Barra Redonda (mm) Pulgadas kgm Perímetro

6.3 1/4" 0.246 19.8

8 0.397 25.1
9 11/32" 0.502 28.3
10 13/32" 0.620 31.4
12 15/32" 0.893 37.7
12.7 1/2" 1.000 39.9
13 17/32" 1.048 40.8
14 1.215 44.0
15 19/32" 1.395 47.1
16 1.587 50.3
17 21/32" 1.792 53.4
18 23/32" 2.009 56.5
19 3/4" 2.238 59.7
20 25/32" 2.480 62.8
22 7/8" 3.001 69.1
25 3.875 78.5
25.4 4.000 79.8
28 4.861 88.0
30 5.580 94.2
31 5.958 97.4
32 6.349 100.5
35 7.595 110.0
38 8.953 119.4
40 9.920 125.7
45 12.555 141.4
50 15.500 157.1
50.8 16.000 159.6
51 16.126 160.2
52 16.765 163.4
55 18.755 172.8
57 20.144 179.1
60 22.320 188.5
63 24.608 197.9
65 26.195 204.2
70 30.380 219.9
75 34.875 235.6
76 35.811 238.8
80 39.680 251.3
83 42.712 260.8
85 44.795 267.0
90 50.220 282.7
95 55.955 298.5
100 62.000 314.2
102 64.505 320.4
105 68.355 329.9
110 75.020 345.6
114 80.575 358.1
115 81.995 361.3
120 89.280 377.0
125 96.875 392.7
127 100.000 399.0
130 104.780 408.4
135 112.995 424.1
140 121.520 439.8
Angulo Laminado kgm Perímetro Angulo Plegado kgm
20x20x3 La 20x20x3 0.88 77.4 20x20x2 L 20x20x2 0.58
25x25x3 La 25x25x3 1.12 97.40 20x20x3 L 20x20x3 0.83
25x25x5 La 25x25x5 1.78 25x25x2 L 25x25x2 0.73
30x30x3 La 30x30x3 1.36 25x25x3 L 25x25x3 1.06
30x30x5 La 30x30x5 2.18 30x30x2 L 30x30x2 0.89
40x40x3 La 40x40x3 1.84 30x30x3 L 30x30x3 1.3
40x40x4 La 40x40x4 2.42 30x30x4 L 30x30x4 1.68
40x40x5 La 40x40x5 2.97 40x40x2 L 40x40x2 1.2
40x40x6 La 40x40x6 3.52 40x40x3 L 40x40x3 1.77
50x50x3 La 50x50x3 2.33 40x40x4 L 40x40x4 2.31
50x50x4 La 50x50x4 3.06 40x40x5 L 40x40x5 2.82
50x50x5 La 50x50x5 3.77 50x50x2 L 50x50x2 1.52
50x50x6 La 50x50x6 4.47 50x50x3 L 50x50x3 2.24
65x65x5 La 65x65x5 4.97 50x50x4 L 50x50x4 2.93
65x65x6 La 65x65x6 5.91 50x50x5 L 50x50x5 3.6
65x65x8 La 65x65x8 7.73 60x60x3 L 60x60x3 2.74
65x65x10 La 65x65x10 9.49 60x60x4 L 60x60x4 3.58
80x80x6 La 80x80x6 7.34 60x60x5 L 60x60x5 4.4
80x80x8 La 80x80x8 9.63 65x65x3 L 65x65x3 2.95
80x80x10 La 80x80x10 11.90 65x65x4 L 65x65x4 3.88
80x80x12 La 80x80x12 14.00 65x65x5 L 65x65x5 4.78
100x100x6 La 100x100x6 9.26 65x65x6 L 65x65x6 5.66
100x100x8 La 100x100x8 12.20 80x80x3 L 80x80x3 3.65
100x100x10 La 100x100x10 15.00 386.20 80x80x4 L 80x80x4 4.82
100x100x12 La 100x100x12 17.80 80x80x5 L 80x80x5 5.96
80x80x6 L 80x80x6 7.07
100x100x3 L 100x100x3 4.59
100x100x4 L 100x100x4 6.07
100x100x5 L 100x100x5 7.53
100x100x6 L 100x100x6 8.96
Perímetro

