Caquexia Oncologica
Caquexia Oncologica
Caquexia Oncologica
ARTCULO DE REVISIN
Sndrome de anorexia-caquexia
en el paciente oncolgico
Ricardo Sosa-Snchez,* Karla Snchez-Lara, Daniel Motola-Kuba y Dan Green-Renner
Centro Oncolgico Integral Diana Laura Riojas de Colosio, Fundacin Clnica Mdica Sur, Mxico D.F., Mxico
RESUMEN SUMMARY
Se estima que dos terceras partes de los pacientes con cncer Approximately two thirds of cancer patients at advanced stages of
sufren anorexia o prdida significativa de apetito, lo que conduce the disease suffer from anorexia, which leads to significant weight
a prdida acentuada de peso y a desnutricin grave (caquexia), loss and progressive cachexia, an important factor that contributes
una de las principales causas contribuyentes de la muerte. Se ha to death. It has been observed that cancer cachexia differs from
observado que el sndrome de anorexia-caquexia en cncer difiere simple starvation, although the exact mechanisms associated with
de la desnutricin simple, si bien an no se conocen los mecanismos cancer cachexia are not well known. Several theories regarding its
exactos que lo ocasionan. Diversas hiptesis proponen que la pathogenesis point to a complex mixture of tumor, host and treatment
patognesis es multicausal, destacndose diversas caractersticas variables. Unfortunately, the wasting syndrome also constitutes for
del tumor, del husped y variables del tratamiento. Desafortunada- the patient, a progression of the cancer process, significantly
mente, con frecuencia la prdida acentuada de peso representa affecting quality of life and social interactions. Treatable causes
para el paciente la progresin del proceso de la enfermedad, lo que should be identified and treated. Knowledge of the mechanisms
puede tener repercusiones significativas en su calidad de vida y en underlying the effects of caquexia on the patient may play a role in
sus interacciones familiares y sociales. Se lleva a cabo una revisin identifying treatment measures targetted to muscle wasting and to
bibliogrfica de los procesos etiolgicos del sndrome, as como de maintain body strength. In this article we review the main features
las posibles medidas teraputicas y farmacolgicas. and mechanisms of the anorexia-cachexia syndrome in patients
with cancer.
*Correspondencia y solicitud de sobretiros: Ricardo Sosa-Snchez. Centro Oncolgico Integral Diana Laura Riojas de Colosio, Fundacin
Clnica Mdica Sur, Puente de Piedra 150, Col. Toriello Guerra, Del. Tlalpan, 14050 Mxico D. F., Mxico. Tel.: (55) 5424 7200, extensiones 7232
y 7283. Correo electrnico: rsosa@medicasur.org.mx
aspectos emocionales, as como en la morbilidad y morta- sntesis de protenas es ineficaz y el manejo de los depsi-
lidad.15 Con frecuencia se subestima su relevancia clnica tos de energa metablica est profundamente alterado;
e incluso se inician tratamientos solo en etapas avanzadas como resultado, el aporte de caloras y nutrimentos elemen-
de la enfermedad. tales no es capaz de estimular eficazmente la sntesis de
protenas.
Por otra parte, los cambios metablicos que ocurren
Patognesis durante el crecimiento tumoral son mediados por numero-
sos factores, entre ellos el factor de induccin de proteli-
Los mecanismos patognicos del sndrome de anorexia- sis, que induce la degradacin de protenas a aminocidos
caquexia asociado a cncer tienen un complejo origen en el msculo esqueltico, y el factor movilizador de lpidos,
multicausal.16 Por un lado, existen alteraciones metablicas que promueve la degradacin del tejido adiposo en cidos
que incrementan el gasto energtico basal, como se descri- grasos libres. Mientras que ambos son secretados por el
bir ms adelante, y, por otro, existen diversos factores que tumor, tambin se liberan citocinas proinflamatorias por la
promueven la prdida sustancial de apetito, entre los cuales interaccin entre clulas husped y clulas tumorales23
se encuentran las interacciones husped-tumor, donde las (Figura 1).
citocinas tienen un papel primordial en el balance energtico Otro factor que puede condicionar la prdida de peso en
y control del apetito;17 las lesiones inducidas por tratamien- el paciente caquctico es una mala adaptacin metablica,
tos radioterpicos o quimioterpicos en la mucosa del tubo implicando los metabolismos glucdico, proteico y lipdi-
digestivo (erosiones, ulceraciones, mucositis, estomatitis); co;24,25 ocasionando glucemias anormalmente bajas, con
los ayunos o semiayunos prolongados; el dolor y las altera- sndrome de resistencia perifrica a la insulina, oxidacin
ciones del trnsito intestinal provocadas por resecciones del excesiva de cidos grasos que resultan en deplecin de los
tubo digestivo.18 depsitos de grasa del paciente, hipertrigliceridemia, dis-
minucin de la concentracin de lipoproteinlipasa y reduc-
cin de la sntesis de cidos grasos libres y monoacilglice-
Alteraciones metablicas rol. Adems, disminuye la sntesis de triglicridos en los
adipocitos.26
Se ha informado que aproximadamente 60% de los pacien-
tes oncolgicos tiene un gasto energtico alterado en
reposo, de stos, 35% presenta un cuadro hipometablico
y 25% hipermetablico; por otra parte, los pacientes onco-
lgicos con masa corporal magra disminuida pueden tener Husped Tumor
un gasto energtico inferior incluso al observado en indivi-
duos con idntico peso.19 Los diversos mecanismos que
intervienen en el metabolismo intermedio an no se com-
prenden del todo; las clulas malignas no solamente con- Respuesta
Compuestos
sumen nutrimentos con mayor afinidad que las de tejidos Alteraciones
tumorales inflamatoria
metablicas Citocinas
normales, sino que inducen cambios sustanciales del me- PIF, LMF
IL1, IL6, TNF
tabolismo, secretando mediadores solubles a la circulacin
sistmica, incrementando la actividad de vas antianabli-
cas incluyendo la protelisis,20 liplisis21 y excesivo funcio- SNC
Alteraciones Tracto
namiento del ciclo de Cori en el hgado.22 En este marco, la endocrinas gastrointestinal
Sntoma %
Caquexia
Anorexia 64
Disminucin de peso >10% 60
Figura 1. Las alteraciones debidas a la presencia de com-
Sequedad en la boca 55
puestos de origen tumoral como el factor de induccin de
Estreimiento 51
protelisis (PIF) y el factor movilizador de lpidos (LMF), as
Saciedad precoz 50
como la respuesta inflamatoria mediadas por citocinas como
Nusea 36
TNF (factor de necrosis tumoral-), IL1, IL6 (interleucinas 1
Cambios de sabor 28
y 6) influyen sobre el sistema nervioso central y el tracto
Vmitos 23
gastrointestinal, produciendo alteraciones metablicas que
Disfagia 18
se relacionan con la respuesta anorctica asociada con el
cncer. Adaptado de la referencia 8.
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