Food
Food
Food
Review/Artculo de Revisin
ABSTRACT
RESUMEN
KEY WORDS
Inulinases, Agave, inulin, fructans, fructose, Kluyveromyces marxianus.
Article Info/Informacin del artculo
Received/Recibido: December 18th 2013.
Accepted/Aceptado: March 19th 2014.
PALABRAS CLAVE
Inulinasas, Agave, inulina, fructanos, fructosa, Kluyveromyces marxianus.
*Corresponding Author:
Sergio A. Huerta Alcocer. Instituto Politcnico Nacional, Genmica, Laboratorio de Biotecnologa. Blvd del Maestro s/n esq.
Elas Pia, Col. Narciso Mendoza, C.P. 88710, Reynosa Tamaulipas, Mxico. Phone Red IPN: +52(55) 5729 6000 ext 87745.
E-mail: sergio_hual@hotmail.com
Revista Bio Ciencias 3(1): 4-16
Julio 2014
Introduction
Introduccin
El gnero Agave
Las plantas de Agave spp., tambin conocidos
como magueyes, han sido aprovechados por el hombre
durante miles de aos. Su cultivo y aprovechamiento data
desde la poca precolombina. Mxico es el rea con mayor diversidad de plantas de Agave spp., en todo el mundo, con 159 de un total de 210 especies, de las cuales 119
son endmicas (Garca, 2012). Las plantas de maguey se
encuentran en planicies, montaas, acantilados, dunas
costeras o en los picos montaosos, preferentemente entre los mil y dos mil metros de altitud (Garca, 2007). El
gnero Agave se encuentra en la familia Agavaceae e incluye especies de plantas adaptadas a condiciones de aridez. Tienen forma caracterstica de roseta y poseen races
ramificadas, cutcula gruesa, hojas suculentas con estomas
hundidos y metabolismo fotosinttico tipo CAM (Metabolismo cido Crasulceo). El gnero Agave cuyo significado es
Fructans such as inulin represent the second most common mechanism of energy storage after starch, and can
be produced by bacteria Streptoccocus, Leuconostoc,
Lactobacillus, Weissella; Zymomonas mobilis, Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus, Bacillus subtilis y Bacillus
polmyxa (Muoz-Gutirrez et al., 2009).
Inulin is a soluble fiber that the body cannot digest and,
therefore, it promotes intestinal movement, favoring the
elimination of toxins; it is a strong stimulator of the growth
Los fructanos como la inulina representan el segundo mecanismo ms comn de almacenamiento de energa despus del
almidn, y pueden ser producidos por bacterias Streptoccocus,
Leuconostoc, Lactobacillus, Weissella; Zymomonas mobilis,
Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus, Bacillus subtilis y Bacillus polmyxa (Muoz-Gutirrez et al., 2009).
La inulina es una fibra soluble que el cuerpo no es capaz
de digerir y por tanto promueve los movimientos intestina-
Figure 1. Typical structure of a fructan type (a) levan, (B) inulin and (C) agavin. Modified from Muoz-Gutierrez
et al., (2009).
Figura 1. Estructura tpica de un fructano tipo (A) levano, (B) inulina y (C) agavina. Modificado de MuozGutirrez et al., (2009).
les, favoreciendo la eliminacin de toxinas; es un potente estimulador del crecimiento de la flora intestinal benfica, ayuda en
la correcta asimilacin de nutrientes como calcio y magnesio,
mantiene los niveles de colesterol bajos y evita la acumulacin
de triglicridos, su aporte de energa y nutrientes es mnimo, y
es por esta particularidad que es recomendable en las dietas
(Madrigal y Sangronis, 2007). En la actualidad, la presencia de
ciertas cantidades de inulina en la formulacin de un producto
alimenticio es una condicin suficiente para que dicho producto
sea considerado como alimento funcional, que por definicin
sera aquel que contiene un componente o nutriente con actividad selectiva beneficiosa, lo que le confiere un efecto fisiolgico adicional a su valor nutricional (Madrigal y Sangronis, 2007).
Table 1.
Microorganisms producers of inulinases
Tabla 1.
Microorganismos productores de inulinasas
Microorganism
Aspergillus niger ATCC 20611
Type of mean
pH/ Temp.(C) Performance
Reference
Basal medium with 1 % inulin and 0.5 % of pep6.5/35
3199 U mL-1 Dinarvand
et
tone
(2012)
A. niger AUP19
al.,
6.5/28
176 U mL-1
6.5/30
55.4 U mL-1
K. marxianus YS-1
5.5/55
413 U mg-1
3.5*/30
6.4 U mL
4.0/50
25.3 U mL
6.8/30
735 U mL-1
6.8/30
722 U mL-1
4.8/36
391.9 U g-1
8.0/28
61.5 U mL-1
5.5/30
5.5/25
1.8 U mL-1
Saccharomyces sp.
4.5/50
128.3 U g
8.0/28
1.60 U mL-1
Laowklom
(2012)
5.5/55
0.09 U mL-1
5.5/55
0.61 U mL-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
Neagu-Bonciu et al.,
(2012)
Oluwaseun Garuba et
al., (2012)
et
al.,
Los microorganismos, y en particular los hongos filamentosos y levaduras, han sido utilizado para la produccin
comercial de inulinasas (Chi et al., 2009) debido sus
altos rendimientos con ms de 700 y 3000 U mL -1 en
K. marxianus NRRL Y-7571 y Aspergillus niger ATCC
20611, respectivamente (Tabla 1).
