La Inflamacion y Sus Desencantos Papel de Las Citocinas
La Inflamacion y Sus Desencantos Papel de Las Citocinas
La Inflamacion y Sus Desencantos Papel de Las Citocinas
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Psiq Biol. 2010;17(2):7180
Psiquiatra Biologica
www.elsevier.es/psiquiatriabiologica
Revision
Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (AHM, CLR), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, EE.UU.
Department of Neuropsychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (VM), University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, EE.UU.
N D E L A R T I C U L O
INFORMACIO
Palabras clave:
Citocinas
Depresion
Excitotocicidad
Eje hipotalamo-hiposario-suprarrenal
Inamacion
Monoaminas
Estres
R E S U M E N
Keywords:
Cytokines
Depression
Excitotoxicity
Hypothalamicpituitary-adrenal axis
Inammation
Monoamines
Stress
Recognition that inammation may represent a common mechanism of disease has been extended to
include neuropsychiatric disorders including major depression. Patients with major depression have been
found to exhibit increased peripheral blood inammatory biomarkers, including inammatory cytokines,
which have been shown to access the brain and interact with virtually every pathophysiologic domain
known to be involved in depression, including neurotransmitter metabolism, neuroendocrine function, and
neural plasticity. Indeed, activation of inammatory pathways within the brain is believed to contribute to
a conuence of decreased neurotrophic support and altered glutamate release/reuptake, as well as
oxidative stress, leading to excitotoxicity and loss of glial elements, consistent with neuropathologic
ndings that characterize depressive disorders. Further instantiating the link between inammation and
depression are data demonstrating that psychosocial stress, a well-known precipitant of mood disorders, is
capable of stimulating inammatory signalling molecules, including nuclear factor kappa B, in part,
through activation of sympathetic nervous system outow pathways. Interestingly, depressed patients
with increased inammatory biomarkers have been found to be more likely to exhibit treatment
resistance, and in several studies, antidepressant therapy has been associated with decreased
inammatory responses. Finally, preliminary data from patients with inammatory disorders, as well as
medically healthy depressed patients, suggest that inhibiting proinammatory cytokines or their signaling
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72
pathways may improve depressed mood and increase treatment response to conventional antidepressant
medication. Translationa implications of these ndings include the unique opportunity to identify relevant
patient populations, apply immune-targeted therapies, and monitor therapeutic efcacy at the level of the
immune system in addition to behavior.
a, S.L.
& 2010 Published by Elsevier Espan
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Implicaciones translacionales
Pertinentes a las posibles aplicaciones clnicas de la asociacion
entre inamacion y depresion, los datos indican que los
biomarcadores inamatorios podran identicar a pacientes
deprimidos con menos probabilidades de responder al tratamiento antidepresivo convencional y proporcionar un indicador de la
respuesta al tratamiento. Por ejemplo, se ha descrito que los
pacientes con pruebas de mayor actividad inamatoria antes del
tratamiento responden menos a los antidepresivos, litio o
o (con potentes efectos antidepresivos a corto
privacion de suen
plazo)106108. Ademas, en aquellos con antecedentes de falta de
respuesta a los antidepresivos, se demuestra un aumento de las
concentraciones plasmaticas de IL-6 y de los reactantes de fase
aguda, comparado con los que responden al tratamiento108,109.
Por otra parte, los estudios publicados iniciales sugieren que las
variantes alelicas funcionales de los genes de IL beta y TNF-alfa, al
igual que genes decisivos para la funcion de los linfocitos T,
pueden aumentar el riesgo de de depresion y pueden asociarse
con una menor sensibilidad al tratamiento antidepresivo110112.
Es de destacar que este se ha asociado a una disminucion de los
marcadores inamatorios en 11 de 20 estudios que examinaron
las respuestas inmunes en funcion del tratamiento antidepresivo
77
Tabla 1
Posibles dianas translacionales para la depresion inducida por la inamacion
Depresion
Sistema inmunitario
Citocinas (p. ej., TNF-alfa, IL-1, IL-6)
alizacion de las citocinas (p. ej., NF-kappaB y MAPK)
Vas de sen
Mediadores inamatorios (p. ej., COX-2, PG)
ERN/ERO (p. ej., NO, H202)
Celulas inmunes cerebrales (p. ej., microgla)
Sistema nervioso central
Monoaminas (p. ej., 5-HT, NA, DA)
IDO y sus metabolitos (p. ej., KYN, QUIN y KA)
Receptores NMDA extrasinapticos
Neurotransmisores excitotoxicos (p. ej., glutamato)
Factores neurotrocos (p. ej., BDNF)
Sistema neuroendocrino
Hormonas (p. ej., CRH, cortisol) y receptores (p. ej., RG) del eje HHS
Sistema nervioso vegetativo y estres
Catecolaminas y receptores (p. ej., receptores alfa y beta adrenergicos)
Vas aferentes parasimpaticas (p. ej., nervio vago, nACR alfa 7)
Estres (p. ej., conicto interpersonal, adversidades tempranas)
5-H: Serotonina; BDNF: Factor neurotroco cerebral (brain-derived neurotrophic
factor); COX-2: Ciclooxigenasa-2; CRH: Hormona liberadora de corticotropina
(corticotropin-releasing hormone); DA: Dopamina; ERO: Especies reactivas del
oxgeno; ERN: Especies reactivas del nitrogeno; H202: Peroxido de hidrogeno;
HHS: Hipotalamico-hiposario-suprarrenal; IDO: Indoleamina 2,3 disoxigenasa;
IL: Interleucina; KA: Acido cinurenico; KYN: Cinurenina; MAPK: Proteincinasa
activada por mitogenos; NA: Noradrenalina; nACR: Receptor nicotnico de
acetilcolina; NF- kappaB: Factor nuclear kappa B; NMDA: N-metil-D-aspartato;
xido ntrico; PG: Prostaglandina; QUIN: Acido quinolnico; RG: Receptor
NO: O
glucocorticoide; TNF: Factor de necrosis tumoral.
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Financiacion
El presente estudio se nancio en parte con las becas de los
National Institutes of Health (NIH) (K05 MH069124, K23
MH064619, R01 MH070553, R01 HL073921, T32 MH020018),
una beca del NIH/National Center for Research Resources (NCRR)
General Clinical Research Center (M01 RR00039), y los Centers for
Disease Control and Prevention.
Conicto de intereses
Charles L. Raison es miembro del departamento de conferenciantes de Lilly, Wyeth,y Schering-Plough y ha trabajado como
asesor o miembro del comite de asesores para Schering-Plough,
Wyeth, Lilly, y Centocor; Vladimir Maletic es miembro del
departamento de conferenciantes de Lilly, Takeda, y Novartis y
ha trabajado como asesor para Lilly,Takeda, y Pzer; Andrew H.
Miller y ha trabajado como asesor para AstraZeneca, ScheringPlough, y Centocor y ha recibido nanciacion de investigacion de
Schering-Plough, Centocor, y GlaxoSmithKline.
El material complementario citado en este artculo esta
disponible en lnea.
Agradecimientos
Proporcionaron amablemente el material graco Jordan Pietz y
Kim Hoggatt Krumwiede, Biomedical Communications Graduate
Program, University of Texas, Southwestern Medical Center,
Dallas, Estados Unidos.
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