Instituto Politécnico Nacional

UNIDAD PROFESIONAL INTERDISCIPLINARIA DE INGENIERIA

CAMPUS ZACATECAS
Problemario N o 2 : Ecuaciones diferenciales .
Integrantes del equipo:
Aracely Ramos Herrera
Jorge de Jesús Amaya Rivera
Armando Nicolás López Acosta

Grupo:1MM2

Ejercicio 1
Suponga que y1 = ex y y2 = e−x son dos soluciones de una ecuación
diferencial lineal homogénea.
Explique por qué y3 = cosh(x) y y4 = senh(x) son también soluciones de la
ecuación.
Por definición:
1
senh(x) = (ex − e−x )
2
1
cosh(x) = (ex + e−x )
2
YH1 = C1 ex + C2 e−x es la solución de una ecuación diferencial lineal ho-
mogénea.
YH2 = C1 senh(x) + C2 cosh(x)
1 1
YH2 = C1 (ex − e−x ) + C2 (ex + e−x )
2 2
YH2 = C1 (ex − e−x ) + C2 (ex + e−x )
YH2 = C1 ex − C1 e−x + C2 ex + C2 e−x )
YH2 = ex (C1 + C2 ) + e−x (C2 − C1 )
YH2 = C3 ex + C4 e−x
Como YH2 y YH1 son iguales ambas son soluciones.

Ejercicio 2
Use la reducción de orden para encontrar una segunda solución:
(1)y 00 − 4y 0 + 4y = 0; y1 = e2x
y2 = ue2x
y20 = u0 e2x + 2ue2x
y200 = u00 e2x + 4u0 e2x + 4ue2x
u00 e2x + 4u0 e2x + 4ue2x − 4(u0 e2x + 2ue2x ) + 4ue2x = 0
u00 e2x = 0
Como e2x > 0 → u00 = 0
Sea w = u0 → w0 = 0
dw
=0
dx
1
2

R R
dw = dx
w = x + c = u0
1
u = x + c = x2 + c
R
2
1 1
si c = 0 → u(x) = x2 → y2 = x2 e2x
2 2

(2)x2 y 00 + 2xy 0 − 6y = 0; y1 = x2

y2 = ux2
y20 = u0 x2 + 2ux
y200 = u00 x2 + 4u0 x + 2u
2 −6
y 00 + y 0 + 2 y = 0
x x
2 −6
u x + 4u x + 2u + (u0 x2 + 2ux) + 2 ux2 = 0
00 2 0
x x
u00 x2 + 6u0 x = 0
Sea w = u0 → w0 x2 + 6wx = 0
dw 2
x = −6wx
dx
dw −6x
= 2 dx
w x
R dw R dx
= −6
w x
ln(w) = −6ln(x) + c
−6
w = c1 eln(x )
c1
w = 6 = u0
x R
c1
u(x) = + c2
x6
c1
u= + c2
−5x5
Si c1 = −5, c2 = 0
1 1 1
u = 5 → y2 = 5 x2 = 3
x x x

(3)xy 00 + y 0 = 0;y1 = ln(x)

y2 = uln(x)
1
y20 = u0 ln(x) + u
x
1 −1
y200 = u00 ln(x) + 2u0 + u 2
x x
00 1 0
y + y =0
x
1 1 1 1
u ln(x) + 2u0 − u 2 + (u0 ln(x) + u ) = 0
00
x x x x
 3

1 1
u00 ln(x) + 2u0 + u0 ln(x) = 0
x x
00 2u0 1
u + + u0 = 0
xln(x) x
2 1
u00 + ( + )u0 = 0
xln(x) x
2 1
Sea w = u0 → w0 + ( + )w = 0
xln(x) x
R 2 R 1
− − dx
w = ce xln(x)dx x
w = ce−2ln(ln(x))−ln(x)
ce−2ln(ln(x))
w=
celn(x)
ln(x)
w=c = u0
x
R ln(x)
u= c dx
x
1
u = c ln2 (x) + c1
2
Si c = 2, c1 = 0
u = ln2 (x) → y2 (x) = ln3 (x)