253.5
252.2
Canal kgm Perimetro Costanera
25x25x1,5 C 25x25x1,5 0.81 0.00 80x40x15x2
30x30x1,5 C 30x30x1,5 1.00 0.00 80x40x15x3
50x25x2 C 50x25x2 1.47 0.00 80x40x15x4
50x25x3 C 50x25x3 2.12 0.00 100x50x15x2
80x40x2 C 80x40x2 2.41 0.00 100x50x15x3
80x40x3 C 80x40x3 3.54 0.00 100x50x15x4
80x40x4 C 80x40x4 4.61 0.00 125x50x15x2
80x40x5 C 80x40x5 5.63 0.00 125x50x15x3
100x50x2 C 100x50x2 3.04 0.00 125x50x15x4
100x50x3 C 100x50x3 4.48 386.20 150x50x15x2
100x50x4 C 100x50x4 5.87 0.00 150x50x15x3
100x50x5 C 100x50x5 7.20 0.00 150x50x15x4
100x50x6 C 100x50x6 8.49 0.00 150x75x15x2
100x75x3 C 100x75x3 5.66 0.00 150x75x15x3
100x75x4 C 100x75x4 7.44 0.00 150x75x15x4
100x75x5 C 100x75x5 9.17 0.00 175x75x15x3
125x50x2 C 125x50x2 3.43 0.00 200x50x15x2
125x50x3 C 125x50x3 5.07 0.00 200x50x15x3
125x50x4 C 125x50x4 6.65 0.00 200x50x15x4
125x50x5 C 125x50x5 8.19 0.00 200x50x20x5
125x75x2 C 125x75x2 4.21 0.00 200x50x20x6
125x75x3 C 125x75x3 6.24 0.00 200x75x15x2
125x75x4 C 125x75x4 8.22 0.00 200x75x15x3
125x75x5 C 125x75x5 10.20 0.00 200x75x15x4
125x75x6 C 125x75x6 12.02 0.00 200x75x20x5
150x50x2 C 150x50x2 3.82 0.00 200x75x20x6
150x50x3 C 150x50x3 5.66 0.00 200x100x15x2
150x50x4 C 150x50x4 7.44 0.00 200x100x15x3
150x50x5 C 150x50x5 9.17 0.00 200x100x15x4
150x50x6 C 150x50x6 10.85 0.00 200x100x20x5
150x75x3 C 150x75x3 6.83 0.00 200x100x20x6
150x75x4 C 150x75x4 9.01 0.00 250x50x15x2
150x75x5 C 150x75x5 11.13 0.00 250x50x15x3
150x75x6 C 150x75x6 13.20 0.00 250x50x15x4
175x50x3 C 175x50x3 6.24 0.00 250x50x20x5
175x50x4 C 175x50x4 8.22 0.00 250x50x20x6
175x50x5 C 175x50x5 10.15 0.00 250x75x15x2
175x75x2 C 175x75x2 5.00 0.00 250x75x15x3
175x75x3 C 175x75x3 7.42 0.00 250x75x15x4
175x75x4 C 175x75x4 9.79 0.00 250x75x20x5
175x75x5 C 175x75x5 12.11 0.00 250x75x20x6
200x50x2 C 200x50x2 4.61 0.00 250x100x15x2
200x50x3 C 200x50x3 6.83 0.00 250x100x15x3
200x50x4 C 200x50x4 9.01 0.00 250x100x15x4
200x50x5 C 200x50x5 11.13 0.00 250x100x15x5
200x50x6 C 200x50x6 13.20 0.00 250x100x15x6
200x75x3 C 200x75x3 8.01 0.00 300x50x15x2
200x75x4 C 200x75x4 10.58 0.00 300x50x15x3
200x75x5 C 200x75x5 13.09 0.00 300x50x15x4
200x75x6 C 200x75x6 15.65 0.00 300x50x20x5
250x50x2 C 250x50x2 5.39 0.00 300x50x20x6
250x50x3 C 250x50x3 8.01 0.00 300x75x15x2
250x50x4 C 250x50x4 10.58 0.00 300x75x15x3
250x50x5 C 250x50x5 13.09 0.00 300x75x15x4
250x50x6 C 250x50x6 15.65 0.00 300x75x20x5
250x75x3 C 250x75x3 9.31 0.00 300x75x20x6
250x75x4 C 250x75x4 12.29 0.00 300x100x15x2
250x75x5 C 250x75x5 15.20 0.00 300x100x15x3
250x75x6 C 250x75x6 18.50 0.00 300x100x15x4
