Puesta A Tierra en TT, It, TN
Puesta A Tierra en TT, It, TN
Puesta A Tierra en TT, It, TN
INFORME DE SUFICIENCIA
PARA OPTAR EL TITULO PROFESIONAL DE:
INGENIERO ELECTRICISTA
PRESENTADO POR:
VfCTOR RAÚL GÓMEZ ALVA
PROMOCIÓN 1990-1
LIMA-PERÚ
2003
Dedico este trabajo a:
Mis Padres, que desde el cielo junto a Dios me
Iluminaron para el desarrollo de este informe,
a mis hijos Pablo y Leslie, y a mi esposa
Verónica que en todo momento me asistieron
con su gratitud y apoyo moral.
PROTECCIÓN EN BA.JA TENSIÓN DE SISTEMAS ELÉCTRICOS
El presente informe tiene como alcance principalmente los tópicos relacionados con
Para adoptar las medidas de seguridad a las personas frente a los contactos
distribución y entre aquellas conexiones podemos encontrar los sistemas TT, TN, IT,
así mismo deberá tomarse en cuenta las instalaciones de los usuarios particulares.
PROLOGO 1
CAPÍTULO!
CAPITULO U
CAPITULO DI
a) Sistema Eléctrico TN 28
b) Sistema Eléctrico TI 30
c) Sistema Eléctrico 1T 31
CAPITULO IV
DE BAJA TENSIÓN 36
a) Tomas a Tierra 42
CAPITULO V
PROTECCIÓN DIFERENCIAL 46
CAPITULO VI
(Sistema TT) 70
Puesta a Tierra 73
RECOMENDACIONES 75
CONCLUSIONES 77
ANEXOS 79
DIFERENCIALES 95
AUTOMÁTICOS Y DIFERENCIALES 99
BlBLIOGRAFÍA 187
PRÓLOGO
El presente informe tiene como alcance principalmente los tópicos relacionados con
de la red en la que va a ser instalada, para lo cual deben adoptarse a los diferentes
sistemas de conexión a tierra que puedan existir en una instalación, como son los
que está en vigencia desde el lro de Julio del 2002, se establece el sistema 380/220 V
de cuatro hilos con neutro puesto a tierra de manera efectiva, es decir con neutro
Y como parte complementaria para una mejor seguridad a las personas se utilizara
los dispositivos de protección diferencial a fin de dar una mayor protección frente a
los contactos eléctricos. Así como se estudiara las puestas a tierra de los usuarios
Terminaremos este prologo con una breve descripción del contenido de este informe
conexión a tierra así como el sistema mas conveniente para un sistema multi
sistemas de conexión a tierra depende de cómo son las conexiones a tierra de la red
de distribución que podrían ser los sistemas TT, TN, IT y de las masas o partes
seguridad, Parte 41: Protección contra los choques eléctricos", señalan los sistemas
y entre las masas metálicas de las cargas y tierra llegándose a establecer las
Primera Letra
impedancia.
Segunda Letra
La utilización de cualquiera de estos sistemas, esta definido por varios aspectos como
pueden ser: las normas de cada país, la continuidad de servicio, flexibilidad para la
continuación:
describe a continuación.
Las masas o partes metálicas de las cargas o de las instalaciones de los usuarios están
valores inferiores a las de cortocircuito, pero pueden ser suficientes para provocar la
En general, el circuito por donde circula la falla, incluye resistencia de paso a tierra
en alguna parte del circuito de defecto. Es decir no se tienen en cuenta las posibles
condiciones de protección.
,,,-----...-------------------L3
MT/BT
,____________...,________ L2
'-..,......_+-""'------------1-+--+---------L1
1---t-1--------- N
1
1 r--,
1 1
... --- ------------ CP
1
(:}) (-��)
MASA
En este sistema eléctrico el neutro del transformador está conectado a tierra y, las
Ante fallas de fase a tierra, los sistemas TN-C y TN-S generan corrientes muy altas,
MT/BT
,,..--�--------------------L3
-------------------L2
"l--------------..--1--1---------u
•-----------1---1-1----------N
t-------------1'�
1 1 ¡
- ------------ CP
MASA
i------------+--------- L2 L3
t------------T- L1
CPN
.
1 1
,1\
\.::"··
MASA
)o------+------+-----__¡..----L2
MT/BT
,,...-�--------------------- L3
'-1--------+--+----,-...,.......,¡-----i--+----- L1
"-�-----�-,�--�-, N
CP
-CPN
-1 :;i........ -t,,.-...¡..-i-,.,--T·-- -- ------ CP
1 CPI
11-.
(J) ,,
totalmente aislado o unido a tierra por medio de una impedancia de alto valor . Las
industriales, donde una interrupción de la alimentación por alguna falla puede tener
consecuencias graves.
10
peligrosas.
MTi13T
L3
l2
"--"------......-+-+-----..-+--+--------
----,
L1
r--------r- - ----------- CP
, 1
'f .
L3
L2
.....__,,,,.___."'-------,-Hr-----,...-r--r------- u
r--, r--,
1 1 \
MASA MASA
neutro del transformador no está conectado a tierra lo que equivaldría en todo caso
Asimismo cabe señalar que las masas o partes metálicas de las cargas de las
Sabemos que uno de los objetivos de este informe es asegurar la protección de las
personas contra los efectos fisiológicos de la corriente eléctrica frente a los contactos
capitulo V.
La corriente eléctrica siempre tiene cierto riesgo para las personas, las instalaciones
particulares, así como también para las redes de distribución� siendo uno de los
principales el riesgo de incendio, puesto que los incendios son producidos por algún
defecto de las instalaciones eléctricas, ya sea por rotura accidental del ah,lamicnto del
Los daños sufridos por las personas dependen de la intensidad y del tiempo de paso
R (Kll)
�-
3 �
el húmeda •
1
�Piel molad• • •
Plel sumergl
2550 250 380 Uc(v)
100
persona que está sometida a un contacto eléctrico, y del tiempo de exposición a este,
Fig. 2.2.
Se observan las zonas indicadas con los números del 1 al 4, para intensidad de la
corriente (IM). En las Zonas 1 y 2 existen ciertos riesgos pero que no son peligrosos;
pero si deben distinguirse sobretodo las Zonas 3 y 4 en las cuales el peligro es real:
ventricular.
Cabe destacar que con 30mA de corriente, no se llega a la zona 4 y para tiempos
menores a los 400ms ni siquiera se llega a la Zona 3 que es la zona de real peligro.
alta sensibilidad como es el caso de 30mA, no permite que la corriente sobrepase este
límite, evitando que la corriente que puede circular a través del cuerpo humano cause
protección diferencial.
16
t'
. ,0000_
- .
ms·
200()·
1000
500
ffi>·
100
50
2(L
O�l ,O,2 O,S t 2 5 10 20 50 soo 200 500 1,f)OO mA 10000
.. ,>
.l ..;. --
seguridad, tensión por debajo de la cual no hay riesgo para las personas.
seguridad, Parte 41: Protección contra los choques eléctricos", según las
exterior.
Cabe señalar que las denominaciones: seco, húmedo o mojado, están referidas a las
condiciones del lugar; es decir, podría tratarse de un terreno seco pero que
ser 12V.
Un conductor con aislamiento deteriorado, que se encuentra con una carga normal, si
se presenta una corriente de fuga de tan solo 300mA, puede calentar el aislamiento e
puede producir un accidente por la formación de un arco cuyo calor excesivo puede
graves y muerte por asfixia o paro cardiaco. Para que circule corriente por el cuerpo
humano, una de las condiciones que deben cumplirse es que éste forme parte de un
Los contactos eléctricos directos son aquellos que pueden producirse cuando la
persona entra en contacto con partes de un circuito o instalación, por los cuales
normalmente circula corriente eléctrica. Por ejemplo, cables sin protección aislante, o
A mayor duración del contacto, mayor riesgo. A mayor intensidad, mayor riesgo.
19
L2
L1
.:::.;-..
._.
Los contactos eléctricos indirectos son aquellos que se pueden producir con
elementos metálicos que, en condiciones normales esta desenergizada, pero por error
Los contactos accidentales del tipo indirecto, son los más difíciles de prevemr,
puesto que no ocurren por negligencia del usuario, smo por una falla de la
20
inferior a dicha ten ión� de acu rdo a l alo1 ot 1·gnd n I npitulo ... .4.
n la norma DIN VDE O l 00, Parte 41 o. e de cribe la pt·otección contra ·ontu •to
direct de parte activa , es una exigencia básica que e impone a las instalaciones
sin ten r en cu nta el valor de In ten ión, deben tomarse n edidas destinudus u
proteger a la p r ona c ntra los peligros que puedan resultm· de un contacto con
in mbargo exi te w1a excepción en que no es nece ru·iu una protección de estu
21
60VC.C.
De acuerdo a la norma DIN VDE 0100-410 tiene que aplicarse una clase de
barreras, rejas, listones de protección o similares con una clase de protección IP2X
TABLA3.l
DIRECTOS
manipulación de obietos
., .
msta •,
1ac10n. con e 1 tiempo,
· y que
conductores. limite la corriente de
contacto a un valor no
superior a 1 miliamperio.
Se considerará zona alcanzable con -la mano la que, medida desde donde ésta pueda
situarse, esté a una distancia limite de 2.50mts. por arriba, 1.00 mts. lateralmente y
En caso que alguna persona invada la zona establecida por las distancias mínimas o
Cabe mencionar por otro lado que la norma IEC60364 cláusula 412.5, recomienda
circuitos de tomacorrientes por ser los de mayor riesgo. En este caso el dispositivo de
del mundo.
circunstancias puede ocurrir algún Contacto Indirecto, para lo cual se deberá tener
Estas medidas deben evitar que al producirse una falla de aislamiento pueda
derivarse a través de las personas o seres vivos útiles una tensión de contacto
En la actualidad, de acuerdo con las normas IEe 364-4-41 y DIN VDE 0100-410,
hospitales se consideran como peligrosas las tensiones de contacto mayores que 25V
de e.e. ó de e.A
se requiere una protección contra contacto indirecto, es decir para tensiones a partir
deOV.
25
Los sistemas de protección contra contactos eléctricos indirectos pueden ser de dos
Clase A o de clase B.
Mientras los primeros están basados en impedir la aparición de defectos o hacer que
haciendo que los contactos no sean peligrosos, o bien impidiendo los contactos
simultáneos entre las masas y elementos conductores, entre los cuales pueda aparecer
seguridad:
50 V en emplazamientos secos
24 V en emplazamientos mojados.
3. Separación entre las partes activas y las masas accesibles por medio de
simultáneamente.
lugar de trabajo.
Corte de la Alimentación)
aparición de tensiones que excedan los valores de seguridad. En general, esto sólo
27
será posible obtener cuando el terreno sea buen conductor y cuando en la red exista
protectores diferenciales.
relación :
R = Vs/Is (3.1)
Para eliminar la falla y evitar que se produzcan daños a las personas debido al valor
dentro de esta clase encontramos los siguientes sistemas de conexión a tierra: TN, TT
o IT.
28
a) Sistema Eléctrico TN
Puesta a neutro de las masas y dispositivos de corte por intensidad de defecto Id. Los
tener muy bien supervisados el sistema de puesta a tierra y todos los conductores de
mantener el nivel de protección a las personas, ( según norma IEC 60364-41C para
ampliaciones sin perjudicar la seguridad de las personas además prevenir los riesgos
MT/BT ----------+--------,
i......--------------+----L2
L3
A'
I L1
1---- CPN
,�------------�-----
4----------- !
,
7 1
1 I 1
1 1 1
1 Id! I 1
1 1
1 1 1
1 I 1
1 L
---------...--
1
1
1
Rn -· .
,...i....:¡
\� --
Fig. 3.4: Sistema 1N-C
1
l
Rn(_=-)
-•v• • • •
b) Sistema Eléctrico TT
valor de la puesta a tierra es muy alto o cuando, en el peor de los casos, no existe
el uso de protectores diferenciales se logra, de una manera más sencilla, un alto nivel
frontal.
L3
L2
L1
N
1 'r
1
- - CP
t Id
T1
1
1
1 1 1
1 1
1 1
,.--
1 t<T } Rn
L--=:.L - - - - - J �.__E__-.,.·.-) Ru
e) Sistema Eléctrico 1T
protección a todas las masas metálicas importantes, estructuras, tuberías, etc. Este
32
defecto.
l. Los Interruptores Termo magnéticos Fig. 3.7 : En caso que las masas
lb: Corriente de defecto a la segunda falla. Es muy alta, del orden de los
kiloamperios.
Il. Los Protectores Diferenciales Fig. 3.8: En caso que las masas
Si se tiene un grupo de circuitos con sus masas puestas a tierra Rx y otro grupo de
circuitos con sus masas puestas a una tierra Ry, se pondrá un protector diferencial de
L3
----------...----------1--1------- L2
-------..---t---------+--1------1--- L1
CP
(2da. falla)
más adecuado, que para nuestro caso el recomendable es el TT, puesto que todas las
2. El circuito de tierra siempre debe tener continuidad y que todas las partes
metálicas deben estar siempre conectadas a tierra, puesto que cuando se produce un
persona.
35
Voltios con neutro puesto a tierra, para los casos donde el conductor neutro es usado
es que se cuenta con puesta a tierra particular al cual se conectan todas las masas
Sistema TT.
CAPITULO IV
TENSIÓN
El sistema de puesta a tierra puede ser considerado como la espina dorsal para la
partes metálicas de las instalaciones; al mismo tiempo, permite que las corrientes de
el material utilizado.
respectivas, de modo que está compuesto por un conjunto de elementos que permiten
Cabe menciona que la puesta a tierra NO ES suficiente para limitar por sí sola la
capitulo 2.4 del presente informe. Por lo tanto se concluye que, esta instalación es
37
necesaria (puesto que limita o disminuye la corriente que atraviesa por el cuerpo);
puesta a tierra para las conexiones de baja tensión, como un medio de protección a
Las empresas eléctricas de la ciudad de Lima, para las nuevas redes de distribución
cuatro hilos, el que se establece en la Regla 017.B del nuevo Código Nacional de
Electricidad - Suministro.
uno al neutro. Este último conductor será multiaterrado conforme se indica en Nota
de dicho estudio se desprende que para el caso de las redes de distribución de baja
tierra y las masas o partes metálicas de las cargas o instalaciones del usuario también
,,,,.--"""v-------------
MT/BT
---------
r-------------+----------L2 L3
-"�-----------+--+--+--------- L1
-----------¼----f-----..,1----------N
1
1 r--"T-·-
------------- CP
_l • 1
( 7l1
•--
1 J) "
MASA
conductor de protección que une todas las masas o partes metálicas de las
En los sistemas de distribución con neutro multiaterrado, las fallas trifásicas, las
circuito eléctrico normal, estás partes que normalmente no conducen corriente son
los conductores de protección que une las masas o partes metálicas, tal como se
l1<------+-«
N <..>---H---U <..>-➔t--tt-0--0-tt----:,>----t-----<;
p·(Red
distribución
1 falla Masa Masa
Conductor de protección
;:�·)
PT
Particular
pequeñas corrientes (órdenes de mA), hasta que la falla se hace franca y alcanza
riesgo de contacto eléctrico, cuando una persona toca la parte metálica, tal como
muestra la Fig. 4.3. En estas condiciones de baja corriente de fuga, la corriente que
Mas análisis de las corrientes de falla a tierra, son mostradas en el capitulo VI.
Tablero General
L1 o----W-4<'.
N
=n lf: Corriente de falla
Masa ¿
Masa
Conductor de protección
,-·-¡-'
\-=- i
1
Ir: Corriente por la resistencia PT
Pf
Particular
En la Fig. 4.4 se muestra una representación esquemática de una Puesta Tierra con
CJ
Kw-H
--7
1
1
1 Derivación de línea
1 principal
_i�
1
Kw-H
�aja toma
CJ
1
1
Viene de la red 1
1 Tablero General
1 .------ ----- Linea
Kw-H --o-N
-----i==='- - - + -, r - Tierra
Punto de puesta CJ 1 1 1
1 a tierra --� 1 L ___ L __ J
Li=•�-3�:
��.�.:;.�.�..
con tierra� 1 =
\ i
' Electrodo
las diferentes partes de las puestas a tierra, constituyen el circuito de puesta a tierra.
a) Tomas de Tierra
terreno para facilitar el paso de las corrientes de defecto que puedan presentarse o
Línea de Enlace con Tierra.- Está conformada por los conductores que unen el
Punto de Puesta a Tierra.- Es el punto situado fuera del suelo que sirve de unión
entre la línea de enlace con tierra y la línea principal de tierra; deberá permitir que
La línea principal de tierra es el conductor que parte del punto de puesta a tierra y a
las cuales se conectan las derivaciones necesarias para la puesta a tierra de las masas
Las derivaciones de las líneas de tierra son los conductores que unen la línea
principal de tierra con los conductores de protección o directamente con las masas de
tierra, y por electrodos naturales las masas metálicas que puedan existir enterradas.
Debido al tipo de terreno, que en la mayor parte de Lima tiene alta resistividad, por
lo qµe se trata de suelos con arena y muchos casos pedregosos; se hace necesario el
Estos electrodos pueden estar conformados por: electrodos simples constituidos por
barras, tubos, placas, cables, pletinas u otros perfiles; anillos o mallas metálicas. Sin
particulares, se corre el riesgo de que la parte activa haga contacto con las masas o
carcasas metálicas, quedando con tensión eléctrica. El contacto eléctrico con una
Facilitar un camino por donde las corrientes de falla fluyan hacia tierra, asegurando
Para_ casos especiales en zonas donde existan descargas atmosféricas, también una
puesta a tierra especial para estos fines, permite que la corriente de la descarga fluya
hacia tierra.
la corriente de falla sea reducido y que el valor de la resistencia de tierra a la vez sea
la más baja posible, para evitar que la tensión que pueda presentarse en las masas o
partes metálicas de las instalaciones, sobrepase los niveles permitidos que se indican
en el capitulo 2.4.
resultante, no pueda dar lugar a diferencia de potencial entre cualquier masa, carcasa
o parte metálica de las instalaciones interiores, y tierra; que supere las tensiones
En caso que las condiciones de las instalaciones sean tales que puedan dar lugar a
tensiones superiores a los valores señalados en el capitulo 2.4, para asegurar la rápida
diferenciales.