Ejercicio 3
Hallar la solución de la EDO de Orden superior.
A) Use el método de Coeficientes Indeterminados para determinar la solución
no homogénea:
d2 y dy
a) 2 − 3 + 2y = x
00
dx 0 dx
y + 3y + 2y = x
y 00 + 3y 0 + 2y = 0
λ2 − 3λ + 2 = 0
(λ − 1)(λ − 2)
λ1 = 1; λ2 = 2
yh (x) = C1 ex + C2 e2x
p1 (x) = x
yp (x) = a1 x + a0
yp0 (x) = a1
yp00 (x) = 0
0 − 3a1 + 2(a1 x + a0 ) = x
−3a1 + 2a1 x + 2a0 = x
2a1 x + 2a0 − 3a1 = x
2a1 = 1; a1 = 21
2a0 − 3a1 = 0
2a0 = 3a1
4

3( 12 ) = 2a0 = 3
2
a0 = 43
2x 3 2x + 3
yp (x) = 4 + 4 =
4
x 2x 2x + 3
y(x) = C1 e + C2 e +
4
3
d x 2
d x
b) 3 − 2 2 + x = t2 − 3
dt dt
x000 − 2x00 + x = t2 − 3
x000 − 2x00 + x = 0
λ3 − 2λ2 + 1 = 0
(λ − 1)(λ2 − λ − 1) = 0
λ1 = 1 √
1± 5
λ2,3 =
√2
1+ 5
λ2 =
2√
1− 5
λ3 =
2 √ √
1 5 1 5
XH (t) = C1 et + C2 e( 2 + 2 )t + C3 e( 2 + 2 )t
p(t) = t2 − 3
xp (t) = a2 t2 + a1 t + a0
x0p (t) = 2a2 t + a1
x00p (t) = 2a2
x000
p (t) = 0
0 − 2(2a2 ) + a2 t2 + a1 t + a0 = t2 − 3
−4a2 + a2 t2 + a1 t + a0 = t2 − 3
a2 t2 + a1 t + a0 − 4a2 = t2 − 3
a2 = 1
a1 = 0
a0 − 4a2 = −3
a0 − 4 = −3
a0 = 1
xp (t) = t2 + 1 √ √
1 5 1 5
x(t) = C1 et + C2 e( 2 + 2
)t
+ C3 e ( 2 + 2
)t
+ t2 + 1

c)y 00 = −2y 0 + 3y + e−x ; y(0) = 1;y 0 (0) = 2

y 00 + 2y 0 − 3y = e−x
y 00 + 2y 0 − 3y = 0
λ2 + 2λ − 3 = 0
(λ + 3)(λ − 1) = 0
yH = C1 e−3x + c2 ex
p1 (x) = e−x
yp (x) = a0 e−x
 5

yp0 (x) = −a0 e−x

yp00 (x) = a0 e−x
a0 e−x + 2(−a0 e−x ) − 3(a0 e−x ) = e−x
a0 e−x + −2a0 e−x − 3a0 e−x = e−x
a0 − 2a0 − 3a0 = 1
−4a0 = 1; a0 = − 41
−x
yp (x) = −e4
−x
y(x) = C1 e−3x + C2 ex − e 4
−0
y(0) = C1 e3(0) + C2 e0 − e 4
C1 + C2 − 14 = 1 C1 + C2 = 54
x
y 0 (x) = −3C1 e−3x + C2 ex + e4
(0)
y 0 (0) = −3C1 e−3(0) + C2 e(0) + e 4 = 2
C2 − 3C1 = 74
C1 + C2 = 54 (1)
−C2 3C1 = − 74 (Multiplicando por -1)
4C1 = − 12
C1 = − 18
e−x
y(x) = − 81 e−3x + 11 x
8 e − 4

d6 x d4 x
d) − 4 =1
dt6 dt
x − xIV = 1
V I

xV I − xIV = 0
λ6 − λ4 = 0
λ4 (λ − 1)(λ + 1)
λ1,2,3,4 = 0; λ5 = 1; λ6 = −1
xH (t) = C1 e0 + C2 xe0 + C3 x2 e0 + C4 x3 e0 + C5 ex + C6 e−x
xH (t) = C1 + C2 x + C3 x2 + C4 x3 + C5 ex + C6 e−x
P1 (x) = 1
xp (t) = a0
x0p (t) = 0
xIV
p (t) = 0
xVp I (t) = 0
0 − 0 = 1.....

