaⁿ - vernacular;
  • kam/kàm - literary.
Note:
  • gam1 - Chaozhou, Shantou;
  • gang1 - Chenghai.

  • Dialectal data
Variety Location
Mandarin Beijing /t͡ɕian⁵⁵/
Harbin /t͡ɕian⁴⁴/
Tianjin /t͡ɕian²¹/
Jinan /t͡ɕiã²¹³/
Qingdao /t͡ɕiã²¹³/
Zhengzhou /t͡ɕian²⁴/
Xi'an /t͡ɕiã²¹/
Xining /t͡ɕiã⁴⁴/
Yinchuan /t͡ɕian⁴⁴/
Lanzhou /t͡ɕiɛ̃n³¹/
Ürümqi /t͡ɕian⁴⁴/
Wuhan /t͡ɕiɛn⁵⁵/
Chengdu /t͡ɕian⁵⁵/
Guiyang /t͡ɕian⁵⁵/
Kunming /t͡ɕiɛ̃⁴⁴/
Nanjing /t͡ɕien³¹/
Hefei /t͡ɕiĩ²¹/
Jin Taiyuan /t͡ɕie¹¹/
Pingyao /t͡ɕiɑŋ¹³/
/t͡ɕiɑŋ³⁵/ ~督
Hohhot /t͡ɕie³¹/
Wu Shanghai /ke⁵³/
Suzhou /ke̞⁵⁵/
Hangzhou /t͡ɕiẽ̞³³/
Wenzhou /ka³³/
Hui Shexian /t͡ɕie³¹/
/kɛ³¹/
Tunxi /kɔ¹¹/
Xiang Changsha /kan⁵⁵/
Xiangtan /kan⁵⁵/
Gan Nanchang /kan⁴²/
Hakka Meixian /kam⁴⁴/
Taoyuan /kɑm⁵⁵/
Cantonese Guangzhou /kam⁵³/
Nanning /kam⁵⁵/
Hong Kong /kam⁵⁵/
Min Xiamen (Hokkien) /kam⁵⁵/
/kã⁵⁵/
Fuzhou (Eastern Min) /kaŋ⁴⁴/
Jian'ou (Northern Min) /kaŋ³³/
Shantou (Teochew) /kam³³/
Haikou (Hainanese) /kam²³/ ~獄
/kam³⁵/ ~察

Rime
Character
Reading # 1/2
Initial () (28)
Final () (149)
Tone (調) Level (Ø)
Openness (開合) Open
Division () II
Fanqie
Baxter kaem
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang
/kˠam/
Pan
Wuyun
/kᵚam/
Shao
Rongfen
/kam/
Edwin
Pulleyblank
/kaɨm/
Li
Rong
/kam/
Wang
Li
/kam/
Bernard
Karlgren
/kam/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex
jiān
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex
gaam1
BaxterSagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character
Reading # 1/2
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin)
jiān
Middle
Chinese
‹ kæm ›
Old
Chinese
/*[k]ˁram/
English inspect

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character
Reading # 1/2
No. 6103
Phonetic
component
Rime
group
Rime
subdivision
1
Corresponding
MC rime
Old
Chinese
/*kraːm/
Notes

Definitions

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  1. to supervise; to oversee
  2. (historical) proctor; supervisor
  3. to control; to take charge; to direct
  4. (historical, of crown prince or senior statesman) to act for the monarch
  5. (historical) dukes or princes under an emperor
  6. to imprison; to incarcerate
  7. prison; jail
  8. to command; to lead
  9. (Cantonese) to force (somebody to do something)
Synonyms
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Compounds

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Pronunciation 2

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Rime
Character
Reading # 2/2
Initial () (28)
Final () (149)
Tone (調) Departing (H)
Openness (開合) Open
Division () II
Fanqie
Baxter kaemH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang
/kˠamH/
Pan
Wuyun
/kᵚamH/
Shao
Rongfen
/kamH/
Edwin
Pulleyblank
/kaɨmH/
Li
Rong
/kamH/
Wang
Li
/kamH/
Bernard
Karlgren
/kamH/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex
jiàn
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex
gaam3
BaxterSagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character
Reading # 2/2
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin)
jiàn
Middle
Chinese
‹ kæmH ›
Old
Chinese
/*kˁram-s/
English mirror

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character
Reading # 2/2
No. 6106
Phonetic
component
Rime
group
Rime
subdivision
1
Corresponding
MC rime
Old
Chinese
/*kraːms/

Definitions

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  1. Alternative form of (jiàn, mirror)
  2. to reflect; to see; to view
  3. to use for reference; to draw lessons from
  4. (historical) supervisor; overseer
  5. (historical) imperial office
  6. (historical) eunuch

Compounds

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References

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  1. ^ Luce, G. H. (1981) “-AM Finals (5. to Think, Plan)”, in A Comparative Word-List of Old Burmese, Chinese and Tibetan, London: School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, →ISBN, page 41

Further reading

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Japanese

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Kanji

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(Jōyō kanji)

  1. oversee
  2. bureaucrat
  3. government agency or office
  4. manage
  5. control or own

Readings

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  • Go-on: けん (ken)
  • Kan-on: かん (kan, Jōyō)
  • Kun: みる (miru, 監る)

Etymology

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Kanji in this term
かん
Grade: S
on'yomi

From Middle Chinese (MC kaem).

Pronunciation

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Affix

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(かん) (kan

  1. to supervise; to inspect; to watch
  2. jail; jailhouse

Compounds

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Korean

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Hanja

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(eumhun (bol gam))

  1. hanja form? of (supervision; overseeing)

Compounds

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Vietnamese

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Han character

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: Hán Nôm readings: giam, giám, giớm, giợm, róm, giấm, lổm, ram, rướm, xám

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.