Ampliaremos mas sobre este tema de puestas a tierra en el Anexo A y para efectos
Fig. - A2. l, donde se calculara los diferentes valores de resistencia de puesta a tierra
importancia materia de este informe, y que servirá para la comparación con los
PROTECCIÓN DIFERENCIAL
entero como un medio eficaz para la protección de personas contra los riesgos de la
indirecto. Evitar los incendios de origen eléctrico producidos por las fugas de
corriente.
alcanzaron una gran importancia entre las medidas de protección debido a la gran
"Protección de las personas contra fugas a tierra": Los alimentadores que sirvan
47
diferencial:
En el Paso1 vemos que la corriente fluye hacia la carga y no existe otro camino por
el cual pueda fluir, sin embargo cuando una persona hace contacto con uno de los
polos Paso 2, la corriente fluye por el cuerpo produciéndose una fuga de corriente,
ON ON OFF
Como se ve, este protector actúa por corriente de fuga (falla derivada a tierra), con
corte de 30 ms. Parámetros comprendidos en la zona segura para las personas según
el capitulo 2.3.
corriente diferencial. Esto nos puede ayudar a detectar fugas de corriente que pueden
Es importante señalar también que el interruptor diferencial puro solo dispara ante
quemarse.
49
domésticos y análogos".
intensidades".
• Block Diferenciales.
50
• Disyuntores Diferenciales.
• Relés Diferenciales.
mismo.
triacs, etc.).
La norma internacional IEC, clasifica a estos diferenciales como clase AC, es decir,
diferencial está indicado para proteger la vida de los usuarios de las instalaciones
particulares.
Los interruptores diferenciales puros deberán soportar las mismas solicitancias, tanto
mecánicas y eléctricas que los interruptores termo magnéticos, puesto que ambos
apertµra en cortocircuito.
interrupción.
corrientes de falla con componente continua, como las generadas por los tiristores,
Al igual que los diferenciales anteriores, estos son capaces también de evitar disparos
diferenciales, es que pueden trabajar con temperaturas de hasta -25 ºC, permitiendo
caso monofásico de dos polos (bipolar), y para el caso trifásico, cuatro polos
(tetrapolar).
Estos dispositivos son clase AC, por lo tanto sus características principales son
Estos dispositivos que tienen clasificación AC, unen en un solo elemento la función
se muestra en la Fig. 5. 5.
Fig. 5.5
1· · ·
:t
.._r,· . • • •
Este tipo de protección se constituye de un
toroide. Al existir una falla, el toroide envía una señal al relé ( que se encuentra a
cierta distancia dentro del tablero). El relé a su vez, envía una señal de apertura a un
automático opera despejando la falla. Este relé tiene la opción de poder variar su
tensión de fase.
se ha desconectado.
• Se produce una corriente de corto circuito que circula a través del diferencial.
El poder de ruptura de los diferenciales es bajo (1500 A), pero sube notoriamente
PO: Protector
Diferencial
300mA
2X25A
PO: Protector PO: Protector
Diferencial Diferencial
30mA
milisegundos.
falla supera la sensibilidad del diferencial que está aguas arriba en la instalación
siguientes:
! 4X40A
r. PO: Protector
1 ._'._) Diferencial
300mA
2X25A
PO: Protector PO: Protector PO: Protector
Diferencial Diferencial Diferencial
30mA
lf
Fig. 5.8
Este caso se cumple en forma muy esporádica. y aleatoria, por lo que no nos da
300mA
lf
Fig. 5.9
Este tipo de selectividad por tiempo, es más seguro ya que funciona en todos los
casos de falla. En nuestro caso, solo podemos lograr el retardo si utilizamos los relés
top I >top 11
independiente de su sensibilidad.
58
diferencial, suceden problemas del tipo no-operación del dispositivo, lo que puede
PO: Protector
ITM Diferencial
L1
N
CP
MASA
En este caso , las corrientes de fase y neutro pasan por el diferencial. Este opera sólo
PO: Protector
ITM Diferencial
L1
N
CP
MASA
PO: Protector
Diferencial
L3
L2
L1
r--, r--,
1 1 1 1
(:¡,) (l-)
MASA MASA
Fig. 5.12
60
PO: Protector
ITM Diferencial
., "' L3
. L2
1 L1
4-=__y
N
r--, r--,
1 1
(LJ
1 1
1
(J)
-- .-· --
MASA MASA
Fig. 5.13
30mA; la ubicación más adecuada para este fin es en el tablero general del usuario
particular.
donde las corrientes debidas a las impedancias capacitivas parásitas o a las fugas, no
tablero Posición 1, tal como se puede ver en la Fig. 5.14. En caso contrario, se debe
Cabe recordar que los interruptores diferenciales, solo protegen contra corrientes de
fuga más no contra sobre intensidad, por lo tanto la protección debe siempre ser
protección diferencial.
Mr/Bf
�----------------------- L3
---------------------- L2
---------------------- L1
�------------------ N
11M �CETPB.HO
lls¡xJ;ilh,o; repttEriál
Qnrasd::rártsed:Dls y
dfeeda
ID
interruptor diferencial en la caja de medición tal como se indica en la Fig. 5.15, con
fraudulentas entre la fase activa y una puesta a tierra interna que no cierra circuito
con el neutro. Este interruptor deberá ser de menor sensibilidad que el instalado en
protección contra sobre intensidades, tal como puede apreciarse en la Fig. 5.15. Por
magnético que protege al diferencial debe ser una corriente nominal igual o menor
L1
N
.,J_
l -----�---- ---·-i-· .
·-·Í -· 1�.2�
fTM i
�¡ll GEIIERAl..·
1
_J
·-· ·-;��
1
dfatn:ial
. . 3()()rM)
1
¡ _____t¡___ j
L.____
1
1 . r
Ciraito 1 Ciraito2
Puesto que la seguridad de las personas es el _objetivo del presente informe; en este
capitulo se hará un análisis de los posibles tipos de sistemas de conexión a tierra, que
puedan ser considerado para el nuevo sistema 380/220 Voltios con neutro multi
El sistema de conexión a tierra TN-C podría ser considerado para el nuevo sistema
Este sistema implica que el neutro de la red pasaría hasta el interior de la propiedad
del usuario y a la vez serviría como conductor de protección (sin una puesta a tierra
neutro en el Punto 1 tal como se muestra en la Fig. 6.1, las masas o carcasas,
que las toque. Por lo cual se hace necesario el uso de un dispositivo de corte
omnipolar que aperture todos los conductores a la vez, es decir que siempre que se
aperture un circuito, esto origine la apertura de todas las fases, incluido el neutro.
suficiente, puesto que podria producirse el corte del conductor neutro en el Punto 2,
que es el mismo de protección; tal como se muestra en la Fig. 6.2 En este caso
sucedería lo mismo que en el caso anterior, es decir las masas o carcasas, también
Por lo tanto, el sistema de conexión TN-C, podria ser una alternativa para el nuevo
,,,......,.._.__________.,.___________ L3
l2
�------------- - -----------------CFN L1
1
1 0
1
1 r--,
l 1
( ··.� \ 1\ f...I
Fig. 6.1 Sistema TN-C: Con apertura del fusible del conductor
neutro en el punto 1.
L3
L2
�-------------�--
¡ 91
L1
CPN
•1
1 '
1
r--,
1
--
1
r+--r,--t-------1
( ��: l { l)
MASA
de distribución.
usuarios particulares hasta la caja de medición de luz y de ahí continua por el tablero
,,,.-�-----------------------l.3
MTfil
i----------------------L2
....__..,______________________ L1
,.. l
----------------------N
1
1
-t-"----------------------- CP
1 1 CARGA CARGA
1 .-1� 1
(�) (+:�
,__. ¡ [__ - 0--0-----
TABLEROGelERAI...
un sistema de conexión a tierra normalizado TN-C, en el que las masas de las cargas
67
Sin embargo este podría ser uno de los tipos de conexiones internas más usados en
nuestro medio, por cuanto es el más económico puesto que no se usa un tercer
metálica.
límite que se indican en el punto 2.4, de modo que un contacto con la masa
tendría..consecuencias..fatales.
L1
/_L\
,-1
\ -/
PTRed
distribución
Masa Masa Masa
Fig. 6.4: Instalación Interna con las masas sin conexión al conductor de neutro.
68
el tablero general del usuario particular, evitará que la corriente sobrepase los 30mA
sin causar daño a la persona. Por lo tanto sí es posible usar esta conexión haciendo
En la ·Fig. 6.5 se muestra una instalación interna que tiene conexión a tierra similar
al Sistema TN-C, con conexión al conductor de neutro en cada una de las cargas. Es
decir este sistema consiste en unir las masas de la instalación al conductor neutro.
L1
C--0-1----+--I--�-----�-
N
(·.:.:i..
�).
______
.,.
PT Red
distribución
Masa Masa Masa
Fig. 6.5 Instalación interna con las masas conectadas al neutro en cada una de
las cargas.
En este tipo de instalación no existe posibilidad de que las masas queden electrizadas
69
puesto que cualquier pérdida de aislamiento de la fase L 1 que haga contacto con la
Si ana1izamos la Fig. 6.5, podremos darnos cuenta que este sistema de neutralización,
En la Fig. 6.6 se muestra una instalación interna que es más adecuada que la
instalación del capitulo 6.4 desde el punto de vista de seguridad, sin embargo no es
L1
'.:::.C.
( -:-)
,
. ______ ,,,.
PTRed
distribución
Este tipo de instalación es mejor que la del capitulo 6.4, porque el conductor de
( Sistema TT )
En la Fig. 6.7 se muestra una instalación interna que tiene una puesta a tierra
Conductor de protección
(-··- .)
\_ ,
PTRed PT
distribución particular
Las condiciones que del?e cumplir este sistema de protección son las siguientes:
71
• Una masa cualquiera no puede permanecer con relación a una toma de tierra,
tierra.
La primera condición que impone este sistema, es la más dificil de cumplir, cuando
Ante una falla de aislamiento la persona va a quedar expuesta a una cierta tensión de
corriente de 50A, tenemos que para que opere el termo magnético, será necesario que
la resistencia de tierra no supere los 0,48 Ohm, valor que en la práctica resulta
tierra, podríamos utilizar como dispositivos asociados a los de corte automático los
resistencia máxima del sistema de puesta a tierra se podrá determinar, y no deberá ser
tierra no deberá exceder los 800 (W), valor que es más real que el caso anterior.
Hay que considerar que el tiempo de operación de los diferenciales esta normalizado,
Según la información anterior, vemos claramente que en este caso, este sistema de
Este tipo de instalación es la más segura y usada en otros países, para los sistemas de
Tierra
instalación no cuente con puesta a tierra particular, la caja de medición podría tener
ocurrir que las masas de las instalaciones interiores queden electrizadas cuando el
(-=-)
PTRed PT
distribución particular
Masa Masa Masa
Para todos los casos expuestos, es muy importante el uso de los Interruptores
protección frente a contactos eléctricos tanto directos como indirectos, entre una fase
activa y tierra.
RECOMENDACIONES
2. Las normas IEC 60364 o UNE 20460 establecen las tensiones límite de
3. En el capitulo 6.7, en el cual se muestra una instalación que cuenta con una
contactos eléctricos entre fase activa y tierra, por lo cual para todos los casos de
automático y de alta sensibilidad (30mA), con una adecuada puesta a tierra de las
masas.
con neutro puesto a tierra, se deberá exigir como requisito indispensable, que las
fase-tierra.
determinada, hay que prever una barra de neutro independiente para cada uno de
operación residual nominal del diferencial (por ejemplo: 24 V / 0,03A = 800 ohm).
CONCLUSIONES
independiente.
obtener en el tipo de terreno, de modo que las partes metálicas o carcasas de las
secos, 24 V para los locales húmedos y 12 V para los locales mojados por ejemplo:
obras en el exterior.
de puesta tierra referidos a la resistividad de 100 ohm-m (Tabla B.1 y Tabla B.2 del
Anexo B del cual se extrajo los valores de la tabla que a continuación se muestra:
78
de las personas por ello se hace necesario complementar la protección haciendo uso
se ubica aguas arriba debe tener un retardo de operación especificado por las normas,
protección, este no debe tener seccionamientos, ni tampoco debe poderse romper por
8. Cuando la sección del conductor de neutro sea al menos igual o equivalente a las
CORRIENTE RESIDUAL
AUTOMÁTICOS Y DIFERENCIALES
E GRADOS DE PROTECCIÓN 1P
ANEXO A
siguiente procedimiento:
A2) Relación entre resistencia de puesta a tierra y corriente de falla a traves del
cuerpo.
TABLA Al.l
An;illa plástica 50
Para cada caso se recomienda medir la resistividad del suelo ya que es muy variable
de una zona a otr� puesto que influye determinantemente en el diseño de las puestas
tierra. Existen diferentes métodos de medición entre los cuales podemos mencionar:
Para efectos de cálculo se asume una corriente de falla (ocurrida en la caja toma) que
CNDCEFAl..lAATIBflA
(�B'JLACA.1' TCM\)
a.asm rredciónmluz
D
Kw-H
i==
====i
--,
D
:
1
1
D
Kw-H
1
1
c_...tme l=====I - - ,
D 1
1
'\lienem 1a rec1 1
1
; D
Kw-H t--t----1
1
t11L�---�---------' 1
Ir
ir
1 t1
Ressenaam
---..:>t... �~-- Tera"R'
Rt Rt
If= 1k + Ir (A2.2)
Donde:
Por lo tanto:
a tierra R, en función de la corriente de falla y ver que alternativa conviene usar para
Donde:
Reemplazando se tiene
Donde:
a. Coeficiente de reducción
Reemplazando se tiene:
tiene la Tabla A3.1, indicando los valores de resistencia de puesta a tierra de acuerdo
Tabla A3.l
Resistividad del terreno Resistencia equivalente del pozo
Al aplicarse corriente alterna entre dos partes cualesquiera del cuerpo humano.
Sabiendo que la resistencia del cuerpo humano en promedio es de 1000 ohm y que la
humana, se deduce:
Vk:=50V
87
l(mA)
1000
Limite para
hombres (80Kg)
100
licación
Limite para
niños infantes
10
t(s)
Ik (60Hz) Sensación
0,0135 (A4.l)
De donde:
= 0,116 / ✓ t Amperios (A4.2)
Estas pueden ser mayores que los potenciales en régimen permanentes admisibles
relacionadas con las corrientes instantáneas admisibles, por la Ley de Ohm. En este
admisible por la resistencia del cuerpo que lo atraviesa (Potencial soportable> 50V).
drena corriente a tierra se presentan tensiones que pueden ser peligrosas para las
tensión en el terreno depende del electrodo de puesta a tierra, que fija una función de
Se forma un campo potencial alrededor del electrodo que drena y entre los pies de
paso, y si una persona toca elementos conectados a la red de tierra entre sus pies y
La tensión de paso aparece en la superficie del suelo entre dos puntos distantes 1 m
La tensión de contacto se presenta sobre el cuerpo de una persona que toca una
carcasa, estructura o tablero, entre sus manos y sus pies que hacen contacto con
tierra.
•:
a) Tensiones Admisible de Toque o Contacto (VT)
Donde:
Rt - Resistencia de contacto del pie-suelo aprox.(3 p), según IEEE Std. 80.
Reemplazando:
90
+
lf +
lk
Ro
Rk
R1
Rt Rt
1 R2
= f'lf
2nd
---- ---
De la fig. AS .2 se tiene:
Donde:
Rt Resistencia de contacto del pie aprox. (3 p), según IEEE Std. 80.
R1
+ Rt
i
lf
Rp
R2
lk Rp
1 Rt
1
R3
- f'lf
- 2nd
-----
Reemplazando:
toque o contacto, ya que cualquier puesta a tierra por menor resistencia que tenga,
por sí sola no es suficiente para dar una protección efectiva a las personas; se
(A2.4) que nos dará el valor máximo de la resistencia de puesta a tierra, (A3.2)
(solo tomaremos para efectos del calculo, para una resistividad del terreno menor a
100 Ohm-m y una resistencia equivalente del pozo hasta 1 O Ohm) y la ecuación
(AS.2) que calculara la tensión de toque teórico, luego asignándoles valores que se
TablaB.2.
93
tiene lo siguiente:
Para niveles de corriente de falla a tierra pequeña, hasta los 500 mA podemos usar
cualquiera de las tres alternativas de puesta a tierra, es decir con una puesta a tierra
Si la corriente de falla supera los 2 Amperios se requiere una puesta a tierra cuya
resistencia debe ser muy baja. Es decir para 1O Amperios de corriente de falla se
requeriría un pozo de puesta a tierra de 2.41 Ohmios, valor que por lo general es
dificil lograr con un diseño estándar, por lo tanto se hace necesario el uso de
En los casos de corrientes de falla a tierra, cuando las fugas por pérdida de
para interrumpir la corriente. En este caso la puesta a tierra actúa como un camino
DIAGRAMA UNIF'll.AR
t
N R,S,T
IG
DPX
3X100A
300mA
0.30seg
,, 01
DX
1X20A ,
l 1 02
DX
1X20A
03
DX
3X32A
l° DX
4
1X32A
jos
DX
1X40A
1
1 06
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1X32A
30 mA
0.03Seg. 1 1 1 1 1 l<f::::b 30 mA
0.03Seg.