d2 x dx t
e) − 4 + e2t + 1dt + 4x =
dt2 e
x00 − 4x0 + 4x = et + e2t + 1
x00 − 4x0 + 4x = 0
λ2 − 4λ + 4 = 0
(λ − 2)(λ − 2) = 0
λ1,2 = 2
6

XH (t) = C1 e2t + C2 te2t

x00 − 4x0 + 4x = 1
xp1 (t) = a0
x0p1 (t) = 0
x00p1 (t) = 0
0 − 0 + 4a0 = 1
a0 = 14
Xp1 (t) = 14

x00 − 4x0 + 4x = et
xp2 (t) = a0 et
x0p2 (t) = a0 et
x00p2 (t) = a0 et
a0 et − 4a0 et + 4a0 et = et
a0 e t = e t
a0 = 1
xp2 (t) = et

x00 − 4x0 + 4x = e2t

xp3 (t) = t2 (a0 )e2t )
x0p3 (t) = 2a0 te2t + 2a0 t2 e2t
x00p3 (t) = 2a0 e2t + 2a0 t(2e2t ) + (4a0 t)(e2t ) + 2a0 t2 (2e2t )
x00p3 (t) = 2a0 e2t + 4a0 te2t + 4a0 te2t + 4a0 t2 (e2t )
2a0 e2t + 8a0 te2t + 4a0 t2 e2t − 4(2a0 te2t + 2a0 t2 e2t + 4(a0 t2 e2t = e2t
2a0 e2t = e2t
2a0 = 1
a0 = 21

t2 e2t 1 t2 e2t
xp3 (t) = x(t) == C1 e2t + C2 te2t + 4 + et +
2 2

B)Use el método de Variación de Parámetros para determinar la solución

no homogénea:
d2 x dx
a) 2 − 4 + 5y = cos(x)
dt dy
y 00 + 4y 0 + 5y = cos(x)
y 00 + 4y 0 + 5y = 0
λ2 + 4λ + 5 = 0
−4 ± 2i
λ1,2 = = −2 ± i
2
α = −2; β = ±i
yH = C1 e−2x cos(x) + C2 e−2x sen(x)
yP = C1 (x)e−2x cos(x) + C2 (x)e−2x sen(x)
y10 = e−2x (−sen(x)) + (−2e−2x )cos(x)
 7

y20 = e−2x cos(x) + sen(x) − 2e−2x

e−2x sen(x)

0
cos(x) e−2x cos(x) − 2sen(x)
C10 (x) =  =
e−2x cos(x) e−2x sen(x)
e−2x (−sen(x) − 2cos(x)) e−2x cos(x) − 2sen(x)
−e−2x sen(x)cos(x)
e−2x cos(x)[e−2x cos(x) − 2sen(x)] − e−2x (−senx − 2cosx)e−2x sen(x)
w = e−4x (cos2 x − 2cosxsenx) + e−4x (sen2 x + 2cosxsenx) = e−4x (cos2 x −
2cosxsenx + sen2 x + 2cosxsenx) = e−4x (1)
e−2x senxcosx
C10 (x) = = −e2x senxcosx
e−4x
e−2x cos(x)
 
0)
e−2x (−sen(x) − 2cos(x)) cos(x) e−2x cos2 x
C20 (x) = = = e2x cos2 (x)
e−4x e−4x
d3 y d2 x dy
b) 3 − 3 2 + 3 −y =x−2
000
dx 00
dt 0
dx
y − 3y + 3 − y = x − 2
y 000 − 3y 00 + 30 − y = 0
λ3 − 3λ2 + 3λ − 1 = 0
(λ − 1)3 = 0
λ1,2,3 = 1
yH (x) = c1 ex + c2 xex + c3 x2 ex
yP (x) = c1 (x)ex + c2 (x)xex + c3 (x)x2 ex

y1 (x) = ex y2 (x) = xex y3 (x) = x2 ex

0
y1 = e x 0 x
y2 = xe + e x 0
y3 = x2 ex + 2xex
y100 = ex y200 = xex + 2ex y300 = x2 ex + 4xex + 2ex

ex xex x2 ex
x x x x e + 2xex
2 x
w=| e xe + e |
e xe + 2e x ex + 4xex + 2ex
x x x 2

w = [(ex )(xex +ex )(x2 ex +48xex +2ex )+xex )(x2 ex +2xex )(ex )+(x2 ex )(ex )(xex +
2ex )] − [(ex )(xex + ex )(x2 ex ) + (xex + 2ex )(x2 ex + 2xex )(ex ) + (x2 ex + 4xex +
2ex )(ex )(xex )]
w = 2e3x