Uno de los usos novedosos del agave es la produccin de
jarabes de alta fructosa, siendo el ms comn el jarabe de
agave azul (A. tequilana Weber var. Azul). Segn la norma
Mexicana NMX, 2008 (NMX-FF-110-SCFI-2008) se establecen las especificaciones del producto denominado Jarabe de Agave 100 % o Jarabe 100 % de Agave destinado
a su comercializacin en territorio de los Estados Unidos
Mexicanos. El jarabe de agave azul es una sustancia dulce
natural producida por la hidrolisis de fructanos y no debe
contener aditivos alimentarios, almidones, melazas, gluco-
10
(EC.
3.2.1.64).
inulinases
include
non-specific
11
12
croorganism must be capable of preferably growing abundantly, and be classified as GRAS and being accepted by
the FDA (Food and Drug Administration) of the United States
of America (Mazutti et al., 2006). Fungi, yeast and bacterial
strains are capable of producing inulinases and several of
them have been cultivated with success, and the enzyme
extracted, concentrated and purified. The most commonly
used microorganisms for the production of inulinases are
the fungi strains such as Aspergillus spp. and yeasts such
as Kluyveromyces spp. (Castillo and Chamy, 2010). The latter is especially adequate for industrial application for two
reasons: the first its growth velocity and the second its ability to grow in temperatures of up to 52 C, which indicates
that it is thermotolerant and can be used in industrial scales,
besides of having the capacity to assimilate different sugars
and secrete lytic enzymes to the environment. In Table 1
some microorganisms with inulinase activity and two of the
most important physicochemical factors (pH and temperature), optimized in each case, are observed.
The yeast Kluyveromyces marxianus
The yeast K. marxianus was described for the first
time in 1888 by E.C. Hansen, which by the time was called Saccharomyces marxianus in honor to Marx, who originally isolated this yeast from grapes. This yeast forms
butyrose colonies of white to cream color; its reproduction
is vegetal by budding , with facility to elaborate pseudophyphae, with evanescent ascii that contain up to 4 smooth
ascospores that can be round, oval or kidney-shaped; it
does not conjugate or it happens from cell to cell or from
cell to bud, both in agar YM as well as in acetate McClary
agar. The yeast K. marxianus has been isolated from a
great variety of environments that range from dairy, fermented drinks, vegetal material in decomposition, diverse
effluent residuals to infected human tissues (Barnett et al.,
2000). Hence, in order to survive in these environments,
the production of enzymes such as -galactosidases,
-glucosidases, inulinase and polygalacturonases, only for
mentioning some, must take place.
Other interesting technological characteristics of the K.
marxianus are its ability to produce aromatic composes
and ethanol (included in the processes of simultaneous
sacarification fermentation of high temperature); as the
reduction of content of lactose in food products, the production of ingredients of specialty from whey, bioremediation, as cholesterol lowering agent and as host for the
production of heterologous proteins, has been reported
(Fonseca et al., 2008).
13
Conclusions
The waste in the industry of Agave possesses characteristics of composition that allow its use as
source of carbon for microorganisms producing inulinases. Due to the benefits for health and the importance
that products coming from oligofructanes have, the optimization in the production of these enzymes is necessary. The yeast K. marxianus has proven to be a high
resistant to process conditions and metabolic capacity
microorganism to use natural inulin products for the optimization and reduction in the costs of production of
these enzymes. Due to the complexity of the substrates
utilized, it is necessary to run further investigations for
the search of new producing strains of inulinases, optimizing the use of agroindustrial waste, as well as for
finding reutilization systems of enzymes such as their
Conclusiones
Los desechos de la industria del Agave poseen
caractersticas de composicin que permiten su utilizacin
como fuentes de carbono para microorganismos productores de inulinasas. Debido a los beneficios a la salud, y a
la importancia que estn tomando los productos provenientes de los oligofructanos, es necesaria la optimizacin de
la produccin de estas enzimas. La levadura K. marxianus
ha demostrado ser un microorganismo de alta resistencia a
condiciones de proceso y capacidad metablica para utilizar
productos naturales de inulina para la optimizacin y reduccin de los costos de produccin de estas enzimas. Debido a
la complejidad de los sustratos utilizados, es necesario realizar ms investigaciones tanto para la bsqueda de nuevas
cepas productoras de inulinasas, optimizar el uso de los residuos agroindustriales, y encontrar sistemas de reutilizacin
de las enzimas como lo es la inmovilizacin de las mismas,
14
Acknowledgements
Agradecimentos
The authors wish to thank the support of project FOMIX Tamaulipas 193682, the Instituto Politcnico
Nacional (projects SIP2014-4029 and SIP2014-4002)
and CONACyT for the scholarship to S.A.H.A.
Los autores agradecen el apoyo del proyecto FOMIX Tamaulipas 193682, al Instituto Politcnico
Nacional (proyectos SIP2014-4029 y SIP2014-4002) y
al CONACyT por la beca a S.A.H.A.
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Cite this paper/Como citar este artculo: Huerta Alcocer, S.A., Larralde Corona, C.P., Narvez
Zapata, J.A. (2014). Application of agave subproducts for production of microbial inulinases. Revista
Bio Ciencias 3(1): 4-16. http://editorial.uan.edu.mx/index.php/BIOCIENCIAS/article/view/109/84
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