8
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w
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� UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE INGENIEAIA
o1- íACULTAD DE INGENIEAIA ELECTRICA Y ELECTRONICA
WIINA: TABLERO DE DISTAIBUCION PARA UNA INSTAL.ACION
DOMICILIARIA UTILIZANDO P/D
DIAGRAMA UNIFILAR
í
N R,S,T
IG DPX
3X250A
1A-1Seg
(TipoS)
4 i;6 Cu 60x5mm
IG1 DPX
DPX
IG2 DPX
3X125A 3X125A
3X160A
3/N - 380/220V 60Hz 4,:foCu 40xSmm 4�� 50x5mm 3/N - 3801220V 60Hz 3/N - 380/220V 60Hz 4,:foCu 40xSmm
Q1
DX
1X32A
Q2
DX
1X32A
Q4
DX
i Q5
DX
Q6
DX
Q7
DX
as
DX
Q11
DX
1X25A
n=,
3X40A 3X63A 3X63A 1X32A 1X40A
lT TT lT
l ll ll ll = 11
300mA 30mA 30mA 30mA 300mA 0.03Seg
�
z
N
ffi1- ALUMBRADO
�
z
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ELECTRICA
w
8 UJ
1-
z
w
1-
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w
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al
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8 UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE INGENIERIA
::, ::,
8 8
FACULTAD DE INGENIERIA ELECTRICA Y ELECTRONICA
<(
...J UJ w o:: :E
o
<(
...J
<( <(
...J
al ...J w LAMINA:
:E <( al ...J 1- TABLERO DE DISTRIBUCION PARA UNA INSTALACION
o al
<(
1- o 1- � <(
1- COMERCIAL UTILIZANDO P/D
1-
LAMINA L-IS-01
LAMINA L-IS-02
PROTECTORES DIFERENCIALES
NOTA: Las re ferencias de los equipos utilizados han sido t o mados de las c opias del
catalogo LEGRAND en elqu e s e adjuntan en este in form e .
AUTOMÁTICOS Y DIFERENCIALES
Curvas de funcionamiento diferencial: Son las curvas que dan los tiempos de
operación, en función de la corriente defecto permiten verificar que el tiempo de
reacción del dispositivo diferencial, instalado aguas arriba, es superior al tiempo de
apertura del dispositivo, situado aguas abajo.
1
t(s)
-
o.s -
--- -� -------- ¡._ ..... ...
-- - '"""¡ -
- ...
' -
..
�
0.1 ---
-- - �- - . .
···- -- - --- - _,_ .. . ..
--- �-
-·- - -� � -.
"
._
-- -
1,,,,,,.:....-- ••
101UA 1,
�
- lOmA
l ,- -
''
3:4 -mA
'
�
"'11
� r,���
¡,..."" r----..... ....__ i-,,....__
0.,01.
10 1 10 3 10 4
10° 1.6.(mA)
.,.,
10
·- 1
·- 1
l
5
'
...
1111. """
'- ""11111
• -
2
' '
�
"""'� �
i--. �,."'
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7�
0,5
...
1111
...
'""" ""1111
- .,
0,2 <
C'>
o ...cae:
0,1
.a <I
e
.!:!
0,05
.. ..
,.... ___
"......
___
�
'',..""
11111. 11111� ---11111
0,02
º·º '
0,01 0,05 0,1 0,5 1 5 10 so 100 300
IA(A)
AUTOMÁTICOS DX
l•··aSi1egra+ncf
DV
intenuptores diferenciales
16
5
10 10 1
20
5
10 1
25 Interruptores diferenciales
10 1
32 DV-25y40A
10 1
Tabla de fusibles
Unlpolares + neutro 230 V"\.
lntfnscad ncmnal 1A) MM.dos 17,5 rnn
6 2
2 ! Pt. lp Tab. 15 -§ 9.11 EN 61008 l
5
16 2
5 10
20 2 rh g
5
25
5
32 2 � GLegrand
5 2
40 2
5
6 2 40A
X
2 63A
X
5
16 BOA
10 X
5
20
5 2 X
25 2
5 2
32 2
5
40 2
5
5
1i:ilili'lil!il'¡i i�l1ijá$! i •.
"!lili: t
36
Dlegrand·
DX DX
�netoténnlcos hasta 63 A
!§WW10 KA curva e y o �toténnlcos hasta 63 A
lti000..110 KA curva e y o
063 74 06396
064 88 06566
&rb- Re!.
G. Dimensiones, pág. 67 Emb. Ref. f'a Dimensiones, pág. 67
Poder de corte: Poder de corte:
6.000 A UNE EN 60898: 92 6.000 A UNE EN 60898: 92
10 KA UNE EN 60947-2 1O KA UNE EN 60947-2
Utilización: instalaciones domésticas, Utilización: instalaciones domésticas,
terciarias e industriales terciarias e industriales
Conexión por bomas protegidas contra los Conexión por bomas protegidas contra los
contactos directos 0P 20) contactos directos 0P 20)
Tomillos imperdibles Tornillos imperdibles
capacidad de embornamiento: Capacidad de embornamiento:
- 25 mm2 flexible - 25 mm2 flexible
- 35 mm2 rígido - 35 mm2 rígido
Peines (ver pág. 69) Peines (ver pág. 69)
Pueden ser equipados con auxiliares (pág. 39) Pueden ser equipados con auxiliares (pág.39)
y bloques diferenciales (pág. 40 y 41) y bloques diferenciales (pág. 40 y 41)
Portaetiquetas incorporado Portaetiquetas incorporado
:=¡i
. O.i\,aOi lnlmsidad nminal (Al MOdúos17,5rnn
2 2 1 '.:��1 1 4
1
1
5
3
6
10
2
2
2
1
1
1
-,!�-··wi
�- 6
2
3
4
4
4
5 16 2 1 10 4
1 20 2 1 '.� ·f 16 4
1 25 2 1 20 4
1 32 2 1 !·�· es:, ·:-. 25 4
1 40 2 1 :,065 ea, :.oos;1a, 32 4
ea· _;oe&7Q;'.
::Q6$§f �:17;·
1 50 2 1 40 4
1 63 2 1 : 06p 50 4
1 065 68 . 066" 79 63 4
37
DX DX-h
�netotérmlcos diferenciales monobloc
lfiWKll10 KA curva magnetotérmlcos monobloc de 80 a 125 A
10 KA curva C y D
30rnA
Unipolares 230/400 V'\.
lnlensidad l10ITnll <Al
6
MóáAoo 17.5 nm
2 In (A) I ,..,, Mod
1
10 2 80 1,5
16 2
20 2
25 2
32 2 In (A) JV' Mod
40 2 80 3
100 3
1
300rnA 125 3
6 2
10 2
16 2
20 2 In (A) N" l\/lod
25 2 80 4,5
32 2 100 4,5
40 2
�,
125 4,5
10 4
16 4
20 4
25 4
32 4
40 7
50 7
63 7
300mA
10 4
16 4
20 4
25 4
32 4
40 7
50 7
63 7
Auxiliares, pág. 40
Peines de conexión, pág. 69
L___________________
FRiiiierefiiire;;¡¡nciciiilass.eorin:m¡ro:¡oNuevos productos
38
Dlegranc1··
DX-h DX-L
�otérmicos hasta 63 A
tul.JKKll 25 KA curva e �otérmlcos hasta 63 A
125JJ00150 kA curva e
Emb.
06860
Fiel. G
06920
Dmensrones, pAg 67
Poder de corte:
10.000 A UNE EN 60898: 92
25 KA UNE EN 60947-2*
07000
!lril�l��¡
nominal de 17,5mm
(A)
Tripolares 400 V"' 1 10 6
lnlenSidad nomnal {A) MMJlos17,5mm 1 01:f4,je1 16 6
6 3 1 ó7f4$" 20 6
1:07.füfü; 25 6
; óº?f.¡a:
10 3 1
1 32 6
1
1
16
20
3
3 1 a.-;;¡ 40 6
1 25 3 1 0714'9 50 6
1 i,071:00-- 63 6
1 32
40
3
3
r: :·.·t· ·.�t.t/-
50 3
63 3 Auxiliares, pág. 40
Bloques dHerenciales, pág. 42
Peines de alimentación, pág. 69
Tetrapolares 400 V'\#
lnlenSidad nomnal (A) MOcUo& 17,5mm 4 f
6
10
4
4 DX-h l
16 4
4 Poder de corte de DX-h según la norma UNE EN 60 947-2
20 a 230/400V'\.,
25 4
32 4
40 4 .,
4 In Unl Bi (400V) T,vTétra
50 -
63 4 s20A' 25 kA 30kÁ 25 kA
'25A 20 kA" 25k'A 20 kA
32A 15 kA 20kA 15 kA
Auxiliares, pág. 40 40A 12,5 kA 20kA 15 kA
Bloques dHerenciales, pág. 42 so;v63A .•.¡
it2,5;kA' . •· 15kÁ 12,5 kA
Peines de alimentación, pág. 69
L. --------------------¡R;¡;;e-¡;;lerAre'ñcnc;¡¡jlass ereniiriiko : Nuevos productos
39
DX
accesorios y auxiliares para magnetotérmicos
230 V, 50 Hz 3
Bloqueo para Dx
2 Soporte para bloquear, mediante un candado de
4 ó 6 de 0, la maneta de los magnetotérmicos Dx
y de los diferenciales Dx bipolares
40
Dlegrand·
DX
Interruptores diferenciales "alta inmunización"
DX
interruptores diferenciales
y accesorios
08823
f3
08625 08712
ReL Dimensiones, pág. 67
Conforme a la norma Emb. Ref. � Dimensiones, pág. 67
UNE et 61008-1
Conforme a las normas
Conexión por bomas protegidas contra UNE EN 61008-1: 96,
los contactos <f1rectos (IP 20) A11: 96, UNE EN 61008-2-1: 96,
Tomillos inperdibles CEI 6068.2
Capacidad de embomamiento: Conexión por bornas protegidas contra
25 mm2f.35 mm2 los contactos directos (IP 20)
Permiten la conexión por peines (ver pág. 69) Tornillos imperdibles
Posibi6dad de bloqueo en posición abierto o cerrado Capacidad de embornamiento:
Pueden ser equipados con auxiliares - 25 mm2 flexible - 35 mm2 rtgido
Bipolares: resistentes a las vibraciones (CEI Peines (ver pág. 69)
6068.8.35)
� cflaw.- 1 1 Clam A m Protegidos contra desconexiones
intempestivas
Posibifidad de bloqueo en posición abierto o
Concebidos para proteger a las personas y para cerrado
garantizar la mayor continuidad en el servicio eléctrico Pueden ser equipados con auxiliares
Equipados con un <fispositivo CJJe permite: Bipolares: resistentes a las vibraciones
• Detectar los defectos álferenciales alternos y (CEI 6068.8.35)
alternos con componentes contfnua (clase A)
• Evitar el cegado de la detección diferencial
en el caso en el <JJe haya un componente contfnua en
interruptores Diferenciales Clase AC l'.:Q
Aparatos con marcélSI excepto 80 A
la señal de efecto o que se le superponga un armóni Utilización: instalaciones domésticas,
o una señal de alta frecuencia terciarias e industriales
• Evitar áisparos intempestivos producidos en
conáciaies almosféricas extremas (tormenlas eléclricas Interruptores clferenciales Clase A �
Utinzación: circuitos de receptores con
dispositivos electrónicos susceptibles de
Utñ1Zación: generar impulsos de corriente continua cuyas
• lnstalaciónes con ordenadores, impresoras, fugas no las detectan los diferenciales
equipos rnormáticos y, en general, con receptores convencionales (clase AC). Los diferenciales
electrónicos susceptibles de generar impulsos de Clase A detectan las fugas tanto de la corriente
corriente contfnua alterna como de la corriente alterna con
• lkJmínación fkJOrescente con reactancias electrón· canponente continua
• Receptores que generen puntas de corriente
(motores, contactores, lámparas fluorescent�•... ) Bipolares 230 V'\.
• Instalaciones en zonas geográficas susceptibles de
darse con<fciones atmosféficas extremas 10 mA
(tormentas eléctricas) Intensidad nominal (A) Móduos 17,5 mm
16 2
Bipolares 230 v, 30mA
30mA
lnlensidad nomnal (A) Módulos 17,5 mm 25 2
25 2 40 2
40 2 63 2
63 2
80 2
41
DX
bloques diferenciales adaptables para DX y DX-h DX
bloques diferenciales adaptables para DX y DX-h
30mA 32 2
demódúos
63 2
32 2
300mA
300mA selectivo 63 2
80 a 125 4 :·:;·c:.:,t:,,. Bipolares 230/400 V'\.
''''"·',f,[rf¡[,I Sensibilidad Intensidad Número
1
:')l[\
075'. 6•L 30 mA 63
"<ii' 2
de módulos
1 �� 1 �
•'.'.' de 17,5mm
0i1665:¡ 30 mA 80 a 125
Tripolares 400 V"'-
iO�&'�&} 30 mA 63 3
;,,:,...:htt · Tripolares 400 V'\.
3 · 07569', 30 mA 80 a 125 6
Tetrapolares V"'-
30mA SO a 125 6
30mA
300mA 32 3
300mA 63 3
r.t;'
·:.:,·-r"··'''
,, . ..
�=::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
Magnetotérmicos diferenciales
:::::� �--------------------------,
diferencial Hpi
DX
TM
monobloc tetrapolares DX
4 módulos hasta 32 A (ver pág. 38)
42
01egrand·
DX guardamotores
bloques diferenciales adaptables para DX-L
07576
. 1=:ci
300mA 1 3 Posibilidad de bloqueo en posición de paro
300mA selectivo 3 (candado 0 4 mm)
(3 polos protegidos) 400 V/415 V"-
Tetrapolares 400 V'\.
30mA 3
Margen de "'lJUlaciOn Módulos
300mA 1 3
del térmico 17,5mm
1 A 0,63 a 1 A 2,5
300mA selectivo 3 1,6 A 1 a 1,6 A 2,5
2,5 A 1,6 a 2,5 A 2,5
4 A 2,5 a 4 A 2,5
6,3 A 4 a 6,3 A 2,5
10 A 6 a 10 A 2,5
14 A 9 a 14 A 2,5
18 A 13 a 18 A 2,5
23 A 17 a 23 A 2,5
25 A 20 a 25 A 2,5
I
Contacto auxiliar de señalización
Se fija a la izquierda del guardamotor (2 máx.)
I
Conlacto Capacidad Módulos
17,5mm
NA + NC 6 A - 230 V"- (NC) 0,5
2,5 A - 230 V'\- (NA)
Accesorio
Caja IP 55 con capacidad para un guardamotor
y un contacto auxiliar (ref. 029 49)
l-.-----------------------a:Re::.1e::-:,:::anc:::i':a
1 s::--:en
;:; :-;,:;:lo)o: Nuevos productos
43
interruptores automáticos magnetotérmicos DPX
Tipo DPX-E 125 DPX 125 DPX,250 ER DPX 250 DPX-H 250
..
Regulación fijo
frente a regulable
cortocircuitos margen
:jj;��fü��füi1;j¡:i:ij;i1i����1�ii1j¡ifaii:ui1;;1JM���i:1i¡i:;¡¡¿¡¡¡;i:;j¡¡j[i¡���1illljj¡i:;fü¡¡;¡�¡�;m�:i;j1i:;:;;¡;¡:¡;!;j¡• ·: '
• n•• . . ::····•···•••••••<•®:••···· ·········· ···••••:.:oo.::•·•· ······················ ··•••oo•••••••••••••·:••••·•••••• 100············ ···················
Relé
Poder de corte 3P-4P 240"'
lcu(KA) 380/415 "-
480/500 "-
600'"\..
690'"\..
250=
les(% lcu)
lcw(KA)
cable rígido (mm")
Sección máx
cable flexible(mm")
Ancho barra máx(mm) 12
Dimensiones anchura (mm)
(fijo anterior) profundidad (nm)
3-4 polos altura(mm) 120 176 200 200
74
E11egrand·
!¡ DPX 630 DPX 630 DPX-H 630 DPX-L 630 DPX 1600 DPX-H 1600
¡ i
1:�i-i��:'I'.1H1���rnHi1;;;�¡i@:ii1füfü;�ifüi:1i�:)!!::1�;�iÚ;El; ;;;,;'HiU:n'''"'''···· '�::::;¡¡;¡: ::>:::;:'.;);mH'.)J'.if;�:,11prHnt1?,i;;:¡!h;i:n�:�:•t:;:: : ..................... ........ .
i 200:. . ::i250::.:, ·,......j::::· ... :... ::,:·250·.::, ·,: :.·:·., ..::,:::,::::••530::::::::::·::,:::::::·::::::: ..::i63Cr::.::... : .. ·:·:
i:C•250iC:,::::::::::::::::.:·,,.,, .
i
ffi..��1IT'IT;l".@HEü@��t�;i�nTHF'.nl1HHin]jHj)'jj�'j:':::n::i:i'j :j¡::::i :::::i;= :�==ij!;:;:¡,H:H::::1:;:: ::¡¡:jg;nj�:V:i: ;;i:J:;j¡¿jill:t:Uii·)�i ¡¡;ji:::::i:::::j:: ... , ................ .
, =
•
= = = = == = = = = =
.. ¡ ¡H ¡¡
320· ::•:::roo:• =•••·•••••••••• •••·•••••••••••••63ri:::••· , · · ·
: • ,•630' ·- ·••:•. ,
·:•••• :,, . ,,,== ===1200·• ,• •• • ••'••• •'••• • ······1200 • ••••::··:
1w;:���:-<::t���i:'.�,.:i@m�E��t/'.il�''F::>,:::-::- :· ,, -. -·.:-, , : . ..... :·:.... :¡:¡;::•:::=;j;¡; :; ;;; jHiij;j:¡;;;;ti:1�¡¡¡¡¡¡¡::::¡:;'.:¡1di:�;¡¡.;¡¡¡¡1�::;¡;;¡1;:;¡:: ...... - , ,.
: : :: :; :i:�:::
5+10 In •:••••1 iii+10Hir••••••:, .. : ,.:=•:•••=•=1;�11ür. ...... ,.:::.::::•. ,_.:: 1 '.5+fü•1r:.,, .. :,· :•:::••·.·::.j '.5+fürr•::,:::::::::::.:::::••••1:5.;¡:,1ifii .. :::::::::::
·
75
DPX 125 DPX250 EA
Interruptores automáticos de 25 a 125 A interruptores automáticos de 250 A en caja moldeada
en caja moldeada
1r".t �.
.fr: ��
i:ffli •••, . .. .
h,.."í;:•
�-
25023
25023+26013
Brb. Ref.