300x50x2 C 300x50x2 6.18 0.00 300x100x20x5
300x50x3 C 300x50x3 9.19 0.00 300x100x20x6
300x50x4 C 300x50x4 12.15 0.00
300x50x5 C 300x50x5 15.05 0.00
300x75x2 C 300x75x2 6.96 0.00
300x75x3 C 300x75x3 10.37 0.00
300x75x4 C 300x75x4 13.72 0.00
300x75x5 C 300x75x5 17.02 0.00
anera kgm Perimetro
CA 80x40x15x2 2.78 0.00
CA 80x40x15x3 4.01 0.00
CA 80x40x15x4 5.14 0.00
CA 100x50x15x2 3.40 0.00
CA 100x50x15x3 4.95 0.00
CA 100x50x15x4 6.40 0.00
CA 125x50x15x2 3.80 0.00
CA 125x50x15x3 5.54 0.00
CA 125x50x15x4 7.18 0.00
CA 150x50x15x2 4.19 0.00
CA 150x50x15x3 6.13 0.00
CA 150x50x15x4 7.97 0.00
CA 150x75x15x2 4.97 0.00
CA 150x75x15x3 7.31 0.00
CA 150x75x15x4 9.54 0.00
CA 175x75x15x3 7.90 0.00
CA 200x50x15x2 4.97 0.00
CA 200x50x15x3 7.31 0.00
CA 200x50x15x4 9.54 0.00
CA 200x50x20x5 12.10 0.00
CA 200x50x20x6 14.20 0.00
CA 200x75x15x2 5.76 0.00
CA 200x75x15x3 8.48 0.00
CA 200x75x15x4 11.10 0.00
CA 200x75x20x5 14.00 0.00
CA 200x75x20x6 16.50 0.00
CA 200x100x15x2 6.54 0.00
CA 200x100x15x3 9.66 0.00
CA 200x100x15x4 12.70 0.00
CA 200x100x20x5 16.00 0.00
CA 200x100x20x6 18.90 0.00
CA 250x50x15x2 5.76 0.00
CA 250x50x15x3 8.48 0.00
CA 250x50x15x4 11.10 0.00
CA 250x50x20x5 14.00 0.00
CA 250x50x20x6 16.50 0.00
CA 250x75x15x2 6.54 0.00
CA 250x75x15x3 9.66 0.00
CA 250x75x15x4 12.70 0.00
CA 250x75x20x5 16.00 0.00
CA 250x75x20x6 18.90 0.00
CA 250x100x15x2 7.33 0.00
CA 250x100x15x3 10.80 0.00
CA 250x100x15x4 14.20 0.00
CA 250x100x15x5 17.90 0.00
CA 250x100x15x6 21.20 0.00
CA 300x50x15x2 6.54 0.00
CA 300x50x15x3 9.66 0.00
CA 300x50x15x4 12.70 0.00
CA 300x50x20x5 16.00 0.00
CA 300x50x20x6 18.90 0.00
CA 300x75x15x2 7.33 0.00
CA 300x75x15x3 10.80 0.00
CA 300x75x15x4 14.20 0.00
CA 300x75x20x5 17.90 0.00
CA 300x75x20x6 21.20 0.00
CA 300x100x15x2 8.11 0.00
CA 300x100x15x3 12.00 0.00
CA 300x100x15x4 15.80 0.00
CA 300x100x20x5 19.90 0.00
CA 300x100x20x6 23.60 0.00
Viga Laminada UPN kgm Perimetro
80x45x6 UPN80 80x45x6 8.64 315.70
100x50x6 UPN100 100x50x6 10.60 372.90
120x55x7 UPN120 120x55x7 13.40 430.50
140x60x7 UPN140 140x60x7 16.00 489.20
160x65x7,5 UPN160 160x65x7,5 18.80 545.90
180x70x8 UPN180 180x70x8 22.00 604.00
200x75x8,5 UPN200 200x75x8,5 25.30 662.10
220x80x9 UPN220 220x80x9 29.40 719.80
240x85x9,5 UPN240 240x85x9,5 33.20 776.50
260x90x10 UPN260 260x90x10 37.90 834.20
280x95x10 UPN280 280x95x10 41.80 892.90
300x100x10 UPN300 300x100x10 46.20 951.60
320x100x14 UPN320 320x100x14 59.50 981.70
350x100x14 UPN350 350x100x14 60.70 1043.60
380x102x13,5 UPN380 380x102x13,5 63.10 1114.50
400x110x14 UPN400 400x110x14 71.80 1181.00