0 xex x2 e x
x x x e + 2xex
2 x
w1 = | 0 xe + e |
x x 2 x x
x − 2 xe + 2e x e + 4xe + 2e x

w1 = (xex )(x2 ex + 2xex )(x − 2) − (x − 2)(xex + ex )(x2 ex )

w1 = 2x3 e2x − 2x2 e2x
8

ex 0 x2 e x
x x e + 2xex
2 x
w2 = | e 0 |
e x − 2 x ex + 4xex + 2ex
x 2

w2 = (x2 ex )(ex )(x − 2) − (x − 2)(x2 ex + 2xex )(ex )

w2 = 4e2x − 2xe2x

ex xex 0
x xe + ex
x
w3 = | e 0 |
ex xex + 2ex x − 2
w3 = (ex )(xex + ex )(x − 2) − (x − 2)(ex )(xex )
w3 = xe2x − 2e2x

2x3 e2x − 2x2 e2x x3 − x2

c01 = =
2e3x ex
R x3 − x2
c1 = = −e−x (x3 + 2x2 + 4x + 4)
ex

4e2x − 2xe2x 2−x

c02 = 3x
=
2e ex
R 2−x
c2 = = e−x (x − 1)
ex

xe2x − 2e2x x−2

c03 = =
2e3x 2ex
R x−2 1 −x
c3 = = e (1 − x)
2ex 2

1
yP (x) = −(x3 + 2x2 + 4x + 4) + (x − 1)x + (1 − x)x2
2
3 7
yP (x) = − x3 + x2 + 3x + 4
2 2

3 7
Y (x) = c1 ex + c2 xex + c3 x2 ex − x3 + x2 + 3x + 4
2 2

c)y 00 − 6y 0 + 10y = 100;y(0) = 10, y(0) = 5

y 00 − 6y 0 + 10y = 0
λ2 − 6λ + 10 = 0
 9

6 + −2i
λ1,2 = = 3 + −i
2
YH (x) = c1 e3x cos(x) + c2 e3x sen(x)
YP (x) = c1 (x)e3x cos(x) + c2 (x)e3x sen(x)

y1 (x) = e3x cos(x) y2 (x) = e3x sen(x)

y10 0
= −e sen(x) + 3e cos(x) y2 = e3x cos(x) + 3e3x sen(x)
3x 3x

e3x cos(x) e3x sen(x)

w=| | = e6x
−e3x sen(x) + 3e3x cos(x) e3x cos(x) + 3e3x sen(x)

0 e3x sen(x)
w1 = | | = −100e3x sen(x)
100) e cos(x) + 3e3x sen(x)
3x

e3x cos(x) 0
w2 = | | = 100e3x cos(x)
−e3x sen(x) + 3e3x cos(x) 100

−100e3x sen(x)
c01 = = −100e−3x sen(x)
e6x
c1 = −100e−3x sen(x) = 10e−3x (3sen(x) + cos(x))
R

100e3x cos(x)
c02 = 6x
= 100e−3x cos(x)
e
c2 = 100e−3x cos(x) = 10e−3x (−3cos(x) + sen(x))
R

YP (x) = 10e−3x (3sen(x)+cos(x))e3x cos(x)+10e−3x (−3cos(x)+sen(x))e3x sen(x) =

10(3sen(x) + cos(x))cos(x) + 10(−3cos(x) + sen(x))sen(x) = 10(cos2 (x) +
sen2 (x)) = 10

Y (x) = c1 e3x cos(x) + c2 e3x sen(x) + 10

Y (0) = c1 + 10 = 10 → c1 = 0
Y 0 (x) = −c1 e3x sen(x) + c1 e3x 3cos(x) + c2 e3x cos(x) + c2 e3x 3sen(x)
Y 0 (0) = 3c1 + c2 = 5 → c2 = 5