G Dimensiones pag. 84 252 56 + 260 36
Conforme a la norma UNE EN 60947-2
l;iecución fija. conexión anterior
l;quipados con portaetiquetas E:mb. Ref. (I; Dimensiones pag. 84
categoría de empleoA
Conforme a la norma UNE EN 60947-2
Magnetoténnlcos Ejecución fija conexión anterior
DPX�125 Equipados con portaetiquetas
Tensión nominal 500 v._, , 50 /60 Hz. 25fN
Poder de corte lcu: 16 KA (400/415 V'"\,,)
= Categoría de empleoA
76
Lllegrand·
rel�s diferencial�� y toroidales DPX
para interruptores automaticos en caja moldeada
accesorios elécbicos internos y de mando
ParaDPX125
ParaDPX250 ER
ParaDPX250
ParaDPX 400/630
ParaDPX 1600
Bloqueo del mando giratorio de los
DPX250 a 1600
79
ANEXO D
1: � 50 mm de diámetro
2: � 12.5 mm de diámetro
3: � 2.5 mm de diámetro
4: � 1 mm de diámetro
6: Estanco al polvo
X: Sin consideración
A: Dorso de la mano
B: Dedo
C: Herramienta
D: Alambre
W: Condiciones meteorológicas
ANEXO E
NORMAS EMPLEADAS EN ESTE INFORME
4. Norma IEC 60479 "E:ffects of current passing through the human body".
Parte 1 y Parte 2 (UNE 20572 Partes 1 y 2).
6. Norma DIN VDE 0100, Parte 731: Referido a la protección parcial, sólo se
admite en locales de trabajo eléctrico y en recintos de uso eléctrico cerrados.
10. Norma IEC 60947-2 "Aparatos de maniobra de baja tensión". Segunda parte:
Disyuntores" (Nota: Aplicación en el campo industrial)
Partie 4-41:
Pretection peur assurer la sécurité
Pretection centre les checs électriques
Part 4-41:
Pretectie_n fer safety
Pretectien against electric shock
1·t:o� V
Commission Electrotechnique lnternationate CODE PRIX
lnternational Electrotechnical Commission PRICE CODE
CONTENTS
FOREWORO ......................................................................................................................... 5
Bibliography ........................................................................................................................ 63
FOREVVORD
1) The IEC (lnternational Electrotechnicat CommissionJ is a worldwide organization for standardization comprising
all nationat etectrotechnical committees (IEC National Committees). The object of the IEC is to promete
international co-operation on all questions concerning standardization in the electrical and electronic fields. To
this end and in addition to other activities, the IEC publishes lnternatio!1al Standards. Their preparation is
entrusted to technical committees: any IEC National Committee interested in the subject dealt with may
participate in this preparatory work. lnternational, governmental and non-governmental organizations liaising
with the IEC also participate in this preparation. The IEC collaborates closely with the lnternationat
Organization for Standardization (ISO) in accordance with conditions determined by agreement between the two
organizations.
2) The formal decisions or agreements of the IEC on technical matters express. as nearly as possible. an
international consensus of opinion on the relevant subjects since each technical commit:ee has representation
from all interested National Committees.
3) The documents produced have the form of recommendations for international use and are published in the form
of standards. technical specifications. technical reports or guides and they are accepted by the Nationat
Committees in that sense.
4) In order to promete international unification, IEC National Committees undertake to apply IEC lnternational
S:andards transparently to the maximum extent possible in their national and regional standards. Any
divergence between the IEC Standard and the corresponding national or regional standard shall be clearly
indicated in the latter.
5) The IEC provides no marking procedure to 'indicate its approval and cannot be rendered responsible for any
equipment declared to be in conformity with one of its standards.
6) J\ttention is drawn to the possibility that sorne of the elements or lhis lnternational Standard may be the subject
of patent rights. The IEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
lnternational Standard IEC 60364-4-41 has been prepared by IEC technical committee 64:
Ele,:trical installations and protection against electric shock.
lt has the status of a group safety publication in accordance with IEC Guide 104.
The IEC 60364 series (parts 1 to 6), is currently being restructured, without any technicé"I
changes, into a more simple form (see annex A).
The text of this fourth edition of IEC 60364-4-41 is compiled from and replaces
·part 4-41, third edition (1992) its amendments 1 and 2 (1996 and 1999 respectively),
part 4-46, first edition (1981),
part 4-47, first edition (1981) and its amendment 1 (1993) and
part 4-481, first edition (1993).
This publication has been drafted, as close as possible, in accordance with the 1SO/IEC
Oirectives, Part 3.
The co"mmittee has decided that the contents of this _oublication will remain unchanged
until 2003. At this date. the publication will be
reconfirmed;
withdrawn:
replaced by a revised edition, or
amended.
60364-4-41 © IEC:2001 -9-
·:.. :,._ ..
1
410 (400.1) lntrodu'ction
(400.1.1) Part 4-41 of IEC 60364 specifies essential requirements for the protection of
persons, livestock and property against direct conta et and indirect contact. 410.3 deals with
the application and co-ordination of these requirements, including the application in relation to
particular classes of externa! influences.
The measures which combine protection against direct and indirect contact are
• SELVandPELV(411.1);
• limitation of discharge energy (411.2) (under consideration):
• FELV (411.3).
Requirements for additional protection against direct contact by residual current devices are
given in 412.5.
(400.1.3) The arder in which the measures of protection are specified does not imply any
relative importance.
410.1 Scope ·
P3rt 4-41 of IEC 60364 describes how protection against electric shock is provided by
appli,:ation of the appropriate measures as specified in
The following normative documents contain prov1s1ons which, through reference in this text,
constitute provisions of this part of IEC 60364. For dated references, subsequent
amendments to, or revisions of. any of these publications do not apply. However. parties to
agreements based on this part of IEC 60364 are encouraged to investigate the possibility of
applying the most recent editions of the normative documents indicated celow. For undated
;eferences. the latest edition of the normative document referred to applies. Members of IEC
and ISO maintain registers of currently valid lnternational Standards.
IEC 60364-5-51: 1997, Electrica/ installations of buildings - Part 5: Selection and erection of
electrical equipment - Chapter 51: Common rules
IEC 60364-5-54: 1980, Electrical installations of buildings - Part 5: Selection and erection of
electrical equipment - Chapter 54: Earthing arrangements and protective conductors
IEC 60364-7 (ali parts), Electrical installations of buildings - Part 7: Requirements for special
installations or locations
IEC 60664 (ali parts), lnsulation co-ordination for equipment within low-voltage systems
IEC 61008-1: 1996, Residual ct1rrent operated circu,t-/J.rP.akers without integral overcurrenc
protection for household and similar uses (RCCBs) - Part 1: General rules
IEC· 61009-1: 1996, Residual current operated circuit-breakers with integral overcurrent
protection for household and similar uses (RCBOs) - Part 1: General rules
IEC 61140: 1997, Protection against electric shock - Common aspects for installat,on and
equipment
IEC Guide 104: The preparation of safety publications and the use of basic safety publications
and group safety publication
410.3.1.5 (470.4) lt shall be ensured that there is no mutual detrimental influence between
different measures of protection applied to the same installation or part of an installation.
. 410.3.2.3 {481.2.2) The measures of protection by means of obstacles (412.3) or placing out
of reach (412.4) are _per.m.i.tted only under the conditions wtlich will be given in a future part 7
..
of IEC 60364 -'1:Ir,at::r consideration·:
60364-4-41 © IEC:2001 - 15 -
410.3.3.1 ( 471.2. 1) Except as píOvided in 410.3.3.5, all electrical equipment shall be subject
to one of the measures of protec,ion against indirect contact described in 411 and 413, and to
the conditions given in 410.3.3.2 to 410.3.3.4.
410.3.3.3 (471.2.1.2) Where the application of the requirements of 413.1 for protection by
automatic disconnection of supply is impracticable or undesirable, protection by the provision
of a non-conducting location (413.3) or earth-free local equipotential bonding (413.4) méjy be
applied to certain parts of an installation.
410 .3 . 3.5 (471.2.2) Protection against indirect cantact may be omitted for the following
equipment:
• overhead line insulator wall brackets and metal parts connected to them (overhead line
fittings) if they are not situated within arm's reach:
• steel reinforced concrete pales in which the steel reinforcement is not accessible;
• exposed-conductive-parts which, owing to their reduced dimensians (approximately 50 mm
x 50 mm) or their disposition. cannat be gripped or come into significant contact with a
part of the human body and provided that connection with a protective cor.ductor could
anly be made with difficulty or wauld be unreliable;
NOTE This reouirement applies. for example. to bolts. rivets. nameplates and cable clips.
• metal tubes or other metal enclosures protecting equipment in accordance with 413.2.
NOTE 1 In practica. only the following conditions of externa! influences are relevant to the selection of measures
of protection against electric shock:
NOTE 2 Other conditions of externa! influences have practically no influence on the selection and implementation
of measures of protection against electric shock, but should- be taken into consideration for the selection of
equipment (see IEC 60364-5-51. table 51A).
410.3.4.2 (481.1.2) Where, far a given combinatian of externa! influences, severa! measures
of protection are permitted, the selection of the appropriate measure depends on local
conditions and the nature of the equipment concerned.
NOTE For special installations or speci;¡I locations. see IEC 60364-7.
410.3.4.8 ( 481.3.6) The use of SELV according to 4 11.1.4, or PELV according to 411.1.5. is
considered as a measure of protection against indirect contact in all situations.
NOT: 1 Ir. certain cases IEC 60364-7 limits the value al the extra-low vollage at a value lower than SO V. i.e. 25 V
cr 12 V.
NOTE 2 The use al FELV requires another measure al protection against indirect contact (see 411.3.3).
410.3.4.9 (481.3.7) In· certain installations or parts of the installation, for example. in
locations where persons may be immersed in water. the corresponding part of IEe 6036'1-7
requires particular measures of protection.
411.1 SELVandPELV
• the nominal voltage cannot exceed the upper limit of voltage band 1 (see IEC 60449),
• the supply is from one of the sources listed in 411.1.2,
• all the conditions of 411.1.3 and, in addition, either
411.1.4 for unearthed circuits (SELV), or
411.1.5 for earthed circuits (PELV) are fulfilled.
NOTE 1 lf the system is supplied from a higher voltage system by other equipment such as auto-transformers,
potentiometers, semiconductor devices, etc., the output circuit is deemed to be an extension of the input circuit and
is protected the measures ol protection are applied to the input circuit.
NOTE 2 For certain externa! influences. lower voltage limits may be required. See also IEC 60364-7.
�OTE 3 In d.c. systems with batteries, the battery charging and lloating voltages exceed the battery nominal
voltage. depending on the type ol battery. This does not require any measures of protection in addilion to those
specilied in this clause. The charging voltage should not exceed a maximum value of 75 V a.c. or 150 V d.c. as
a.ppropriate, according to the environmental situation as given in table 1 of IEC 61201.
411.1.2.2 A source of current prQviding a degree of safety equivalent to that of the safety
isolating transformer specified in 411.1.2.1 (e.g. motor generator with windings providing equi
valent isolation).
60364-4-41 © IEC:2001 - 19 -
411.1.2.4 Certain electronic devices complying with appropriate standards ·.vh-:re .:-neasures
have been taken in arder to ensure that, even in the case of an interna! fau=t, the '.toltage at
the outgoing terminals cannot exceed the values specified in 411.1.1. Higher vcltas;es at the
outgoing terminals are, however, admitted if it is ensured that. in case of dire-::t cr indirect
contact, the voltage at the output terminals is immediately reduced to those value-s o, less.
-'JOTE 1 Exam:::,!es of such devices include insulation t�sting eou,:::,me,11.
7
N0 E 2 Whe:e h1gher voltages exist at the outgoing term'.nals. corr.pl1an�e with this clause m ay t: e as.;;umed if the
,.-clta-;e at the outgoing terminals is within the limits specified ,r. <111. i i when measured with a "º' �.:-;,et:cr ha·m,g dn
,n,e:-,al res:sta�ce of at least 3 000 n.
411.1.2.S Mobile sources, e.g. safety isolating transformers or motor genera :ors. shall be
selected or erected in accordance with the requirements far protection by the 1..se ::if class 11
ec;uipment or by equivalent insulation (see 413.2).
411.1.3.1 Live parts of SELV and PELV circuits shall be electrically separa:�d f�om each
other and from other circuits. Arrangements shall ensure electrical separation not less than
that between the input and the output circuits of a safety isolating transformer.
NO•E 1 This :equirement does not exctude the connection of :ne PE.LV c•rc•J:t to earth (see.:. 11 • 5).
NOTE 2 In particular, electrical separation not less than that providea cetween the input anc tt.e out::ut wincings
of a safety isolating transforme, is necessary between the live parts of elactrical equipment suc,--: as relays.
contactors. auxiliary switches and any part of a higher voltage circuiL
NOTE 3 OC voltages for SELV and PELV circuits generated by a semiconductor convertor (see l:C 60146-2)
require an interna! a.c. voltage circuit to supply the rectifier stac�. This interna! a.c. voltage exceeds the d.c.
yoltage for physical reasons. This interna! a.c. circuit is not to be considered as a "higher voltage :=irci.:,t" within the
meaning of this clause. Between interna! circuits and externa! higher voltage, circuit protective separation
(according :o 3.24 of IEC 61140) is required.
411.1.3.2 Circuit conductors of each SELV and PELV system shall preferably be physically
separated from those of any other circuit conductors. When this requirement is impracticable,
one of the following arrangements is required:
• SELV and PELV circuit conductors shall be enclosed in a non-metallic sheath in addition
to their basic insulation;
• conductors of circuits at different voltages shall be separated by an earthed metallic
screen or an earthed metallic sheath;
NOTE In the above arrangements, basic ínsulation of any conductor need only be sufficient for the voltage of
the circuit oí which it is a part.
• circuits at different voltages may be contained in a multi-conductor cable or other grouping
of conductors but the conductors of SELV and PELV circuits shall be insulated, individually
or collectively, far the highest voltage present.
411.1.3.3 Plugs and socket-outlets far SELV and PELV systems stiall comply with th"e
following requirements:
411.1.4.1 Live parts of SELV circuits shall not be connected to earth or to live parts or to
protective conductors forming part of other circuits.
411.1.4.3 lf the nominal voltage exceeds 25 V a.c. r.m .s. or 60 V ripple-free d.c., protection
against direct contact shall be provided by
• barriers or enclosures affording a degree of protection of at least IPXXB or IP2X, or
• insulation capable of withstanding a test voltage of 500 V a.c. r.m.s. far 1 min.
lf the nominal voltage does not exceed 25 V a.c. r.m.s. or 60 V ripple-free d.c.. protection
against direct contact is generally unnecessary: however. it may be necessary under certain
conditions of externa! influences (under consideration).
NOTE "Ripple-rree· is conventionally deíined ror sinusoidal ripple vollage as a ripple content or nct more lhan
10 % r.m.s.: the maximum peak value does not exceed 140 V ror a nominal 120 V ripple-free d.c. system and 70 V
ror a nominal 60 V ripple-free d.c. syslem.
Where the circuits are earthed and when SELV according to 411.1.4 is not required, the
r�quiremec,ts of 411.1.5.1 and 411.1.5.2 shall be fulfilled.
411.1.5.2 Protection against direct contact in compliance with 411. 1.5.1 is not necessary
within or outside a building where main equipotential bonding according to 413.1.2 is provided,
and the earthing arrangement and exposed-conductive-parts of the PELV system are
connected by a protective conductor to the main earthing terminal, and the nominal voltage
does not exceed
• 25 V a.c. r.m.s.- or 60 V ripple-free d.c., when the equipment is normally used in dry
locations only and large-area contact of live parts w!lh the human body is not to be
expected:
• 6 V a.c. r.m.s. or 15 V ripple-free d.c. in all other cases.
NOTE The earthing of circuils may be achieved by an appropriale connection lo earth within lhe source itself.
. 60_�64:-4-41 © IE_C:2001 - 23 -
Under consideration.
'111.3.1 General
.Where. for functional reasons. a voltage within band I is used but all the requirements
of 411.1 relating to SELV or PELV are not fulfilled. ,rnd where SELV or PELV is not
necessary. the supplementary measures described in 411.3.2 and 411.3.3 shall be taken to
ensure protection against' both direct and indirect contact. This combination of measures is
known as fELV.
NOTE Such conditions may, for example. be encountered when the circuit contains equipmenr {such as
transformers. relays. remole-control switches. contactors) insuHiciently insulated with respect lo circuils at higher
voila ge.
Where. however, the insulation of equipment which is part of a FELV circuit is not capable of
withstanding the test voltage specified far the primary circuit, the insulation of accessible non
conductive parts of the equipment shall be reinforced during erection so that it- can withstand
a test voltage of 1 500 V a.c. r.m.s. fer 1 min.
NOTE The value of this vollage may be reviewed al a laler dale depending on lhe resulls of inlernational
· standardizalion {al present being undertaken) i� low-vollage insulation co-ordinalion .
• plugs shall not be able to enter socket-outlets of other voltage systems, and
• socket..:outlets shall not admit plugs of other voltage systems.
:50364-4-41 © IEC:2001 - 25 -
NOTE 1 The insulation is intended to prevent any contact with :ive parts.
Live parts shall_ be completely covered with insulation which can only be removed by
destruction.
For factory-built equipment. the insulation shall comply with the relevant standard fer the
electrical equipment.
For other equipment, protection shall be provided by insulation ca�able of durably with
standing the stresses to which it may be subjected in service such as mechanical, chemical,
electrical and thermal influences. Paints, varnishes, lacquers and similar products alone are
generally not considered to provide adequate insulation for protection against electric shoc!< in
normal service.
NOTE 2 Where insulation is applied during the erection or tha installation. the quality of the insulation s:-ioulé oe
confirmed by tests similar to those which ensure the quality of insulation of similar factory-built ec:;uipment.
NOT!: Barriers or enclosures are intended to prevent any contact with live parts.
412.2.1 Live parts shall be inside enclosures or behind barriers providing at leas: :he
degree of protection IPXXB or IP2X except that. where larger openings occur during the
replacement of parts, such as certain lampholders, socket-outlets or fuses, or where iarg�r
openings are necessary to allow the proper functioning of equipment according to the relevant
requirements for the equipment:
412.2.2 Horizontal top surfaces of barriers or enclosures which are readily accessible shall
provide a degree of protection of at least IPXXD or IP4X.