Viga Laminada IPN kgm Perimetro

80x42x3,9x5,9 IPN80 80x42x3,9x5,9 5.95 304.20
100x50x4,5x6,8 IPN100 100x50x4,5x6,8 8.32 372.20
120x58x5,1x7,7 IPN120 120x58x5,1x7,7 11.20 440.10
140x66x5,7x8,6 IPN140 140x66x5,7x8,6 14.40 508.20
160x74x6,3x9,5 IPN160 160x74x6,3x9,5 17.90 576.20
180x82x6,9x10,4 IPN180 180x82x6,9x10,4 21.90 643.90
200x90x7,5x11,3 IPN200 200x90x7,5x11,3 26.30 711.90
220x98x8,1x12,2 IPN220 220x98x8,1x12,2 31.10 799.80
240x106x8,7x13,1 IPN240 240x106x8,7x13,1 36.20 848.00
260x113x9,4x14,1 IPN260 260x113x9,4x14,1 41.90 911.10
300x125x10,8x16,2 IPN300 300x125x10,8x16,2 54.20 1032.00
340x137x12,2x18,3 IPN340 340x137x12,2x18,3 68.10 1152.30
360x143x13x19,5 IPN360 360x143x13x19,5 76.20 1212.10
400x155x14,4x21,6 IPN3400 400x155x14,4x21,6 92.60 1332.40
450x170x16,2x24,3 IPN3450 450x170x16,2x24,3 115.00 1482.60
500x185x18x27 IPN500 500x185x18x27 141.00 1632.90
550x200x19x30 IPN550 550x200x19x30 167.00 1784.70
Viga Laminada IPE kgm Perimetro
80x46x3,8x5,2 IPE80 80x46x3,8x5,2 6.00 327.80
100x55x4,1x5,7 IPE100 100x55x4,1x5,7 8.10 399.70
120x64x4,4x6,3 IPE120 120x64x4,4x6,3 10.40 475.10
140x73x4,7x6,9 IPE140 140x73x4,7x6,9 12.90 550.80
160x82x5,0x7,4 IPE160 160x82x5,0x7,4 15.80 622.50
180x91x5,3x8 IPE180 180x91x5,3x8 18.80 697.90
200x100x5,6x8,5 IPE200 200x100x5,6x8,5 22.40 768.10
220x110x5,9x9,2 IPE220 220x110x5,9x9,2 26.20 847.50
240X120x6,2x9,8 IPE240 240X120x6,2x9,8 30.70 921.80
270x135x6,6x10,2 IPE270 270x135x6,6x10,2 36.10 1041.00
300x150x7,1x10,7 IPE300 300x150x7,1x10,7 42.20 1160.00
330x160x7,5x11,5 IPE330 330x160x7,5x11,5 49.10 1245.00
360x170x8x12,7 IPE360 360x170x8x12,7 57.10 1353.00
400x180x8,6x13,5 IPE400 400x180x8,6x13,5 66.30 1466.70
450x190x9,4x14,6 IPE450 450x190x9,4x14,6 77.70 1605.10
500x200x10,2x16 IPE500 500x200x10,2x16 90.70 1743.50
550x210x11,1x17,2 IPE550 550x210x11,1x17,2 106.00 1876.50
600x220x12x19 IPE600 600x220x12x19 122.00 2014.70

Viga Laminada HEA kgm Perimetro

96x100x5x8 HEA100 96x100x5x8 16.70 561.40
114x120x5x8 HEA120 114x120x5x8 19.90 677.30
133x140x5,5x8,5 HEA140 133x140x5,5x8,5 24.70 794.30
152x160x6x9 HEA160 152x160x6x9 30.40 906.20
171x180x6x9,5 HEA180 171x180x6x9,5 35.50 906.20
190x200x6,5x10 HEA200 190x200x6,5x10 42.30 1136.09
210x220x7x11 HEA220 210x220x7x11 50.50 1255.10
230x240x7,5x12 HEA240 230x240x7,5x12 60.30 1368.90
230x240x7,5x12 HEA240 230x240x7,5x12 60.30 1368.90

Viga Laminada HEB kgm Perim.