Y (x) = 5e3x sen(x) + 10

d2 x dx
d) −4 + 4x = et + e2t + 1
dt2 dt
x00 − 4x0 + 4x = et + e2t + 1
x00 − 4x0 + 4x = 0
λ2 − 4λ + 4 = 0
10

(λ − 2)(λ − 2) = 0
λ1 = 2; λ2 = 2
XH = C1 e2t + C2 te2t
XP = C1 (t)e2t + C2 (t)te2t
X10 = 2e2t
X20 =2te2t + e2t
e2t te2t

w= = e2t (2te2t + e2t ) − 2e2t (te2t ) = e4t
2e2t 2te2t + e2t
te2t

0
et + e2t + 1 2te2t + e2t
C10 (t) = =
e4t
2t t
te (e + e + 1) 2t
= te−2t (et + e2t + 1)
e4t
t2
R −t R −2t −t −t t −2t
− 14 e−2t
R
C1 (t) = 2t te dt + tdt +  te dt = −te − e + 2 − 2 e
e 0)
2t et + e2t + 1
2e e2t (et + e2t + 1
C20 (t) = = = e−2t (et + e2t + 1)
eR4t e4t
C2 (t) = e dt + dt + e dt = −e−t + t − 12 e−2t
R −t R 2t
2
X(t) = C1 e2t + C2 te2t + (−te−t − e−t + t2 − 2t e−2t − 14 e−2t )e2t + (−e−t + t −
1 −2t
2e )te2t

e)ẍ + x = sen(t) − cos(2t)

x00 + x = sen(t) − cos(2t)
x00 + x = 0
λ2 + 1 = 0
λ1,2 = ±i
α = 0; β = ±i
xH = C1 cos(t) + C2 sen(t)
XP = C1 (t)cos(t) + C2 (t)sen(t)
X10 = −sen(t)
X20 =cos(t) 
cos(t) sen(t)
w= = cos2 (t) + sen2 (t) = 1
−sen(t) cos(t)
 
0 sen(t)
C10 = = −sen2 (t) + sen(t)cos(2t)
sen(t) − cos(2t) cos(t)
sen2t
C1 = (−sen2 (t)+sen(t)cos(2t))dt = − sen2 tdt+ sentcos2tdt = 12 (
R R R
−
2
cos3t
t− − cost)
2 
0 cos(t) 0
C2 = = sen(t)cos(t) − cos(t)cos(2t)
−sen(t) sen(t) − cos(2t)
1
C2 = (costsent−costcos2t)dt = costsentdt− costcos2tdt = (−cos2 t−
R R R
2
sent − sen3t
3 )
 11

sen2t cos3t
X(t) = C1 cos(t) + C2 sen(t) + 12 ( −t− − cost)cost + 21 (−cos2 t −
2 3
sen3t
sent − )sent
3

Ejercicio 4
Usando el método de Euler, resuelva la Ecuación de Cauchy-Euler:
a)x2 y 00 − xy 0 + y = lnx
dy
x = et t = ln(x) y 0 = dx = dy dt dy 1
dt dx = dt x
Sea dydt = ẏ
y 0 = x1 ẏ
d2 y d dy d 1 d 1 dt d −t
y 00 = = ( ) = ( ẏ = ( ẏ = (e (ẏ)) x1 = (−e−t ẏ +
dx2 dx dx dx x dt x dx dt
e−t ÿ)e−t
= ÿe−2t − ẏe−2t = (ÿ − ẏ)e−2t
y 00 = (ÿ − ẏ)e−2t
e2t (ÿ − ẏ)e−2t − et (e−t ẏ) + y = t
ÿ − ẏ − ẏ + y = t
ÿ − 2ẏ + y = t
ÿ − 2ẏ + y = 0
λ2 − 2λ + 1 = 0
(λ − 1)2 = 0
λ1 = 1; λ2 = 1
yH (t) = C1 et + C2 tet
yP (t) = a1 t + a0
y˙p = a1
y¨p = 0
0 − 2a1 + a1 t + a0 = t
a1 t + a0 − 2a1 = t
a1 = 1
a0 − 2a1 = 0
a0 = 2
yp (t) = t + 2
y(t) = C1 x + C2 xln(x) + ln(x) + 2