412.2.3 Barriers and enclosures shall be firmly secured in place and have sufficient stability
and durability to maintain the required degrees of protection and appropriate separation from
live parts in the known conditions of normal service, taking account of relevant externa!
influences.
412.3 Obstacles
NOTE Obstacles are intended to �revent unintentional contact with live oarts but not intentional contact by
deliber ate ci rcumvention of the obsta.ele.
412.3.2 Obstacles may be removed without using a key or tool but shall be so secured as to
prevent unintentional removal.
NOTE Protection by placing out of reach is intended only to prevent unintentional contact with live parts.
412.4.1 Simultaneously accessible parts at different potentials shall not be within arm's
reach.
NOTE Two parts are deemed to be simultaneously accessible if they are not more than 2.50 m apart (see figure -11 C).
-¡:)
.-)
,
''E,
. .............. ········••"·•· . ·-·····•'-·•·:-._ ··---···· ...
0.75
s '
.. ........... ...... .......; ::.; . ··: ·-,:.
··•
..:. -�-- :-�----•"'
s
Limit of arm's reach
:-!
..
t� J/
• • 1,
'¾;.,._-,J?if//H,».»...%•.'·'",....7;:,,,z,;;;n.,.m;;.,;;;71»»}))�/I'
Oimensions in metres
Figure 41C - Zone of arm's reach
60364-4-41.© IEC:2001 - 29 -
4.12.4.3 In places where bulky ar long conductive objects are normally handlec. the
distances required by 412 . 4.1 and 412.4.2 shall be increased taking account of the �ele•;ant
dimensions of those objects.
NOTE The use of residual curren! devices is intended· only to augment other measures of protection 3gainst direct
contact.
412.5.1 The use of residual current devices with a rated operating r�sidual current not
exceeding 30 mA. is recognized as additional protection in case of direct contact in the event
of failure of other measúres of protéction or carelessness by users.
4 i 2.5.2 The use of such devices is not recognized as a sol e mea ns of ;:,rotectio:i ar.d does
riot obvia te the need to apply one of the measures of protection specified in 412.1 to d 12 . .:1.
413.1.1 General
NOTE Convent,onal means of compliance with 413.1.1 1 and '113.1.1.2 are given in 413.1.3 to 413.1.5. according
to the type of system earthing.
A protective device shall automatically disconnect the supply to the circuit or equipment for
which the device provides protection against indirect contact so that, in the ever.t of a fault
oetween a live part and an exposed conductive part ar a protective conductor in the circuit or
equipment, a prospective touch voltage exceeding 50 V a.c. r.m.s. or 120 V ripple-free d.c.
does not persist for a time sufficient to cause a risk of harmful physiological effect in a person
in contact with simultaneously accessible conductive parts.
lrrespective of the touch voltage, a disconnecting time not exceeding 5 s is permitted under
certain circumstances depending on the type· of system earthing.
NOTE 1 Higher values of disconnecting time and voltage tha.-, those required in this subclause may be admittad
in systems for electric power generation and distribut!on.
NOTE 2 Lower 'lalues of disconnecting time· and volta ge may be required lor special installa!icns or !ccations
according to the relevan! parts of IEC 60364-7 and 413.3.
NOTE 3 Fo, IT systems. automatic disconnection is not usually required on the occurrence of a firs: fault
(see 413.1.5).
NOTE 4 The requirements ol this subclause are applicable to supplies between 15 Hz and 1 000 Hz a.=. and
ripple-lree d.c.
NOTE 5 The term "ripple-free" is conventionally defined as having a ripple content ol not more than 1 O :<. ,. m .s.:
for 120 V ripple-free d.c.. the maximum peak value not exceeding 140 V.
413.1.1.2 Earthing
NOTE For earthing arrangements and protective conductors see IEC 60364-5-54.
In each building the following conductive parts shall be connected to the main equipotential
bonding:
Such conductive parts originating outside the building shall be bonded as clase as practicable
to their point of entry within the building.
The main equipotentlal bonding shall be made to any metallic sheath of telecommunication
cables. However, the consent of the owners ar operators of these cables shall be obtained.
60364-4-41 © IEC:2001 - 33 -
413.1.3 TN systems
Generally the earthed point of the power system will be the neutral point. lf a neutral point is
not available ar not accessible, a phase conductor shall be earthed. In no case shall the
phase conductor serve as a PEN conductor (see 413.1.3.2).
NOT: 1 lf other effective earth connections exist, it is recommended that the protective conductors also be
connected to such points wherever possible. Earthing al additional points, distributed as evenly as possible. may
be necessary to en_sure that the potentials of protective conductors remain, in case of a fault. as near as possible
to that of earth.
In large buildings such as high-rise buildings. additional ear:hing of protective conductors is not possible for
practica! reasons. Equipotential bonding between protective conductors and extraneous conductive parts has.
however. a similar function in this case.
NOTE 2 For the same reason. it is recommended that protective conductors should be earthed· where they enter
any buildings or premises.
413.1.3.2 In fixed installations a sir:igle conductor may serve both as a protective con
ductor and neutral conductor (PEN c·onductor) provided that the requirements of 546.2 of
IEC 60364-5-54 are satisfied. The PEN conductor shall not be isolated or switched.
413.1.3.3 The characteristics of protective devices (see 413.1.3.8) and the circuit
impedances shall be such that, if a fault of negligible impedance occurs anywhere in the
installation between a phase conductor and a protective conductor ar exposed conductive
part, automatic disconnection of the supply will occur within the specified time, the following
condition fulfilling this requirement:
where
Z5 is the impedance, in ohms, of the fault loop comprising the source, the live conductor up
to the point of the fault and the protective conductor between the point of the fault and the
source;
- la . is the current, in amperes, causing the automatic operation of the disconnecting protec
tive device within the time stated in table 41A as a function of the nominal voltage U0 , or
under the condition stated in 413.1.3.5, within a conventional time not exceeding 5 s;
U0 is the nominal a.c. r.m.s. voltage, in volts, to earth.
60364-4-41 © IEC:2001 - 35 -
Uo
V
11
Disconnecting time
s
1
� 120 o.a
230 0,4
277 0,4
¡ 400 0.2
1 >400 0.1
1•
1
Values based on IEC 60038.
NOTE 1 For voltages which are within :he tolerance ba�d stated in IEC 60038. the disconnecting time appropriate
to the nomir.al voltage applies.
NOTE 2 For intermedia te values of voltage. the next higher value in the above ta�le is to be used.
413.1.3.4 The maximum disconnecting times stated in table 41A are deemed to
satisfy 413.1.1.1 far final circuits which supply, through socket-outlets ar directly without
socket-outlets. class I hand-held equipment or portable equipment.
A disconnecting time exceeding that required by table 41A but not exceeding 5 s is permitted
far a final circuit supplying stationary equipment only, prnvided that, where other final circuits
which require disconnecting times according to table 41A are connected to the distributicn
board, or distribution circuit supplying that final circuit. one of the following conditions is
·fulfilled:
a) the impedance. in ohms, of the protective conductor between the distribution board and
the point at which the protective conductor is connected to the main equipotential bonding
does not exceed
or
b) there is equipotential bonding at the distribution board which involves the same types of
extraneous conductive parts as the main equipotential bonding and which complies with
the requirements for main equipotential bonding in 413.1.2.1.
413.1.3.6 lf the conditions of 413.1.3.3, 413.1.3.4 and· 413.1.3.5 cannot be fulfilled by using
overcurrent protective devices, supplementary equipotential bonding in accordance with 413.1.2.2
shall be applied. Alternatively, protection shall be provided by means of a residual current
protective device.
60364-4-41 © IEC:2001 - 37 -
. ,,
413.1.3. 7 In exceptional cases where a fault may ocelM. between a phase conductor and
earth, far example in the use of overhead lines, the foUowing condition shall be fulfilled in
arder that the protective conductor and the exposed-conductive-parts connected to it do not
reach a voltage to earth exceeding a conventional value of 50 V:
Re 50
-<---
RE - U0 -50
where
Ra is the earth electrode resistance, in ohms, of all earth electrodes in parallel;
Rs is the minimum contact resistance with earth, in ohms, of extraneous conductive parts not
connected to a protective conductor, through which a fault between phase and earth may
occur;
U0 is the nominal a.c. r.m.s. voltage to earth, in volts.
except that
413.1.4 TT systems
The neutral point or, if it does not exist, a phase conductor of each generator station or
transformer station shall be earthed.
where
RA is the sum of the resistance, in ohms, of the earth electrode and the protectivé conductor
far the exposed conductive arts;
fa is the current, in amperes, causing. the automatic operation of the protective device.
When the protective device is a residual current protective device, la is the rated residual
operating current 1:ln ·
For the purpose of discrimination, S-type residual current protective devices (see IEC 61008-1
and IEC 61009-1) may be used ih series with general type residual current protective devices.
To provide discrimination with S-type residual current protective devices, an operating time
not exceeding 1 s is permitted in distribution circuits.
6036 4 -4- 4 1 © IEC:2001 - 39 -
NOTE 2 The use of rault•voltage operated protective devices is r.ot excluded for special applications where the
above-mentioned protective devices cannot be used.
413.1.5 IT systems
4 í 3.1.5.1 In IT systems the installation shall be insulated from earth or connected to earth
through a sufficiently high impedance. This connection may be made either at the neutral
point of the system or at an artificial neutral point. The latter may be connected drrectly to
earth if the resulting zero-sequence impedance is sufficiently high. Where no neutral point
exists a phase conductor may be connected to earth through an impedance.
The fault current is then low in the event of a single fault to an exposed conductiva part or to
.earth and disconnection is not imperativa provided the condition in 4 13.1.5.3 is fulfilled.
Measures shall be taken, however, to avoid risk of harmful patho-physiological effects or. a
person in contact with simultaneously accessible conductive parts in the event of two faults
existing simultaneously.
where
RA is the resistance. in ohms, of the earth electrode for exposed-conductive-parts:
/d is the faulf current. in amperes, of the first fault of negligible impedance between a phase
conductor and an exposed conductiva part. The value of /d takes account of leakage
currents and the total earthing impedance of the electrical installation.
lf there are both audible and visible signals, it is perm,ssible for the audible signal to be
cancelled. but the visual alarm shall continua as long as ll'le fault persists.
NOTE lt is recommended lhat a first faull be eliminated with the shortest practicable C:elay.
413.1.5.5 After the occurrence of a first fault, conditions for disconnection of supply in the
event of a second fault shall be as follows, whether all exposed-conductive-parts are inter
connected by a protective conductor (collectively earthed) or are earthed in groups or
individually:
413.1.5.6 The following conditions shall be fulfilled where the neutral is not distributec:
z < -fixuo
s - 2 /a
Z, <-Uo
s - 2 /a
where
U0 is the nominal a.c. r.m.s. voltage, in volts, between phase and neutral:
U is the nominal a.c. r.m.s. voltage, in volts, between phases:
Z5 is the impedance, in ohms. of the fault loop comprising the phase conductor and :he
protective conductor of the circuit;
Z's is the impedance, in ohms, of the fault loop comprising the neutral conductor and the
protective conductor of the circuit;
la is the .operating current in amperes of the protection device in the disconnecting time t
specified in table 41 B when applicable, or within 5 s far all other circuits when this time is
allowed.
Table 41 B - Maximum disconnecting time in IT systems (second fault)
NOTE 1 For voltages which are within the tolerance band stated in IEC 60038. the
disconnecting time appropriate to the nominal voltage applies.
NOTE 2 For intermediate values of vollage. the next higher value in the t;it:le is to
be useé. 1
60364-4-41 © IEC:2001 - 43 -
413. 1 .5. 7 In IT systems use of the following monitoring c1Md protective devices is recognized:
413. 1.6.2 Where doubt exists regarding the effectiveness of supplementary equipotential
bonding it shall be confirmed that the resistance R between simultaneously accessible
exposed-conductive-parts and extraneous.conductive parts fulfills the following condition:
where
/2 is the operating currer.t, in amperes, of the protective device:
for residual current devices, /M
for overcurrent devices, the 5 s operating current.
In the installation or parts of the installation far which the corresponding part of IEC 60364-7
(e.g. 7-704 or 7-705) limits the conventional touch voltage to 25 V a.c. or 60 V d.c. ripple-free,
one of the· requirements of 4 1 3.1.7 .1 or 413.1.7.2 apply.
NOTE 1 The requirements of 413.1. 7. 1 apply when lhe reduced conventional louch voltage is applicable to a
complete installation.
NOTE 2 One of the requirements of 413.1.7.2 applies when lhe reduced conventional touch voltage is applicable
only to a part of an installation.
413.1.7.1 (481.3.1.1) In the installation for which the corresponding part of IEC 60_364-7 (e.g.
7-704 or 7-705) limits the conventional touch voltage to 25 V a.c. or 60 V d.c. ripple-free, the
following requirements apply:
• in TN and IT systems. the maximum disconnecting times defined in tables 41A and 418
shall be replaced by the following:
60364-4-41 © IEC:2001 - 45 -
í TN system IT system
lnstallation Disconnecting time lnstallation 0i:;connecting time
nominal voltage nominal voltage
s
uº • U0/U Neutral not Neutral
distributed distributed
V s V
120 0,35 120-240 0,4 1
413.1.7.2 (481.3.1.2) In the parts of the installation in which the corresponding part of
1.E C 60364-7 limits the conventional touch voltage to 25 V a.c. or 60 V d.c. ripple-free. the
rules of 413.1 may be applied if one of the following measures is taken:
• application of supplementary equipotential bonding according to the conditions of 413.1.6,
the value 50 in the formula of 413.1.6.2 being replaced by 25;
• protection by residual-current devices, the rated residual operating current of which is not
more than 30 mA.
NOTE The ºconditions ot this subclause provide protection tor the whole installation. in accordance with the
general conditions ot 413.1 and also in accordance with the requirements or IEC 60364-7 for supplementary
protection in special locations where these requirements call tor a limitation ot touch voltage.
413.2.1.1 Electrical equipment of th� following types, type tested and marked to the relevant
standards:
• electrical equipment having double ar reinforced insulation (class 11 equipment);
• factory-built assemblies of electrical equipment having total insulation (see IEC 60439).
413.2: 1.2 Supplementar, insulation applied to electricaí equipment having basic insulation
only. ,n the process of erecting an electrical installatioñ-;- providing a degree of safe!y equ:
valent to electrical equipment ::iccording to 413.2.1.1 and complying with 413.2.2 to 413.2.5. ·'
NOTE The symbol ::. shoulé :>e fixed in a visible position on the exterior and interior or the enclosvre.
.
413.2.1.3 Reinforced ins Jlation applied to uninsulated live parts. as a process m the
1
NOTE The symbol __ shoulct :>e fixed in a visible position on the exterior and interior of the enclosure.
413.2.2 The electrical equipment being reády far operation, all conductive parts separated
from live parts by basic insulation only shall be contained in an insulating enclosure affcrci�g
at least the degree of protection IPXXB or IP2X.
Coatings of paint, varnish and similar products are generally not considered to com::,iy ·Ni:.
these requirements. This requirement does not exclude, however, the use of a typ-e-teste::::
enclosure provided with such coatings if the relevant standards admit their use anc if the
insulating coatings are tested according to the relevant test conditions.
NOTE For requirements ro, creepage distances and clearances, see IEC 60664.
413.2.4 lf the insulating enclosure has not previously been tested and doubt exis�s
regarding its effectiveness, an electric strength test shall be carried out in accordance ·.viti": the
conditions specified in IEC 60364-6.
413.2.5 The insulating enclosure shall not be traversed by conductive parts lil<ely to
transmit a potential. The insulating enclosure shall not contain any screws or ir.sulating
material tbe replacement of which by metallic screws could impair the insulation providad by
the enclosure.
NOTE Where the insulating enclosure must be traversed by mechanical joints or connections (e.g. ro, operating
handles of built-in apparatus), these should be arranged in such a way that protection against shock in case or a
fault is not impaired.
413.2.6 Where lids or doors in the insulating enclosure can be opened without the use of a
tool or key, all conductive parts which are accessible if the lid or door is open shall be behind
an insulating barrier providing a degree of protection not less than IPXXB or IP2X which
prevents persons from coming unintentionally into contact with those parts. This insulating
barrier shall be removable only by use of a tool.
413.2. 7 Conductive parts enclosed in the insulating enclosure shall not be connected to a
protective conductor. However, provision may be made tos connecting protective conductors
which necessarily run through the enclosure in arder to serve other items of electrical
equipment whose supply circuit also runs through the enclosure. lnside the enclosure. any
such conductors and their terminals shall be insulated as though they were live parts, and
their terminals shall be appropriately marked.
413.2.8 The enclosure shall not adversely affect the operation of the equipment protected in
this way. ·'
ÑOTE This protective measure is intended to prevent simultaneous contact with par.s which may be ai �¡;f;;�e--.:
.
potential through la1lure ol the !Jasic insulation ol live parts
The use of class O equipment is recognized if all the following conditions are fulfilled:
413 .3. 1 Exposed-conductive-parts shall be. arranged so that u nder ordinary circumstan-:es
persons will not come into simultaneous contact with
a) two exposed-conductive-parts. or
b) an exposed conductive part and any extraneous conductive part,
if these parts are liable to be at different potential through failure of the basic insulatio;1 cf ;¡ve
parts.
413.3.3 Subclause 413.3.1 is fulfilled if the location has an insulating ficar and waí!s
one or more of the following arrangements applies:
413.3.4 The resistance of insulating floors and walls at every point of measurement unde:r
the conditions specified in IEC 60364-6 shall be not less than
• 50 kn, where the nominal voltage of the installation does not exceed 500 V, or
• 100 kn, where the nominal voltage of the installation exceeds 500 V.
NOTE 1r at any point the resistance is less than the speciíied value, the lloors and walls are deemed to be
extraneous conductive parts for the purposes or protection against shock.
413.3 .. 5 The arrangements made shall be permanent and it shall not be possible to make
them ineffective. They shall also ensure protection where the use of mobile or portable
equipment is envisaged.