200x200x9x15 HEB200 200x200x9x15 61.30 1151.10
Cajon Cuadrado kgm Perímetro Cajon Rectangular
12x12x1 CJ 12x12x1 0.33 0.42 20x10x1 CJR 20x10x1
15x15x1 CJ 15x15x1 0.42 0.54 20x10x1,5 CJR 20x10x1,5
15x15x1,5 CJ 15x15x1,5 0.59 0.78 25x10x1 CJR 25x10x1
20x20x1 CJ 20x20x1 0.58 0.73 25x15x1 CJR 25x15x1
20x20x1,5 CJ 20x20x1,5 0.83 1.07 25x15x1,5 CJR 25x15x1,5
20x20x2 CJ 20x20x2 1.05 73.10 30x10x1 CJR 30x10x1
25x25x1 CJ 25x25x1 0.73 0.92 30x10x1,5 CJR 30x10x1,5
25x25x1,5 CJ 25x25x1,5 1.06 1.36 30x20x1 CJR 30x20x1
25x25x2 CJ 25x25x2 1.36 1.77 30x20x1,5 CJR 30x20x1,5
30x30x1 CJ 30x30x1 0.89 1.12 30x20x2 CJR 30x20x2
30x30x1,5 CJ 30x30x1,5 1.30 1.64 35x15x1 CJR 35x15x1
30x30x2 CJ 30x30x2 1.68 2.15 35x15x1,5 CJR 35x15x1,5
40x40x1 CJ 40x40x1 1.20 1.50 40x20x1 CJR 40x20x1
40x40x1,5 CJ 40x40x1,5 1.77 2.22 40x20x1,5 CJR 40x20x1,5
40x40x2 CJ 40x40x2 2.31 2.92 40x20x2 CJR 40x20x2
40x40x3 CJ 40x40x3 3.30 4.27 40x30x1 CJR 40x30x1
50x50x1,5 CJ 50x50x1,5 2.24 2.80 40x30x1,5 CJR 40x30x1,5
50x50x2 CJ 50x50x2 2.93 3.69 40x30x2 CJR 40x30x2
50x50x3 CJ 50x50x3 4.25 5.42 50x20x1,5 CJR 50x20x1,5
50x50x4 CJ 50x50x4 5.45 193.10 50x20x2 CJR 50x20x2
50x50x5 CJ 50x50x5 6.56 193.10 50x30x1 CJR 50x30x1
75x75x2 CJ 75x75x2 4.50 5.62 50x30x1,5 CJR 50x30x1,5
75x75x3 CJ 75x75x3 6.60 8.31 50x30x2 CJR 50x30x2
75x75x4 CJ 75x75x4 8.59 10.92 50x30x3 CJR 50x30x3
75x75x5 CJ 75x75x5 10.48 282.80 60x40x2 CJR 60x40x2
100x100x2 CJ 100x100x2 6.07 7.71 60x40x3 CJR 60x40x3
100x100x3 CJ 100x100x3 8.96 11.45 60x40x4 CJR 60x40x4
100x100x4 CJ 100x100x4 11.73 15.11 70x30x2 CJR 70x30x2
100x100x5 CJ 100x100x5 14.41 18.69 70x30x3 CJR 70x30x3
100x100x6 CJ 100x100x6 16.98 22.19 80x40x2 CJR 80x40x2
135x135x4 CJ 135x135x4 16.13 20.62 80x40x3 CJR 80x40x3
135x135x5 CJ 135x135x5 19.90 25.57 80x40x4 CJR 80x40x4
150x150x3 CJ 150x150x3 13.70 17.35 100x50x2 CJR 100x50x2
150x150x4 CJ 150x150x4 18.02 22.98 100x50x3 CJR 100x50x3
150x150x5 CJ 150x150x5 22.26 28.52 100x50x4 CJR 100x50x4
150x150x6 CJ 150x150x6 26.41 33.99 100x50x5 CJR 100x50x5
200x200x3 CJ 200x200x3 18.40 23.25 150x50x2 CJR 150x50x2
200x200x4 CJ 200x200x4 24.30 30.84 150x50x3 CJR 150x50x3
200x200x5 CJ 200x200x5 30.11 38.36 150x50x4 CJR 150x50x4
200x200x6 CJ 200x200x6 35.83 45.80 150x50x5 CJR 150x50x5
250x250x4 CJ 250x250x4 35.80 38.71 150x100x3 CJR 150x100x3
250x250x5 CJ 250x250x5 38.00 48.20 150x100x4 CJR 150x100x4
250x250x6 CJ 250x250x6 45.20 57.60 150x100x5 CJR 150x100x5
300x300x4 CJ 300x300x4 36.90 46.58 200x100x3 CJR 200x100x3
300x300x5 CJ 300x300x5 45.80 58.03 200x100x4 CJR 200x100x4
300x300x6 CJ 300x300x6 54.67 69.40 200x100x5 CJR 200x100x5
200x100x6 CJR 200x100x6
200x150x3 CJR 200x150x3
200x150x4 CJR 200x150x4
200x150x5 CJR 200x150x5
200x150x6 CJR 200x150x6
250x200x4 CJR 250x200x4
250x200x5 CJR 250x200x5
250x200x6 CJR 250x200x6
kgm Perímetro
0.42 56.50
0.59 54.80
0.50 66.50
0.58 76.60
0.83 74.80
0.58 76.50
0.83 74.80
0.73 96.50
1.06 94.80
1.36 93.10
0.73 96.60
1.06 1.36
0.89 1.12
1.30 1.64
1.68 2.15
1.05 1.31
1.53 1.93
1.99 2.54
1.53 1.93
1.99 2.54
1.20 1.50
1.77 2.22
2.31 2.92
3.30 4.27
2.93 3.69
4.25 5.42
5.45 7.08
2.93 3.69
4.25 5.42
3.56 4.46
5.19 6.58
6.71 8.62
4.50 5.74
6.60 8.50
8.59 11.17
10.48 13.77
6.07 7.71
8.96 11.45
11.73 15.11
14.41 18.69
11.30 14.40
14.90 19.04
18.30 23.61
13.70 17.35
18.02 22.98
22.26 28.52
26.40 33.99
16.00 20.30
21.20 26.91
26.20 33.44
31.10 39.89
27.40 34.78
34.00 43.28
40.50 51.70
ente regulador de construcción y licitación de los túneles