b)x2 y 00 − 4xy 0 + 6y = 2
dy
x = et t = ln(x) y 0 = dx = dy dt dy 1
dt dx = dt x
Sea dydt = ẏ
y 0 = x1 ẏ
d2 y d dy d 1 d 1 dt d −t
y 00 = = ( ) = ( ẏ = ( ẏ = (e (ẏ)) x1 = (−e−t ẏ +
dx2 dx dx dx x dt x dx dt
e−t ÿ)e−t
= ÿe−2t − ẏe−2t = (ÿ − ẏ)e−2t
12

y 00 = (ÿ − ẏ)e−2t
e2t (ÿ − ẏ)e−2t − 4et (e−t ẏ) + 6y = 2
ÿ − ẏ − 4ẏ + 6y = 2
ÿ − 5ẏ + 6y = 2
ÿ − 5ẏ + 6y = 0
λ2 − 5λ + 6p= 0
5 ± (25 − 4(1)(6))
λ1,2 =
2
λ1 = 2; λ2 = 3
yH (t) = C1 e2t + C2 e3t
P (t) = 2
yp (t) = a0
yp0 = 0
yp00 = 0
0 − 5(0) + 6(a0 ) = 2
a0 = 13
yp t = 13
y(t) = C1 e2t + C2 e3t + 31
y(x) = C1 x2 + C2 x3 + 31

Ejercicio 5
A)Un punto material se hunde lentamente en un lı́quido. Hallar la ley
de movimiento, considerando que durante una inmersión lenta la resistencia
del lı́quido es proporcional a la velocidad de inmersión.

ΣF = ma
W + PA = ma
mg − k ẋ = mẍ
k
ẍ + m ẋ = g
00
x +m k 0
x =0
2 k
λ + mλ = 0
k
λ(λ + m )=0
λ1 = 0; λ2 = −k m
−k
xH (t) = C1 + C2 e m t
xp (t) = ta0
x0p = a0
x00p = 0
k
0+ m (a0 ) = g
a0 = mg k
xp (t) = t mgk
−k
x(t) = C1 + C2 e m t + t mg
k
B)Encuentre la carga en el capacitor de un circuito en serie LRC en t =
 13

0.01s cuando L = 0.05h, R = 2ohms, C = 0.01f, el voltaje de entrada

E(t) = tV, q(0) = 5C, e i(0) = 0A. Determine la primera vez en que la
carga del capacitor es igual a cero.
d2 q dq
E(t) = L 2 + R + qc
dt dt
E(t) = Lq 00 + Rq 0 + qc
q
V (t) = (0.05)q 00 + 2q 0 + 0.01
t=0
q
(0.05)q 00 + 2q 0 + 0.01 =0
2 1
(0.05)λ + 2λ + 0.01
λ1,2 = −20 ± 4i
λ1 = −20 + 40i
λ2 = −20 − 40i
α = −20; β = −4
qH (t) = C1 e−20t cos40t + C2 e−20t sen40t
qP (t) = 0
q(t) = C1 e−20t cos40t + C2 e−20t sen40t
q(0) = C1 e0 cos40t + C2 e0 sen40t
q(0) = C1 = 5
i(t) = dqdt
i(t) = q 0
i(0) = q 0 (0)
q 0 (t) = −20C1 e−20t cos40t−40C1 e−20t sen40t−20C2 e−20t sen40t+40C2 e−20t cos40t
q 0 (0) = −20C1 e0 cos0 − 40C1 e0 sen0 − 20C2 e0 sen0 + 40C2 e−20t cos0
q 0 (0) = −20C1 + 40C2
−20C1 + 40C2 = 0
40C2 = 20C1
C2 = C21 = 52
q(t) = 5e−20t cos40t + 52 e−20t cos40t

C)Calcule la carga en el capacitor y la corriente en un circuito LC cuando

L = 0.1h, C = 0.1f , el voltaje de entrada E(t) = 100sen(2t)V, q(0) = 0C e
i(0) = 0A.