NOTE 1 Attention is drawn to the risk that where electrical installations are not under effective supervision. lur.her
conductive parts may be introduced at a later date (e.g. mobile or portable class I equipment or extraneous
conductiva parts such as metallic water pipes), which may invalidate compliance with 413.3.5.
NOTE 2 lt is essential to ensure that the insulation of lloor and walls cannot be affected by humidity
60364-4-4'1 © IEC:2001 - 51
413.3.6 Precautions shall be taken to ensure that ext;a:�eous conductive parts cannot cause
.
a potent,al to appear externally to the location concerned.
NOTE Earth-free local ec¡uipotential bonding is intended to prevent the appearance or a dangerous touch voltage.
413.4.2 The local equipotential bonding system shall not be in electrical contact with earth
directly through exposed-conductive-parts or through extraneous conductiva parts.
NOTE Where this recu,rement cannot be íullilled. protection by automatic disconnection of supply is applicaore
{S!?e <l1J.1)
413.4.3 Precautions shall be taken to ensure that persons entering the equipotential
location cannot be exposed to a dangerous potential difference, in particular. where a
conductive floor insulated from earth is connected to the earth-free equipotential bonding
system.
413.5.1 Protection by electrical separation shall be ensured by compliance with ali the
requirements of 413.5.1.1 to 413.5.1.5 and with
413.5.1.3 Uve parts· of th� separated circuit shall not be connected at any point to another
circuit ar to earth. ·'
To avoid the risk of a fault to earth, particular attention shall be given to the insulation of sui::h
parts from earth, especially far flexible cables and cords.
Arrangements shall ensure electrical separation not less than that between the input and
output of an isolating transformer.
NOTE In particular the electrical se;>aration is necessary betweer. the love :::arts oí electrical equipmer,t such as
re:ays. contactors. auxiliary switc!"les and any part o: another c ircuí:
413.5.1.4 Flexible cables and cords shall be visible throughout any part of their length liable
to mechanical damage. Oetails of their type is still under consideration.
413.5.1.5 For separated circuits, the use of separate wiring systems is recommended. lf the
use of conductors of the same wiring system far separated circuits and other circuits is
unavoidable, multi-conductor cables without metallic covering. or insulated conductors in
insulating conduit, ducting or trunking shall be used, provided that their rated voltage is not
less than the highest voltage likely to occur, and that each circuit is protected against
overcurrent.
413.5.3 lf precautions are t<'lken to protect the separated circuit from damage and insulation
failure, a source of supply, complying with 413.5.1.1, may supply more than one item of
apparatus provided that all the requirements of 413.5.3.1 to 413.5.3.4 are fulfill�d.
413.5.3.2 AII socket-outlets shall be provided with protective contacts which shall be
connected to the equipotential bonding system provided in accordance with 413.5.3.1.
413.5.3.3 Except where supplying class II equipment, all flexible cables shall embody a
protective conductor far use as an equipotential bonding conductor.
413.5.3.4 lt shall be ensured that if two faults affecting two exposed-conductive-parts occu·r
and these are fed by conductors- of different polarity, a protective device shall disconnect the
supply in a disconnecting time conforming with table 41A.
60364-4-41 © IEC:2001 - 55 -
Annex A
(informative)
'
Puhlished 1 Amendmen:
1 Publication number
1
according to tha contained in ;
(datej
1
1 restructuring the new part '
IEC 60364-1 Ed.3 Electrical installa/ions of buildings - Part t: Scope, object
and fundamental principies
1992
i l
i
1
PART 1
IEC 60364-2-21 TR3 Electrical installa/ions of buildings - Part 2: Definitions - 1993
Ed.1
Fundamental 1
Chapter 21: Guide to general terms
principies !
'
IEC 60364-3 Ed.2 Electrical insta'lla/ions of buildings - Part 3: Assessment 1393 A1 (1994)
of general characteris/ics A2 (1995) !
IEC 60364-4-41 Ed.3 Electrica/ installations of buildings - Par: 4: Protection for 1992 1,.,, 1 (:9951
safety - Chapter 41: Protec/ion against electric shock 1�21•-90•
\ . ;r �,
1EC 60364-4-46 Ed.1 Electrical installations of buildings - Part 4: Protection for 1981 1
1
f
safety - Chapter 46: lsolation and switching 1 ;
1
;
PART 4-41 IEC 60364-4-4 7 Ed.1 électrical installations of buildings - Part 4: Protection for 1981 Al (1:93) !
Protection for safety - sale/y - Chapter 47: App/ication o/ protective measures ¡
Protection against for safety - Section 4 70: General - Section 4 71: Measures
of protection against electric shock
!
electric shock !
'
IEC 60364-4-481 Ed.1 1993
Electrical installations of buildings - Part 4: Proteclion for
safety - Chapter 48: Choice of protective measures as a
i
1
PART 4-42 IEC 60364-4-42 Ed. 1 Electrica/ installalions of buildings - Part 4: Protection for 1980 !
safety - Chapter 42: Protection against thermal effects i
Protection for safety - '
Protect/on against IEC 60364-4-482 Ed.1 Electrical installations of buildings - Part 4: Protection for 1982 i1
therma/ effects safety - Chapter 48: Choice of protective measures as a
function of externa/ influences - Section 482: Protec/ion
11
against fire
!
PART 4.43
Protectlon for safety -
IEC 60364-4-43 Ed.1 Electrical installa/ions of buildings - Part 4: Protection for
safety - Chapter 43: Protectio,, against overcurrent
1977
1
Al (19S7i
l
1
¡Protectlon against
¡ overcurrent
IEC 60364-4-•H3 Ed. 1 clectrical installations of buildings - Part 4: Protection for
sale/y - Chapter 47: Application cf protective measuf'es
1977 IA1 (1996i ¡
for safety - Section 473: Measures of protection against 1
overcurrent
IEC 60364-4-442 Ed.1 Electrical installa/ions of buildings - Part 4: Protection for 1993 A 1 (1995}
sale/y - Chapter 44: Proteclion against overvoltages - A2 (1999)
Seclion 442: Protection of low-voltage installations against
faults between high-voltage systems and earth
IEC 60364-4-443 Ed.2 Electrical installations of buildlngs - Part 4: Protection for 1995 A 1 (1998)
PART4-44 safety - Chapter 44: Protection against overvoltages -
Seclion 443 : Protection against overvoltages o/
Protectlon for safety -
atmospheric origin or due to switching
Protectlon against
electromagnetic and IEC 60364-4-444 Ed. 1 Electrical installations of buildings - Part 4: Protection for 1996
.
voltage disturbance safety - Chapter 44: Protection against overvol/ages -
., - .. -· Section 444: Protection against electromagnetic
interferences (EMI) in installalicns of buildings
1
1
¡ IEC 60364-4-45 Ed.1 Electrical installations of buildings - Part 4: Protection for 198'1
; sale/y - Chapter 45: Protectio'I against undervoltage
i
60364-4-41 © IEC:2001 - 57-
1
Common rules IEC 60364-3 Ed.2 Electrical installations of bu1/dings - Par/ J: Assessmenr
I..
1993 1 1. -- ')
\ •�':1-
=�
o/ general characteristics A2 (1::SS)
1
lcC 60364-5-52 Ed. 1 Electrical installations of ouildings - Par/ 5: Selection '.993 ,.,. . �i 7'� 1
¡1
PART 5-52 and erection of electrical equipmenl - Chaoter 52:
Wiring systems
of electrlcal equipment - IEC 60364-5-523 Ed.2
S11/11ction and erectlon
1
Electrical installalions of buildings - Part 5: Selection 1999
W/ring systems and erection of electrica/ equipment - Cha::,ter 52: Wiring
1
systems - Section 523: Currsnt-carrying capacities
IEC 60364-4-46 Ed. 1 Electrical instállations of buildings - Part 4: Protec/ion 1981
(except clause 461 which for safety - Chapter 46: /solation and switching
goes into Part 4-41)
1 1
IEC 60364-5-53 Ed.2 Electrical installations of buildings - Part 5: Selection 1994
PART 5.53 . and erection of eleclrical eauipment - Chapter 53:
¡
Switchgear and controlgear
1
of electrical equipment - IEC 60364-5-534 Ed.1
'1
Selection and erection
1
Electrical installations of buildings - Par/ 5: Selection 1997
/solation, switchlng and erection of electrical equipment - Chapter 53:
and control Switchgear and controlgear - Section 534: Devices for ¡
.,í
protection against overvoltages
IEC 60364-5-54 Ed.1 Electrical installations of /Juildings - Part 5: Selection 1980 A1 (1982)
1
and erection of electrical equipment - Chapter 54:
PART 5.54 Earthing arrangements and protective conductors
!
11
Selection and erection
of electrical equipment -
IEC 60364-5-548 Ed. 1 Electrical installations of buildings - Part 5: Selection 1996 ,.., (1593)
and erection of electrical equipment - Section 548:
Earthlng arrangements
1
Earthing arrangements and equipotential /Jonding
for information technology installations
1
IEC 60364-5-551 Ed.1 Electrical installations of buildings - Part 5: Selection 1994
and erection of electrical equipment - Ct:apter SS: Other
equipment - Sec/ion 551: Low-voltage generating sets
PART 5-55 IEC 60364-5-559 Ed. 1 Electrical installations of buildings - Part 5: Selection 1999
of electrical equipment -
and erection of e/ectrical equipment - Chaptsr 55: Other
Selection and erectlon
equipment - Section 559: Luminaries and lighting
installations
Other equipm�nt
IEC 60364•5•56 Ed. 1 Electrical installations of buildings - Part 5: Selection 1980 Al (1998)
and erection of electrical equipment - Chapter Se·
Safety services
IEC 60364-3 Ed.2 Electrical installations of /Juildings - Part 3: Assessment 1993 A1 (1994)
of general characteristics A2 (1995)
PART 6-61 IEC 60364-6-61 Ed.1 Electrical installations of /Juildings - Part 6: 1986 A1 (1993)
Verification -Chapter 6 t: lnitial verifica/ion A2 (1997)
testlng -
Verlflcatlon and
lnitla/ verification
60364-4-41 © IEC:2001 - 59 -
Restructured 1 :
Former, Date of
number '
.
if different original Clause title
publication(s) i
: Part 1 '
¡ 12
1
¡ Annex
! 81.0
8 1 3.2
21
21.0 1
1
1993
1993
1993
Normative references
Oefinitions. guide to general terms
Scope
¡
1
!
i
;su 21.1 1 1993 Characleristics oí installations
i
i 81.2
!au 1
21.2
21.3 1 1993
1993
Voltages
Electric shock
! 81. '
1
.
4 21.4 1993 Earthing
;
81.5 21.5 1993 Ele�trical circuils
81.7 21.7 1993 Other equipmenl
81.8 21.8 1993 lsolation and switching '
Part4-41
! i
410 400.1 1992 lntroduction
1
! 4 10.2 New 1 Normative references ;
i: 410.3 470
i Application of measures of protec:ion against electric shock
1
!
1
1 1
! Part 4-42 ! 1
421 422 !i 1980 Proteclion against nre
1i
422 482 1982 Protection against fire where par:icular risks exist
422.1 4 82.0 1982 .General
422.2 482.1 1982 Condilions of evacuation in an emergency ¡
1
t
i ''
;
422.3 482.2 !' 1982 Nature o( processed ::,r stcred mater!als
1
422.4
! 422.5 !
482.3
4 82. 4
j
! 1982
1982
. Combustible con:;tructional mater!als
Fire propagating stn:ctures
Part 4.43
1
1
431 473.3 1977 Requirements according to the nature oí the circuils
431.1 473.3.1 1977 Protection or phase conductors
431.2 473.3.2 1977 Protection oí the neutral conductor
431.3 473.3.3 1977 Oisconnection and reconnection of neutral conductor
433.1 433.2 1977 Co-ordination between conductors and overload protective devices
433.2 473. 1.1 1977 Position of devices for overload protection
433.3 473.1.2 1977 Omission oí devices for protection against overload
433.4 473.1.3
473.1.4
1977
1977
Position or omission of devices for protection against overload ir.
IT systems
Cases where omission oí devices for overload protection is
1
433.5
recommended ror safety reasons
434.1
434.2 - ·- -
434.2
473.2.1
1977
1977
Oetermination of prospective short circuit currénts
Positfon of devices for short-circuit pro,ection
Bibliography
IEC 60479 {all parts). Effects of current on human beings and livestock
1 EC/TR 61200-413: 1996, Electrical installation guide - Part 413: Protection against indirect
contact - Automatic disconnection of supply
NORMA INTERNACIONAL IEC 479-1
Bureau Central de la Commission Electrolechniq:.,e lnlemalionale 3, n.,e el& Vare� GeMve, Suis.w
CONTENTS
PaQe
Clause
Annexes
A Measurements made on living and dead human beings and the statistical
analysis of the results ................................................................................................ 57
B lnfluence of frequency on the total body impedance (Zr ) ..................................... 59
e Total body resistance (Ar) far direct current ....................... ;.................................. 61
D Measurements of the dependence of the total impedance of the human body
(ZT ) on the surtace area of c?ntact .......................................................................... 63
E Bibliography .........····················................................... ·········· ·········· ············ .. ············.... 64
..
t
FOAEWORD
The maln task of IEC technical committees is to prepare lnternational Standards. In ex
ceptional circumstances, a technical committee may propase the publication of a techni
cal report of one of the following types:
• type 1, when the required support cannot be obtained for the publication of an lnter
national Standard, despite repeated ettorts;
• type 2, when the subject is still under technical development ar where for any other
reason there is the future but not immediate possibility of an agreement on an lnter
national Standard;
• type 3, when a technical committee has collected data of a different kind from that
which is normally published as an lnternational Standard. fo� example ·state of the arr.
Technical reports of types 1 and 2 are subject to review within three years of publication to
decide whether they can be transformed into lnternational Standards. Technical reports of
type 3 do not necessarily have to be reviewed until the data they provide are considered
to be no longar valid ar useful.
IEC 479-1, which is a technical report of type 2, has been prepared by IEC technical
committee 64: Electrical installations of buildings.
479-1 "@)'llEC:1994 . - 7-
The text of this technical report is based on the foll- owing documents:
64(C0)211 64(C0)235
64(00)234 64(C0)241
Full information on the voting for the approval ot this technical report can be found in the
reports on voting indicated in the above table.
This document is issued in the type 2 technical report series of publications (according to
G.4.2.2 of part 1 of the IEC/ISO Directives) as a "prospectiva standard for provisional
application" in the field of electr_ical installations in buildings (and the effects cif current on
human beings and livestock) because there is an urgent requirement for guidance on how
standards in this field should be used to meet an identified need.
A review of this t ype 2 technical report will be carried out not later than three years after
its publication, with the options of either extension for a further three years or conversion
to an lnternational Standard or withdrawal.
This third edition cancels and replaces the second edition of IEC 479-1 published in 1984.
This technical report has the status of a basic satety publication in accordance with
IEC Guide 104.
INTRODUCTION
This Technical Report is intended to provide basic guidance on the erfects of shock
curr�nts on human beings and livestock, far use in the establishment ot electrical safety
requIrements.
1� arder to avoid errors in the interpretation of this report it is to be emphasized that the
data given herein is mainly based on experiments with animals as well as on inrormaticn
available from clinical observati0ns. Onfy a few experiments with shock currents of short
duration have been carried out on living human beings.
On the evidence available, mostly from animal research, the values are so conservative
that the report applies to persons under normal physiological conditions, including children
irrespective of age and weight.
There are, however, other aspects to be taken intá account, such as probability oí raults,
probability of contact with live or faulty parts, ratio between touch voltage and fault
voltage, experience gained, technical feasibilities, and economics. These parameters have
to be considerad carefully when fixing safety requirements, far example, operating charac
teristics of protective devices far electrical installations.
The form of the report has been adoptad, as it summarlzes results .so far achieved which
are being used by technical committee 64 as a basis far fixing requirements far protection
against shock. These results are consi9ered important enough to justify an IEC pubfi•
cation, w�ich may �erve also as a guide to other IEC committees and countries having
need of such information.
The first edition of IEC 479 was issued in 1974 and was based on an extensive search in
literature and on the evaluation of replies received to a questionnaire. However. since that
date, new research work has been conducted on this subject. The study of this work and a
more precise analysis of preceding publications have allowed a better understanding of
the effects of electric current on living organisms and, In particular, on human beings and
livestock.
This specifically applies to the limits of ventricular fibrillation whlch Is the main cause of
deaths by electrlc current, and the analysis ot all results of recent research work on
cardiac physiology and on the fibrillation threshold, taken together, has made it possible to
better appreciate the influence ·ar the main physical parameters, and especially of the
duration of the current flow.
Recent research work has also been conducted on the other physical accident para
meters. especially the waveform and frequency of the current and the impedance of the
human bady. This revision of IEC 479 was therefore considerad necessary and should be
viewed as the logical development and evolution of the second edition.
. 479-1 © IEC:1994 - 11 -
1 General
For a given current path through the human b�dy, the danger to persons depends mainly
on the magnitude ·and duration of the current flow. However, the time/current zones
specified in the following clauses are, in many cases, not directly applicable in practice for
designing protection against electrical shock, the necessary criterion being the admissible
limit of touch voltage (i.e. the product of the current through the body and the body
impedance) as a function of time. The relationship between curren! and voltage is not
linear becausa the impedance of the human body varies with the touch voltage, and data
on this relatlonship is therefore required. The different parts of the human body - such as
the skin, blood, muscles, other tissues and joints - present to the electric curren! a certain
impedance composed of resistive and capacitive components.
The impedance values indicated in this Technical Report result from a clase examination
of the experimental results available from measurements carried out principally on corpses
and on sorne living persons.
-
Clause 3 is primarlly based on the findings related to the effects of current at frequencies
of 50 Hz or 60 Hz which are the most common in electrical installations. The values given
are, however, deemed applicable ovar the frequency range from 15 Hz to 100 Hz, thres
hold values at the limits of this range being higher than those at SO Hz or 60 Hz. lt is
considered principally the risk of ventricular fibrillation which is the main cause of fatal
accidents in that ranga of frequencies.