dirección nacional de vialidad

túneles según su clasificación

para ferrocarriles
para carreteras
para transporte urbano
para conducir el agua
para centrales hidroeléctricas
para alcantarillados
para servicios
para almacenamientos

partes de un túnel

bóveda
banco
contrabóveda
clave
solera

geometría de los túneles

herradura
herradura con contra bóveda
circular

según ubicación

rural: roca y suelo sedimentario

urbano: suelo sedimentario

túneles según construcción

túnel de roca roca

túnel de suelo suelo
túnel falsos hormigón armado
túnel trinchera cubierta urbanos
túnel cobertizo climas congelados

existen 2 fenómenos en los túneles según clima y altitud:

película superficial de agua congelada

empañamiento de vidrio

para evitar estos fenómenos se necesitaran colocar láminas CARFOAM

de arriba a abajo (estalactitas)
de abajo a arriba (estalacmitas)

clasificación según manual de carretera

según TMDA

tipo A
tipo B
tipo C
tipo D

los cuatro comparten en común:

ojos de gato
señales de servicio
control de altura

luces de emergencia: a 1m de altura con 1 hr de encendido-cada 50 m-

extintores de incendio: cada 200 m
teléfonos de emergencia: cada 200 m

partes de un túnel

bóveda
contra-bóveda
banco
ecuador
clave
sostenimiento-elementos para lograr estabilidad en la excavación
revestimiento-hormigón proyectado que reviste la estructura
marco reticulado-marco de geometria similar al túnel heho de acero
pata elefante-sobre ancho que sustenta la estructura que después se rellena con hormigón

normativa nacional

manual de carretera: 2,3,4 y 5

normativa internacional

guía Austriaca para hormigón proyectado

normas europeas para hormigón proyectado 14,487 y 14,488

conceptos de diseño

distancia de visibilidad
visibilidad de la salida del túnel
consideraciones en el emplazamiento

a.- geotecnia local del macizo a atravesar

b.- obras subterráneas existentes
c.- interferencia en obras exteriores existentes
d.- sistema constructivo

trazado en alzado, pendientes:

pendientes hacia la boca del túnel no menor a 5%

evitar el diseño de curvas cóncavas

consideraciones según el destino de la obra

a.- carreteras ordinarias: tráfico en ambos sentidos, rampas superiores a 5%

b.- auto pistas: tráfico en un solo sentido-pendiente no superiores a un 2%
c.- ferrocariles

ventilación: si es mayor a 250m se requiere ventilzación externa