Accidents with direct current are much less frequent than would be expected from the
number of d.c. applications, and fatal accidents occur only under very unfavourable
conditions, fer example, in mines. This is partly due to the f act that with direct current, the
let-go of parts gripped is less difficult and that far shock durations longer than the period
of the cardiac cycle, the threshold of ventricular fibrillation remains considerably higher
than for alternating current.
The main differences between the effects of a.c. and d.c. on the human body result from
the fact that excitatory actions of the current (stimulation of nerves and muscles, induction
of cardiac atrial or ventricular fibrillation) are linked to the changes of the current magni
tude especially when making and breaking the current. To produce the same excitatory
479-1 © IEC:1994 - 13 -
errects ttíe magnitude ar direct current flow ar constan! strength is two to tour times
greater than that of alter_nating .current.
The following normative document contains provIsIons which, through reterence in this
text. constitutes provisions of this Technical Report. At the time of publication, the edition
indlcated was valid. AII normative documents are subject to revision, and parties to agree
mer:its basad on this Technical Report are encouraged to investigate the possibility of ap
plying the most recent editions of the normativa document indicated below. Mernbers of
IEC and ISO rnaintain registers .:,r currently valid lnternational Standards.
IEC 479-2: 1987, Effects of current passing through the human body - Part 2: Specia/
aspects
1.3 Oefinitions
Far the purpose of this Technical Report the following definitions apply.
1.3.1.1 Interna! lmpedance of the human body (Z1): lmpedance between two
electrodes in contact with two parts ot the human body, neglecting skin impedances.
1.3.1.2 lmpedance of the skln (Z ): lmpedance between an electrode on the skin and
the conductiva tissues undemeath. P
1.3.1.3 total lmpedance of the human body (Zr): Vectorial _sum oí the interna! imped
ance and the impedance of the skin (see figure 1 ).
1.3.1.4 lnitial reslstance of the human body (R0 ): Resistance limiting the peak value
of the current at the mament when the touch voltage accurs.
1.3.2.1 threshold of perception: Minimum value af current which causes any sensation
far the persan through which it is flowing.
1.3.2.5 heart-current factor F: Relates the electric field strength (current density} in the
heart for a given current path to the ·eIectric field strength (current density) in the heart far
a current of equal magnitude flowing from left hand to feet.
479-1 © IEC:1994 -15 -
NOTE - In the haart, tha currant dAoslty is proponional to the alactric liald s1reng1h.
1.3.2.6 vulnerable pariod: Covers a comparatively srnª-.11 part of the cardiac cycle
during which the heart fibres are in an inhomogeneous state of excitability and ventricular
fibrillatlon occurs if they are excited by an electric current of sufficient magnitude.
NOTE - The vulnerable period corresponds to the first part ol lhe T-wave in the electrocardiogram which is
approximately 1 O o/o of the cardiac cycle (see figures 12 and 13).
1.3.3.1 d.c./a.c. equlvalence factor (k): Ratio of direct current to its equivalent r.m.s.
value of alternating current having the same probability of inducing ventricular fibrillation.
NOTE - As· an example lor shock duratlons longar t.'ian the period ol one cardiac cycla and SO "• prob
abili:y lor ventricular librillation, the equivalence factor is-approximately:
1
d.c.-fibrill�lion 300mA
k= • 3,75
1
e.c.-librillalion (r.m.o.)
80mA
1.3.3.2 longitudina l current: Current flowing lengthwise through the trunk of the human
body such as from hand to feet.
1.3�3.3 transverse current: Current flowing crosswise through the trunk of the human
body such as trom hand to hand.
1.3.3.4 upward current: Direct current through the human body for which the feet
represent the positive polarity.
1.3.3.5 downward current: Direct curreñt through the human body for which the feet
represent the negative polarity.
This clause indicates values for the electric impedance of the human body as a function ot
the touch voltage, the frequency, the degree of moisture of the skin, the current path, and
the surface area of contact.
A schematic diagram for the impedance of the human body is shown in figure· 1.
The interna! impedance of the human body can be considered as mostly resistiva. lts
value depends primarily on the current path and, to a lesser extent, on t�� surfa�e area ot
the contact.
NOTE - Measurements indieate that a small capacitive componen! exists (dashed lines in figure 1 ).
Figure 2 shows the interna! impedance of the human body for its different parts expressed
as percentages of that relatad to the path hand to foot.
479-1 © IEC:1994 -17-
For cu�r�nt paths hand to ti::and or hand to feet, the lmpedances are mainly lacated in the
extrem1t1es (arms and legs). lf tha impedance af tha tw,:il< of the body is naglactad, a
simpliried circult diagram can be established which is shoy.,n in figure 3.
NOTE - In arder to simplify the circuit diagram, it is assume<f that the impedance of arms and legs have
the aame values.
The value of the impedance of the skin depends on the voltage, frequency, duration of
the current flow. surface area of contact, pressure of contact, the degree of moisture of
the skin, temperature and type of the skin.
Far touch voltages up to approximately a.c. 50 V. the valua of tha impedance of the skin
varias widaly with surtace area of contact, temperature, perspiration, rapid respiration,
etc., even for one person.
Far higher touch voltagas over app_roximataly 50 V, the skin impedance decreases con
siderably and becomes negligible when the skin breaks down.
As regards the influence of frequency, the impedance of the skin decreases when the
frequency increases.
The total impedance of the human body consists of resistiva and capacitive components.
For higher touch voltages, the total impedance depends less and less on the impedance of
the skin and its value approaches that ot the interna! impedance z¡.
As regards the influence of frequency, taking into account the frequency dependence af
the skin, the total impedance of the human bady is higher far direct current and decreases
when the frequency increases.
The lnitial reslstance R0 limits the current peaks of short impulses (e.g. shocks from
electric fence controllers).
479·1 © IEC:1994 -19 -
The values of the total body impedance given in table 1 are valid for living human
beings and a current path hand to hand for large surface areas of contact (5 ooo mm2 to
2
1 O 000 mm ) and dry conditions.
At voltages up to 50 V, values measured with contact areas wetted with fresh water. are
10 % to 25 % lower than in dry conditions and conductive solutions decrease the imped
ance considerably down to half of values measured in dry conditions.
At voltages higher than approximately 150 V, the total body impedance depends less and
less on humidity and on the surface area of contact.
The measurements have been made on adults, males and femares. They are described in
annex A. The range of the total body impedance far touch voltages up to 5 000 V is
presented in figure 4 and far touch voltages up to and including 220 V in figure 5 (dashed
line).
The values of table 1 and figures 4 and 5 represent the best knowledge on the total
body impedance far living adults. On the knowledge at present available the total body
impedance far children is expected to be somewhat higher but of the same order of
magnitude.
Touc:h voltage Values for the total body impedallce (O) that are not exceeded
for a percentage (percentile rank) of
The values of the total body impedances for 50/60 Hz decrease at higher frequencies due
to the influence of the capacitances of the skin and approach for frequencies above 5 kHz
the interna! body impedance Z¡.
479•1 © IEC: 1994 - 21 -
The measurements which. haV'&"t)een carried out with r,equencies up to 20 kHz al touch
voltages of 1 O V and 25 V are described in annex B.
Figure 6 shows the frequency de;,endence ar the total body impedance Zr tor a current
path hand to hand and large contact areas far a touch voltage of 1 o V and frequencies
from 25 Hz to 20 kHz.
Figure 7 shows the frequency dependence ar the total body impedance ZT tor a cur,ent
path hand to hand and large contact areas for a touch voltage of 25 V and frequencies
from 25 Hz to 2 kHz. From the results, the curves have been derived giving the depend
ence of the total body impedance Zr of a population for a percentile rank ot 50 % tor touch
voltages from 1 O V to 1 000 V and a frequency range from SO Hz to 2 kHz for a cu,rent
path hand to hand or hand to root. The curves are shown in figure 8.
The total body resistance Ar tor direct current is higher than the total body impedance Zr
for alternating current for touch voltages up to approximately 150 V due to the blocking
effect of the capacitances of the human skin.
The measurements which have been carried out with direct current for large surface areas
of contact are described in annex C.
The values for the total body resistance A, for direct current determined in the way
described in annex C are presented in table 2 (see figure 5, continuous line).
Figure 9 shows the dependence of the alterations ot the human skin on current density
and duration of current flow.
Alterations of _the human skin depend on current density i5 (mA/mm2 ) and on duration of
current flow.
- below 1 o mA/mm2 , in general no atterations of the skin are observed. For tonger
durations of current flow (severa! seconds) the skin below the electrode may be of
greyish•white colour with a coarse surface (zone O);
- between 1 O mA/mm 2 and 20 mA/mm2 • a reddening of the skin occurs with a wave
tike swetting of whitish cotour atong the edges of the electrod� (zone 1 ):
2
- between 20 mA/mm2 and 50 mA/mm , a brownish cotour develops below the
electrode sinking into the skin. Far longer durations of current flow (several tens of
seconds) full current marks (blisters) are to be observed around the electrode (zona 2);
At large contact areas,' current densities may be low enóügh not to cause any alterations
of the skin in spite or fatal current magnitudes.
Table 2 - Total body reslstance RT tora c urrent path hand t o hand, d.c.
far large surface areas of contact
Touch voltage Values for tM total body resistance Rr (O} that are not exce;;ded
for a percentage (percentile rank) of:
V
5 % of the population SO ¾ ol lhe population S5 % ol :ie populaáon
The value of the initial resistance of the human body R0 for a current path hand to hand or
hand to foot and large contact areas can·be taken as equal to 500 n far a percentile rank
of 5 % far a.c. 50/60 Hz and for d.c.
NOTE - The value of 500 n
far initial resistance R0 is somewhat lower than the asymp totic value of 650 O
for the total body impedance Zr
for a.c. 50/60 Hz: and the total body resistance RT for d.c. for. a percentile
rank of 5 % because at coptact making the capacitances of the skin and the interna! capacitance of the
body are uncharged.
2. 7 Dependence of body impedances on the surface area of contact for a.c. 50/60 Hz
and for d.c.
The values of the ir,ternal body impedance Z¡ and of the initial body resistance R0 depend
only to a small extent on the surface areas of contact.
However, when the surface ar.ea of contact is very small, in the arder of a few square
millimetres, the values are increased.
The values of. the total body impedance Zr depend on the sur1ace area or contact when
·· the skin has· not broken down (far touch voltages up to approximately SO V) or has only
partially broken down (for touch voltages above 50 V).
- .
The dependence
· of the total body impedance Zr for a current path 2hand to hand on the
2
surface area of contact (from 1 mm up to approximately 8 000 mm ) far a touch voltage
range of 25 V to 200 V. a.c. 50 Hz; is shown in figure 1O. For touch voltages below 100 V
and small contact areas, deviations in the measurements can easily reach an order of
±50 % of the average, depending on temperatura. pressure, location within the palm of the
hand. etc. Even rapid breathing changes the impedance.
479-1 © IEC:1994 -25-
The d ependence of the total,t;wdy impedance Zr between the tips of the right and left fore
finger (surface area o·t contact approximately 250 mm2•) on the touch voltage for a.c.
50/60 Hz and d.c. for a voltage r ange from 25 V to 200 V •s shown in figure 11.
The way the measurements have been made is described in annex D. The measurements
indicate that the impedance of one finger is in the order of 1 ooo n.
Elfective Drawing s
Test series Shape of contact area contact area
□ O;
mm2 mm
�
o
o
10
�
-·
o
E· Cylinder ol insulating material
with circular elec:trode"
1
� o
2
• For this type, four further circular elec:trodes of 1 mm area were usad situated crosswise at a distan�e
of 30 mm from the electrode at the centre of the surface of the cylinder in order to measure the devra-
tions for these points inside the palm of the hand.
479-1 © IEC:1994 -27-
--,
} z p,
}
Z¡ tnternal impQdance
1 1
1 1
"'I"" z¡ z_ 1 zp,, zP2 impedance ot the skin
-.l.-
-T-
_..J Zr total impedance
} zp2
o
o
Cl
6 000
S 000
Ñ
GI
g 4 000
¡,i
'tJ
QI
0.
.5 3 000
>,
'ti
o
.e,
jij 2 000
1 000
o�-------.-------....-------r--------.------....---
0 200 soo 700 1 000 2 000 3 000 4 000 5 000 V
Touch voltage Ur _._
IEC �1-�
Figure 4 - Statlstlcal values of total body lmpedances valld far living human belngs
far the current path hand to hand or hand to foot, far touch voltages
up,to 5 000 V far a.c. 50/60 Hz
479-1 © IEC:1994 -31 -
n
8 S00
8 000
7 500
7 000
6 500
t 6 000
Ñ<t"
5 500 - Rr lor d.c.
--- Zr for a.c. 50/60 Hz
Q
Q
u
5 000
111 e:
�
a. ·-
"'0
4 500
Q
-E ...;
4 000
o o
>, >,
"'0 -o
3 500
D
ñi �
3 000
o
1-
2 500
2 000
1 S00 _ --
---------------
.............
1 000
S00
7 000 -
!.
n
6 000
t
·t----.,
N 5 000
·I-
e:
al
"'O
GI
o. 4 000
.5
>,
"'0 -�ova.e.
3 000
0
¡;
�-
D
2 000
-�
í
1 000
- i
j,.
o
1
10 25 50 100 500 1 000 2 000 5 000 1 O 000 20 000 40 000 Hz
Frequeney /
..
n,.
3 000
- � - �t-,..
""
t r"\.
CI)
u � 25Vo.c.
e
� 2000
Q1
a.
.§
>,
"O
��
o
.o r......
�
o 1 000 r-,..r--
r-._
� -.
o
10 20 40 60 80 100 200 400 600 800 1 000 2 000 4 000 Hz
1
Frequency f -
IEC 8J()l94
6 000--------------�---
o
,-.r·
CI)
u
e
� 40001----..µ,--------+---+----4
CI)
Q.
E·
>,
"O
o
.o
;¡
o
�------__.,500___1 000
ºsoL---100 .,____2__,000 Hz
Frequency I ,_
/EC ,S/19-4
70
.l 60 Zona 3
1
_m
.?:- 50
40
�
lO --Z-o_n_a_1__,:____
Zone a
10 20 30 40 50 60 s
Ouracion ol current-flow t _.,_
IEC ,,s:l!M
Figure 9 - Dependence of the alteratlons of the human skln
on current denslty and duration of current flow
(For detailed description of zones, see 2.5.4)
10 000
kn
o
1 000
t e
� 100
2
A Surface contact area 8 000mm
8 8 Surface cootact araa 1 000 mm
2
0, 1
O 25 50 75 1·00 125 150 175 200. 225. V
Touch voltage Ur -
/Et: tt.•.JN•
Figure 10 - Oependence of the total lmpedance of the human body
on the surface area of contact and the touch voltage (50 Hz)
(Far further details, see annex D)
�79-_1.� IEC:1994 ,�37-
k.n
100
t
._r,ct 10
CD CD
e, u
.."'...
e: e:
al
"O !!
a.
_§ CD ,_ o 3
>- >-
"O
o 2
.Q .o
-¡; . -¡;
o 1-o
l
1
º· 1 ;----,---.---.--...,.--..---.----.---..-----
o 25 50 15 , ºº 125 1 so , 15 200 220 v·
Touch voltage UT _..,
1 Total lmpedanca of the human body for a current path hand to hand according to tabla 1 for a.c. SO Hz.
for a parcentage of 50 °/. of the populati011 for large argas of contact (approximately 8 000 mm2 ). For
duration of current flow. sea annex A.
2 Total impedance of the human body for a current path from the tips of the right to lelt forefinger for a.c.
SO H�. OÚratiÓn_.of current flow 0,02 s. ·.: _-
3 As 2. but for d.c.
This clause describes the effects of sinusoidal alternatinQ -current passing through the
human body within the frequency ranga 15 Hz to 1oo Hz.
NOTE - Unless otherwise specilied, the current values de:ined hereinalter are r.m.s. values.
nIe. thresholds depend on severa! parameters, such as the area ot the body in contact
with an electrode (contact area), the conditions of contact (dry, wet, pressure, tempera
ture), and also on physiological characteristics of the individual.
A general value of 0,5 mA, independent of time, is assumed in this technical report for the
threshold of reaction.
The threshold of let-go depends on severa! parameters, such as the contact area. the
shape and size of the electrodes and also on the physiological characteristics of the
individual.
With sinusoidal a.c. (50 Hz ar 60 Hz) there is a considerable decrease of the threshold of
fibrillation if the current flow is prolonged beyond one cardiac cycle. This effect results
from the increase in inhomogeneity of the excitatory state ot the heart due to the current
induced extrasystoles.
Far shock durations below 0, 1 s. fibrillation may occur for current magnitudes above
500 mA, and is likely to occur tor current magnitudes in the arder of severa! amperes, only
if the shock falls within the vulnerable period. For shocks ot such intensities and durations
longer than one cardiac cycle reversible cardiac arrest may be caused.
In adapting the results from animal experiments to human berngs, a curve c1 (see figure
14) was conventionally established for a current path left hand to both feet, below which
fibrillation is unlikely to occur. The high level for short duratio·ns of exposure between
10 ms and 100 ms was chosen as a descending line from 500 mA to 400 mA. On the basis
of information on · electrical accidents, the lower level for durations longer than 1 s was
chosen as a descendlng line from 50 mA at 1 s to 40 mA for durations longar than 3 s.
Both levels wé"r"eco-ññecte·d by a smooth curve.
By statistical evaluation of animal experiments, curve c2 and curve c3 (see figure 14) have
been established defining a probability of fibrillation of 5 % and 50 % respectively. Curves
c1, c2 and c3 apply far a current patH left hand to both feet.
479-1 © IEC:/994 -41 -
With 9urrents of severa! amperes lasting more than seconds, deep-seated burns or other
serious injuries which can be interna!, and even death. are likely to occur.
Zone
designation
Zone
limits
Physiological elfects -·
AC-1 Up to o.s mA Usually no reaction.
&ne a
AC-2 0.5mA Usually no harmful physiological eHects.
Up CD
&ne b •
AC-3 Uneb Usually no °'ganic damage to be expoeted. Likelihood of etamplii<e mus.:ular
up to oontraetions and diffia.ilty in brealhing for durations ol CIXl'ent-llow longer than
CUl"V9 c 1 2 s. Revenible. cisturbances of formation and conduccion of impulses in tha
heart, induding atrial fibriUation and transient cardiac arrest without ventricu!at
fibrillation increasing with current magnitude and time.
AC-i Above lncreaslng with magnitucle and cime, dangerous palhophysiological effeds sud'I
CUIVQ c 1 as cardiac atr9St, breathing arrest and severa bums may occ:ur in addition to :he
effects of zone 3.
AC-4.1 c, -<=2 Probability of ventricular fibrillation increasing up to about 5 o/._
• For durations of current-ftow below 10 ms, the limit fo, the body curren! fo, line b ramains consla/lt at a value of
200mA.
The heart-current factor permits the calculation of currents /h through paths other than left
hand to feet which represent the same danger of ventricular fibrillation as that correspond
ing to /rat left hand to feet given in figure 14:
.,
1,et
F
· 479-1 ©· IEC:1994 -43 :._
wtiere:
/ref is the body current for the path left hand to feet gi:ven in figure 14;
For the different current paths, the following heart-current factors are given in table 5.
EXAMPLE: A current of 200 mA hand to hand has the same likelihood of producing
ventricular fibrillation as a current of 80 mA left hand to both feet.
, -479-1 © IEC:1994 -45 -
Atria
-L Ventricles
fspread ol
1 excitation
Aecovery from
11 A J 1 excitation
1
1
1 � T
2 3 4 s1
p
__
o
R A
Ventricular librillation
ECG T
Blood-pressure
400 ms _j
o
mm Hg IEC 414,,u
•., ·- · .
10 000
a b
5 000
ms
2 000
3: t 000
,g
e 500
:,
AC-1 AC-2
o 200
.2
100
:,
50
20
º·
10
1 0,2 0,5 2 5 10 20 so 100 200 soo· t ooo 2 ooo 5 ooo 10 eco mA
NOTE - As regards ventricular fibrillation, this figure relates to the effects of eurrent which flows in the patll
left hand to both feet. For other current paths, see 3.6 and· table S. The threshold values for durations ot
eurrent flow below 0,2 s apply only to current flowing during the vulnerable period of the cardiac eycie.
This clause describes the eífects of direct current passing through the human body.
NOTES
1 Tha term ºdirect currenr means ripple•frae diract current. Howavar, u ragards fibrillatlon allacts, tha
data given In thls chapter are considerad to be conservativa for direct currents having a sinusoidal rippla
content of not more than 1 o "• r.m.s.
2 The lnlluence of rlpple is deah with In chapter 5 of IEC 479•2.
The thresholds depend on severa! parameters, such as the contact area, the conditions' of
contact {dryness, wetness, pressure, temperature), the duration ot current tlow and on the
physiological characteristics of the indlvl'dual. Unlike a.c., only making and breaking of
current is felt and no other sensation is noticed during the current flow at the le'lel of the
threshold of perception. Under conditions comparable to those applled in studies with a.c.,
the threshold ot reactlon was found to be about 2 mA.
Unlike a.c. there is no deflnable threshold ot let-go far d.c. Only the making and breaking
ot current lead to paintul and cramp-like contractions of the muscles.
As described far a.c. {see 3.3}. the threshold of ventricular fibrillation induced by d.c.
depends on physiological as well as on electrlcal parameters.
lntorrnatlon derivad from electrical accidents seems to indicate that the danger ot ventri
cular fibrillation generally exlsts· tor longitudinal currents. Far transverse currents, experi
ments on animals have, however. shown that at higher current intensities ventricular
fibrillatio.n may also occur.
Experlrnents on anlmals as well as intormatlon derived trom electrlcal accidents show that
the threshold ot tibrillation for a downward current is about twice · as high as for an upward
current.
For shock durations longer than the cardiac cycle, the threshold of flbrfllatlon for d.c. is
severa! times higher than tor a.c. Far shock durations shorter than 200 ms, the threshold
ot flbrillatlon Is approximately the same as far a.c. rneasured In r.m.s. value�.
In cornparison with the time/current zonas for a.c. (see figure 14), curves have been
constructed by adapting the results obtained from animal experiments to human belngs.
They apply to a longltudlnal upward current. Below curve c 1 (see figure 15) fibrillatlon Is
unlikely to occur. Curve c and curve c3 (see figure 15) define a probability of fibrillation of
5 % and 50 % respectively.2 fiar a longitudinal downward current the curves have to be
shlfted to a higher current magnitude by a factor of about two.
479-1 © IEC:1994 -51 -
Above approxlmately 100 mA, a sensation of warmth maY. be· felt in the extremities during
the flow of the current. Within the contact area. painful sensations are felt in the skin.
Transverse currents up to 300 mA flowing through the human body for several minutes
might, increasing with time and current. cause reversible cardiac dysrhythmias. current
marks. burns. dizziness and sometimes unconsciousness. Above 300 mA, unconscious
ness frequently occurs.
With currents of several amperes lasting more than seconds, deep-seated burns ar other
injuries, and even death, are likely to occur.
-
�-C3
DC-4.3 Beyond Probability of ventricular fibnllation above SO %
curve e:,
• Fer durations of c:urrenl ftow below 10 ms, the fimitfor the body currentfor line b remains constantata value ot
200mA
· ·'·'<J?�:· .· . 479-1 © 1 EC: 1994 :...53 -
10 000
5 000
.l ' a
1
b
'
e, ¡íl'"
.._
C2 ,,,
C3 v/1'//f/// ////
t
/
ms
.. ��/ '--- OC-4-1
'
�V,_i--
1
L;� OC-4-2
2 000 1
OC-4-3
l.,:-,�
���- �
'/
/
1 000
....
CD 500 .I
�·
%1/,
:,
/,
·º oc-2·
\
:,
OC-t OC-3 1, DC-4
1 �V/
200
I'</
K� i,
'
.2
ai � /,
\f0:;
100
o
:i
�
/
'��-
so
�
� �
\
20
/,
10 ��V/// /�
�
0,1 0,2 0.5 2 5 10 20 50 100 200 500 1 000 2 000 5 000 10 000 mA
NOTE - Aa regards ventricular librillation, this figure relates to the effects ol a longitudinal current whieh
tlows in tha path left hand to both feet and for upward current. The threshold values for durations of current
flow below 0,2 s apply only to current flowing during the vulnerable period of the cardiac cycle.
·Ahnexes
lntroduction
Chapter 1 of IEC 479 (2nd edition 1984) on the electrical impedance of the human body
contained neither information on the impedance for alternating current of higher trec;uen
cies nor for direct current. Also the dependence of the impedance on the surtace araa of
co[ltact was not known.
As far as the interna! impedance was concerned, more data was wanted for the various
paths of the human body in order to be able to calculate impedances tor special current
paths (e.g. from the upper arm to the trunk of the body) which occasionally do ,occur in
electrical accidents.
On the other hand, a simple diagram far the internal impedance of the human body is
needed which allows estimations for frequently occurring accidents with various current
paths, for example, both hands to the trunk of the body.
Chapter 1 had therefore to be rewritten and the required information was added by sub
dividing clause 2.5. (Values of the total impedance of the human body (21)} as follows:
2.5.1 Sinusoidal alternating current 50/60 Hz
2.5.2 Sinusoidal alternating current with frequencies up to 20 kHz
2.5.3 Direct current
2.5.4 Effect of current on the skin
2. 7 Dependence of the body impedance on the surface area of contact for a.c.
50/60 Hz and for d.c.
The measurements with various_ trequencies proved to be difficult. Due to the rapidly
decreasing total body impedance, even "at 25 V with frequencies above 500 Hz. the
sensations are unpleasant and so at 25 V only a few persons have been measured up to
20 kHz. Fifty persons have been measured at a touch voltage of 1 O V with frequencies up
to 20 kHz and also with direct current of 25 V.
Due to the unpleasant sensations and the possibly inherent danger within the experi
ments, measurements have only been carried out with one adult using large contact areas
hand to hand and d.c. up to 200 V. With the same person, measurements with various
surface areas of contact hand to hand and between fingertips were also made with a.c.
50 Hz up to 200 V.
The series of measurements between fingertips (right and left forefingers) and between
the balls of the thumbs of right and left hands were then repeated with d.c. up to 200 V.
These measurements proved that above approximately 150 V the total body impedance at
50 Hz a.c. difters only insignificantly from the total body resistance far direct current.
Ali measurements are briefly described in the annexes.
479-1 © IEC:1994 -57-
Annex A
· (normative)
In order to obtain realistic values for the total body impedances of living human beings.
the following procedure was applied:
2) The total body impedance of one living person was measured under the conditior.s
of ítem 1} above with touch voltages up to 150 V and. in addition, with shock durations
up to 0,03 s for touch voltages up to 200 V.
4) The total body impedances measured with corpses {item 3) above) which far touch
voltages up to 220 V showed excessively high skin impedances were modified by
adjusting the curves to the values measured an living persons.
479-1 © IEC:1994 -59-
Annex B
, (normative)
In arder to obtaln realistic values for the influence of frequency on the total impedance Zr
of_ living human beings, the following procedure was applied:
The values for the total body impedances for a percentile rank of 5 %, SO % and 95 %
were determined by statistical methods.
2) Due to strong muscular effects measurements were made only on one living human
being at a touch voltage of 25 V for frequencies from 25 Hz to 2 kHz under the
conditions described in item 1) above.
The measurements of item 1) and ítem 2) were made 0,05 s after applying the voltage.
3) For a percentile rank of SO %, figure 6 for a touch voltage of 1O V. and the values of
table 1 for 50 Hz and touch voltages from 25 V to 1 000 V were used for figure 8. This
figure shows the dependence of the total body impedance on the frequency for a range
from 50 Hz to 2 kHz for a percentile fank of 50 % of a population for touch voltages
from 1 O V to 1 000 V a.c. with a straight line between the asymptotic values ot 750 n at
SO Hz and 600 n at 2 kHz.
The curves for touch voltages of 50 V to 1 000 V (dashed lines in figure 8) have been
drawn in 'analogy to the curves for 1 O V and 25 V which are based on the measure
ments described under items 1) and 2).
. 479�1.©'IEC:1'994 - 61 -
Annex e
- (normative)
In order to obtain realistic values tor the total body resistance Rr ot living human beings,
ti,e following procedure was applied:
1) Measurements were made on SO living persons at a touch voltage of 1 O V pure d.c.
with a current path hand to hand with large cylinder electrodes (approximately
2
8 000 mm ) In dry conditions.
The values far the total body resistance Rr far a percentile rank of S %, so % and 95 %
were determined by statistical methods.
2) The asymptotic values for the total body impedances far a.c. SO Hz, at touch
voltages above 1 000 V, and the values of 220 V according to table 1 were used to
adjust the curves to the total body resistance Rr fo¡ d.c. far touch voltages between·
25 V and 220 V, d.c. (see figure 5 ).
The values far the total body resistance Rr for direct current determined by the method
described above are given in table 2.
The measurements on 50 living persons at a touch voltage of 25 V were made after
slo
. wly increasing the voltage to the vah.ie of 25 V within a few seconds. in arder to
avoid painful sensations.
NOTE - Above 1 000 V it may be assumed that tha influence ol the skin impedance is negligible and thara
fore ZT and Rr have practically the same values�
-63-
Annex D
(normative)
1) Due to painful sensations and a certain risk at hígher touch voltages, the measu�
ments have been carried out only on one male adult whose body impedance when
compared with the body impedance of a population of 100 living persons at a touch
voltage of 25 V SO Hz a.c., proved to be near the average of the population. lt may
therefore be assumed thát the values shown in figures 1 o and 11 correspond approxi
ma'tely to the average or the 50 % probability values of a population of living persons.
2) The total body impedances were measured for touch voltages from 25 V up to
200 V 50 Hz a.c. with a current path hand to hand in dry conditions. The measurements
were made at the end of the duration of current flow. The surface areas of contact usad
are shown in table 3.
The following conditions for the current path and durations of current flow have been
used:
2
Test series A: Contact area 8 000 mm , electrodes grasped with both hands,
. duratíon of current flow 0,1 s.
Test series B: Contact area 1 000 mm2 , electrodes grasped with both hands.
duration of current flow severa! seconds up to 75 V, 0, 1 s above
75 v.
2
. Test series C: Contact area 100 íl}m , electrodes pressed against the middle of the
palms. duration of current flow severa! seconds up to 75 V, 0.1 s
above 75 V.
2
Test series D: Contact area 10 mm , electrodes pressed against the middle of the
palms, duration of current flow severa! seconds up to 100 V, O, 1 s
up to 0,3 s above 100 V.
2
Test series E: Contact area 1 mm , electrodes pressed against the middle of the
palms, duration of current flow severa! seconds up to 150 V, O, 1 s
up to 0,2 s above 150 V (at 220 V breakdown of the skin was
observed).·
3) The total body impedance was measured far a touch voltage range of 25 V to
200 v. a.c. 50 Hz and d.c. between the tips of the right and left f orefingers (sur1ace
area of contact approximately 250 mm2 ). The measurements were made 20 ms after
applying the voltage. Far a.c., the voltage was applied at zero crossing of the touch
voltage.
The results are shown in figure 11, the d.c. values approaching the a.c. values with
rising touch voltages.
From figure 11 it also follows that the additional impedance of one forefinger (sur1ace
area of contact approximately 250 mm2 ) compared with a current path beginning in the
palm of the hand (surface area of contact approximately 8 000 mm 2 ) at 200 V, 50 Hz
a. c., Is approximately 1 000 n: This is in conformity with earller measurements made
on corpses.
- 64 - 479-1 © CEl:1994
Annexe E/Annex--E
(informative)"
Bibliographle/Blblfography
Article 2/Clause 2
1. Freiberger, H.: Der elektrische Widerstand des menschlichen Kórpers gegen tech
nischen Gleich- und Wechselstrom, Verlag Julius Springer, Berlln, 1934. Translated
into English by Allen Translation Service, Maplewood, N.Y., U.S.A., No. 9005.
· 2. Biegelmeier, G.: Report on the electrical impedance of the human body and on the
behaviour of residual current-operated earth-leakage circuit-breakers in case of direct
contact for tensions up to 200 V a.c., 50 Hz, Transactions: Symposium on electrical
shock safety criteria, Toronto, 1983. Pergamon Press, Toronto, 1984.
3. Biegelmeier, G.: "Über den Einfluss der Haut auf die K6rperimpedanz des Menschen·,
E.u.M., Vol.97 (1980) No. 9, p. 369-378
4. Sam, U.: "Neue Erkenntnisse über die elektrische Gef�hrdung des Menschen bei
Teildurchstr6mungen des K6rpers·. VDRI-Jahrbuch 1969, Nordwestl. Eisen- und Stahl
Berufsgenossenschaft. Hannover.
6. Wagner, E.Ch.: Über die Diagnostik von Stromeintrittstellen auf der menschlichen
Haut. Dissertation Universit�t Erlangen, 1961, Bundesrepublik Deutschland/Federal
Republic of Germany.
. 7. Biegelmeier, G., Morx, H. et/and Bachl, H.: "Neue Messungen des K6rperwiderstan
des lebender Menschen mit Wechselstrom 50 Hz, sowie mit h6heren Frequenzen und
mitGleichstrom", e&i, 108.Jg. (1991), H.3, p. 96-113.
Article 3/Clause 3
····· · ·- · -
1. _Ferris, L.P., King, B.G., Spence, P.W. et/and Williams, H.B.: •effacts of electric shock
on the heart", Electr. Eng., Vol.SS (1936). p. 498.
2. Dalziel, C.F.: "Dangerous e/ectric currents", AIEE transactions, Vol.65 (1946}, p. 579.
Discussion, p. 1123.
479-1 © IEC: 1994 - 65.:.
3. Kouwenhoven, W.B.• Kni�rbocker, G.G., Chesnut, R.W., Milnor, W.R. et/and Sass.
D.J.: "A.C. shocks on varying parameters affecting U+e heart", Trans. Amer. lnst.
Electr. Eng. Part 1, Vol.78 (1959), p. 163.
9. Raftery, E.G., Green, H.L. et/and Yacoub, M.H.: "Disturbances of heart rhythm
produced by 50 Hz /eakage currents in human subjects", Cardiovascular research,
Vol.9 (1975), p. 263-265.
10. Kupfer, J., Bastek, R. et/and Eggeri. S.: "Grenzwerte zur Vermeidung von Unta/len
durch elektrischen Strom mit tódlichem Ausgang", Z ges. Hyg., Vol.27 (1981 }, Nr. 1,
p. 9.
11. Bridges, J.E.: "An investigation on /ow-impedance and low-voltage shocks", IEEE
Transactions, Vol.PAS-100, Nr. 4, April 1981, p. 1529.
12. Biegelmeier, G.: "Wirkungen des elektrischen Stromes auf Menschen und Nutztiere #,
Lshrbuch der Elektropathologie, VDE-Verlag Berlín et/and Offenbach, 1986.
13. Kupfer, J., Funke, K. et/and Erkens. R.: Elektrischer Strom als Unfallursache, Verlag
Tribüne Berlín, 1987.
Article 4/Clause 4
1. Antonl, H. et/and Blegelmeier, G.: Über die Wirkungen von Gleichstrom auf den
Menschen, E und M., Vol.96 (1979), Nr. 2, p. 71.
- 66 - 479-1 ©CEl:1994
3. Antonl, H., Hohnloser, S. eUand Weiricht, J.: "Worauf beruht der Unterschied in der
bio/oglschsn Wirkting von Gleichstrom und von Wechselstrom am Herzsn·. Arbeits
medizin, Bd.17 (1982), H.7., p. 167.
4. Brinkmann. K., Schaefer. H. (Hrsg): Oer Elektrounfa/1, Berlín; Heidelberg: New York:
Springer 1982.
BIBLIOGRAFÍA
2002.
2000.
Editores-España, 1979.
8. Ing. Justo Yanque Montufar, ''Notas de clase del curso de Alta Tensión
FRANCE, 2000.
- Perú, 2001.
2002.